Download Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta -kirjan

Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta
-kirjan kirjallisuusviitteet
Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta on Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa -kirjan 6.
uudistettu painos. Kirjan nimi vaihdettiin, että se kuvaa paremmin kirjan sisältöä ja infektioiden torjuntaa nykyisessä terveydenhuoltojärjestelmässämme.
Kirja toimii lähdekirjana ja oppikirjana. Kirjaan on pyritty kotimaisten asiantuntijoiden
avulla kiteyttämään kansainvälisistä tutkimus- ja taustatiedoista sellaisia käytäntöjä, jotka
sopivat maamme olosuhteisiin. Tämän kansainvälisen tiedon lisäksi asiantuntijat suosittelevat käytäntöjä, jotka ovat maassamme infektioiden torjunnassa hyväksi koettuja.
Kirja on jäsennelty kymmeneen osaan, jotka käsittelevät infektioiden torjunnan perusteita
(osa I), hyvää hoitokäytäntöä ja potilaan eristämistä (osa II), hoitoon liittyviä infektioita erilaisissa toimintaympäristöissä (osat III–VI), ongelmamikrobeihin liittyviä infektioita
(osa VII), puhdistusta, desinfiointia ja sterilointia (osa VIII), tukitoimintoja ja infektioiden
torjuntaa (osa IX) ja hallinnollisia kysymyksiä (osa X).
Julkaisuun kuuluvat kirjallisuusviitteet julkaistaan vain Kuntaliiton Kunnat.net-nettisivuilla. Ne ovat luvuittain kirjoittajien esittämässä muodossa.
Julkaisua voi tilata Kuntaliiton julkaisumyynnistä:
www.kunnat.net/kirjakauppa
[email protected]
Suomen Kuntaliitto, Julkaisumyynti, PL 200, 00101 Helsinki
p. 09 771 2199
Suomen Kuntaliitto
Helsinki 2010
Luku 1
Mitä hoitoon liittyvät infektiot ovat ja voidaanko niiden esiintyvyyteen vaikuttaa?
Kirjallisuus
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Sands KE, Yokoe DS, Hooper DC, et al. Detection of postoperative surgical-site infections:
comparison of health plan-based surveillance with hospital-based programs. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:741–743.
Knaust A, Moussa A, Stilianakis NI, Eikmann T, Herr C. Three questions to screen for postdischarge surgical site infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:420–2.
Marchetti O, Calandra T. Infections in the neutropenic cancer patient. In: Infectious Diseases. Cohen J, Powderly W.(ed.), Mosby, Edinburg. 2. ed, 2004, 1077–1092.
Raymond J, Aujard Y, the European study group. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: An European, multicenter prospective study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
2000;21:260–263.
Mast TC, Walter EB, Bulotsky M, et al. Burden of childhood rotavirus disease on health systems in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29:e19–25.
Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America
(SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:431–55.
Crowe MJ, Cooke EM. Review of case definitions for nosocomial infection – towards a consensus. J Hosp Infection 1998;39:3–11.
Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988.
Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128–140.
Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J
Infect Control 2008;36:309–32.
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nosocomial infection control (Senic project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol
1980;111:472–485.
Haley RW, Schaberg DR, McClish DK, et al. The accuracy of retrospective chart review in
measuring nosocomial infection rates. Results of validation studies in pilot hospitals. Am J
Epidemiol 1980;111:516–533.
Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an
overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:258–266.
Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related
bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725–32.
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2010;38:789–96.
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against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2:3–9.
Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives
for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300:1577–9.
Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including
infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A17–8.
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infection control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:274–81.
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more. Crit Care 2009;13:183.
Batra R, Cooper BS, Whiteley C, Patel AK, Wyncoll D, Edgeworth JD. Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:210–7.
Bode LG, Kluytmans JA, Wertheim HF, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:9–17.
Evans HL, Dellit TH, Chan J, Nathens AB, Maier RV, Cuschieri J. Effect of chlorhexidine whole-body bathing on hospital-acquired infections among trauma patients. Arch Surg
2010;145:240–6.
Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1231–41.
Tantipong H, Morkchareonpong C, Jaiyindee S, Thamlikitkul V. Randomized controlled
trial and meta-analysis of oral decontamination with 2 % chlorhexidine solution for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:131–6.
McHugh SM, Hill AD, Humphreys H. Preventing healthcare-associated infection through
education: have surgeons been overlooked? Surgeon 2010;8:96–100.
Winters BD, Gurses AP, Lehmann H, Sexton JB, Rampersad CJ, Pronovost PJ. Clinical review: checklists – translating evidence into practice. Crit Care 2009;13:210.
Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and
mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009;360:491–9.
Lobo RD, Levin AS, Oliveira MS, et al. Evaluation of interventions to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infection: Continuous tailored education versus one basic lecture. Am J
Infect Control 2010 Jan 31.
Abbett SK, Yokoe DS, Lipsitz SR, et al. Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:1062–9.
Barochia AV, Cui X, Vitberg D, et al. Bundled care for septic shock: an analysis of clinical
trials. Crit Care Med 2010;38:668–78.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health care setting. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36 (2S):1S–18S.
Garner JS, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for
isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:53–80.
Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations
of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/
APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:1–44.
Erasmus V, Daha TH, Brug H, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand
hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:283–94.
Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J; World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety
First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group of Experts. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:611–22.
Chou T, Kerridge J, Kulkarni M, Wickman K, Malow J. Changing the culture of hand hygiene compliance using a bundle that includes a violation letter. Am J Infect Control 2010,
in press.
Reichardt C. No correlation between alcoholic hand rub consumption and compliance in 73
German ICUs Abstrakti Nro739. Fiftth decennial international conference on healthcare-associated infections 2010. March 18–22, Atlanta, Gerogia, USA.
Burke JP. Infection control – A problem for patient safety. New Engl J Med 2003;348:651–
656.
Darouiche RO. Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with microadherence. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1567–1572.
Harbarth S, Sudre P, Dharam S, et al. Outbreak of Entrobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1999;20:596–603.
Borg MA. Bed occupancy and overcrowding as determinant factors in the incidence of
MRSA infections within general ward settings. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:316–318.
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Grundmann H, Hori S, Winter B, et al. Risk factors for the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult intensive care unit: fitting a model to the data. J
Infect Dis 2002;185:481–488.
Hugonnet S, Chevrolet JC, Pittet D. The effect of workload on infection risk in critically ill
patients. Crit Care Med 2007;35:76–81.
Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe, et al. Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute
care hospitals: a national prevalence survey, 2005. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:288–94.
Kärki T, Meriö-Hietaniemi I, Möttönen T, Ruutu P, Lyytikäinen O. Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden torjunta Suomen sairaaloissa 2008. Suom Lääkäril 2010; painossa.
Richards C, Emori TG, Edwards J, et al. Characteristics of hospitals and infection control
professionals participating in the national nosocomial surveillance system 1999. Am J Infect
Control 2001;29:400–403.
van den Broek PJ, Kluytmans JA, Ummels LC, Voss A, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. How
many infection control staff do we need in hospitals? J Hosp Infect 2007;65:108–11.
Detsky ME, Etchells E. Single-patient rooms for safe patient-centered hospitals. JAMA 2008;
300:954–56.
Luku 2
Hoitoon liittyvien infektioiden esiintyvyys ja merkitys
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Selwyn S. Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. J Hosp Infect 1991;18 (supplementti
A):5–64.
Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, Bennett JV. The SENIC Project. Study on the efficacy
of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol
1980;111:472–85.
Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol
1985;121:182–205.
Harbath S, Sax H, Gastmeier P. The preventable proportion of nosocomial infections: an
overview of published reports. J Hosp Infect 2003;54:258–266.
Jarvis WR. The Lowbury Lecture. The United States approach to strategies in the battle
against healthcare-associated infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2:3–9.
Graves N, McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial infection, the Deficit Reduction Act, and incentives
for hospitals. JAMA 2008;300:1577–9.
Stone PW. Changes in Medicare reimbursement for hospital-acquired conditions including
infections. Am J Infect Control 2009;37:A17–8.
Jhung MA, Banerjee SN. Administrative coding data and health care-associated infections.
Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:949–55.
Stone PW, Horan TC, Shih HC, Mooney-Kane C, Larson E. Comparisons of health careassociated infections identification using two mechanisms for public reporting. Am J Infect
Control 2007;35:145–9.
Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To err is human: building a safer health system.
Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2000.
Council of the European Union. Council recommendation on patient safety, including the
prevention and control of healthcare associated infections. 2947th employment, social poicy,
health and consumer affairs council meeting, Luxembourg, 9 June 2009.
Edistämme potilasturvallisuutta yhdessä. Suomalainen potilasturvallisuusstrategia 2009–
2013. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja 2009:3.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet
2006;367:1747–1757.
World Alliance for Patient Safety. The Global Patient Safety Challenge 2005–2006 “Clean
Care is Safer Care”. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005 (http://www.who.int/gpsc/
en/, accessed 1 December 2008).
Minei JP, Hawkins K, Moody B, et al. Alternative case definitions of ventilator-associated
pneumonia identify different patients in a surgical intensive care unit. Shock 2000;14:331–6;
discussion 336–7.
Rosenthal R, Weber WP, Marti WR, et al. Surveillance of surgical site infections by surgeons:
biased underreporting or useful epidemiological data? J Hosp Infect 2010 Mar 12. [Epub
ahead of print]
Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, et al. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988.
Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128–140.
Didier Pittet, Benedetta Allegranzi, Hugo Sax, et al. Considerations for a WHO European strategy on health-care-associated infection, surveillance, and control. Lancet Infect Dis
2005;5:242–50.
Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Aghte N, Möttönen T. Sairaalainfektioiden esiintyvyys Suomessa
2005. Suomen Lääkärilehti 2005;60:3119–23.
Llata E, Gaynes R, Fridkin S. Measuring the scope and magnitude of hospital-associated infections in the United States: the value of prevalence studies. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1434–
40.
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prevalence survey for hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of
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van der Kooi TI, Manniën J, Wille JC, van Benthem BH. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in The Netherlands, 2007–2008: results of the first four national studies. J Hosp Infect
2010 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]
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Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009;302:2323–9.
24. Jarvis W. Investigation of outbreaks. In: Mayhall C, ed. Hospital epidemiology and infection
control. 3. ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004:107–22.
25. Gastmeier P, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Hansen S, et al. How outbreaks can contribute to prevention of nosocomial infection: analysis of 1 022 outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
2005;26:357–61.
26. Gould D, Drey N, Millar M, Wilks M, Chamney M. Patients and the public: knowledge,
sources of information and perceptions about healthcare-associated infections. J Hosp Infect
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27. HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections 06222009, Department of
Health and Human Services, USA, 2009.
28. Kanerva M, Ollgren J, Virtanen M, Lyytikäinen O. Sairaalainfektiot aiheuttavat huomattavan tautitaakan. Suom Lääkäril 2008;63:1697–701.
29. Januel JM, Harbarth S, Allard R, et al. Estimating attributable mortality due to nosocomial
infections acquired in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:388–94.
30. Wolkewitz M, Vonberg RP, Grundmann H, et al. Risk factors for the development of nosocomial pneumonia and mortality on intensive care units: application of competing risks models. Crit Care 2008;12:R44.
31. Jarvis W. The United States approach to strategies in the battle against health-care associated
infections, 2006: transitioning from benchmarking to zero tolerance and clinician accountability. J Hosp Infect 2007;65(S2):3–9.
32. Mayor S. Hospital acquired infections kill 5 000 patients a year in England. Br Med J
2000;321:1370.
33. Garcia-Martin M, Lardelli-Claret P, Jiménez-Moleón J, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Luna-del-Castillo J, Gálvez-Vargas R. Proportion of hospital deaths potentially attributable to nosocomial
infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:708–14.
34. Graves N, Harbarth S, Beyersmann J, Barnett A, Halton K, Cooper B. Estimating the cost of
health care-associated infections: mind your p’s and q’s. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1017–21.
35. Roberts RR, Frutos PW, Ciavarella GC, et al. Distribution of fixed vs variable costs of hospital care. JAMA 1999;281:644–649.
36. Graves N, Weinhold D, Tong E, et al. Effect of healthcare-acquired infection on length of
hospital stay and cost. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:280–92. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:273–6.
37. Beyersmann J, Kneib T, Schumacher M, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial infection, length of stay,
and time-dependent bias.
38. Stone P, Braccia D, Larson E. Systematic review of economical analyses of health care-associated infections. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:501–9.
39. America TrcotSoHEo. Enhancing patient safety by reducing healthcare-associated infections:
The role of discovery and dissemination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:118–23.
40. Plowman R, Graves N, Griffin S, et al. The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England
and the national burden imposed. J Hosp Infect 2001;47:198–209.
41. Anonymous. MRSA: how politicians are missing the point. Lancet 2005;365:1203.
6
Luku 3
Tartunnan aiheuttajat ja tartuntatavat
Kirjallisuus
Bennett JV ja Brachman PS, eds. Hospital infections, 4 ed., Lippincott-Raven publishers, Philadelphia, 1998.
Buchen-Osmond C. Taxonomy and classification of viruses. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen
JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC:
ASM Press 2003:1217–1226.
Huovinen P, Meri S, Peltola H, Vaara M, Vaheri M, Valtonen V, (toim.) Mikrobiologia ja infektiosairaudet. Kirja I. Helsinki, Duodecim, 2003.
Lyytikäinen O, Lumio J, Sarkkinen H, Kolho E, Ruutu P. Veriviljelypositiiviset sairaalainfektiot ja
niiden aiheuttajat. Vuoden 1999 seurantatulokset. Suom Lääkäril 2000;44:4483–8.
Lyytikäinen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Möttönen T, Ruutu P; Finnish Prevalence Survey Study
Group.Healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals: a national prevalence
survey, 2005. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69:288–94.
Poikonen E, Lyytikainen O, Anttila VJ, Kuusela P, Koukila-Kahkola P, Ollgren J, Ruutu P. Nosocomial candidaemia in a Finnish tertiary care centre during 1987–2004. Scand J Infect Dis
2009 Jun 1:1–7.
Vandamme PAR. Taxonomy and classification of bacteria. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH,
Pfaller MA, Yolken RH eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM
Press 2003:271–285.
7
Luku 4
Mikrobiologian laboratorion osuus hoitoon liittyvissä infektioissa
Kirjallisuus
Siitonen A, Vuopio-Varkila J, Salminen M, von Bonsdorff C-H. Mikrobiologiset tutkimusmenetelmät infektioepidemiologian aseina. Duodecim 2002;118:2046–2053.
Vuopio-Varkila J, Salmenlinna S, Kerttula A, ym. MRSA-kantojen nimeäminen uudistuu. Suomen
sairaalahygienialehti 2005;23:37–39.
Kerttula A.M, Lyytikäinen O, Virolainen-Julkunen A ja Vuopio-Varkila, J. Perimätutkimukset
valaisevat Suomen huonontuneen MRSA-tilanteen taustaa. Suom Lääkäril 2006:61:2383–
2387.
Roivainen M, Maunula L ja Kuusi M. Norovirusepidemiat ovat haaste terveydenhoitojärjestelmälle. Suom Lääkäril 2009;64:1343–1345.
Foxman B, Zhang L, Koopman JS, Manning SD, Marrs CF. Choosing an appropriate bacterial
typing technique for epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2005;2:10.
Kerttula AM, Mero S, Pasanen T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Virolainen A. Evaluation of phenotypic and
molecular methods for screening and detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;40:663–6.
Vainio A, Kardén-Lilja M, Ibrahem S, et al. Clonality of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Finland as defined by several molecular methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:545–55.
Hautala T, Ikäheimo I, Husu H, et al. A cluster of Candida krusei infections in a haematological
unit. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:97.
Kerttula AM, Lyytikäinen O, Kardén-Lilja M, et al. Nationwide trends in molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Finland, 1997–2004. BMC Infect Dis
2007;7:94.
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Luku 5
Bakteereiden luonnollinen ja hankittu resistenssi
Kirjallisuus
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Cosgrove S. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82–9.
Niederman MS. Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of pneumonia in
seriously ill patients: maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing selection of resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 2:S72–81.
Meurman O. ESBL. Suomen Sairaalahygienialehti 2005; 23:71–79.
Tenover FC. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Am J Med. 2006;119(Suppl
1):S3–10.
Levin TP, Suh B, Axelrod P, Truant AL, Fekete T. Potential clindamycin resistance in clindamycin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report of a clinical failure.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):1222–4.
Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, et al. Fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme: a new
adaptation of a common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase. Nat Med 2006;12:83–8.
Martínez-Martínez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA. Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 1998;35:797–9.
Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmunson S. Do
antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross
sectional prevalence study. BMJ 1996;313:387–91.
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Rantala M, Huikko S, Huovinen P, Jalava J. Prevalence and molecular genetics of macrolide
resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected in Finland in 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4180–4.
Muuta luettavaa
Arias, C. A., and B. E. Murray. 2009. Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century – a clinical super-challenge. New Engl J Med 360:439–443.
Boucher, H. W., G. H. Talbot, J. S. Bradley, J. E. Edwards, Jr., D. Gilbert, L. B. Rice, M. Scheld,
B. Spellberg, and J. Bartlett. 2009. Bad bugs, no drugs: No ESKAPE! An update from the
Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48:1–12.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. M2-A9: Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved standard, 9th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. M7-A7: Methods for dilution antimicrobial
susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard, 7th ed. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
Hawkey P. M., and A. M. Jones. 2009. The changing epidemiology of resistance. J Antimicrob
Chemother 64, Suppl. 1,i3–i10.
Livermore, D. 2009. Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J Antimicrob Chemother 64,
Suppl. 1,i29–i36.
McGowan Jr JE. Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the
maximum. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S29–36.
Paterson DL. Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: enterobacteriaceae. Am J Med 2006;
119(Suppl 1):S20–8.
Rice LB. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria. Am J Med 2006;119(Suppl 1):S11–9.
9
Luku 6
Mikrobilääkepolitiikka ja hoitoon liittyvät infektiot
Kirjallisuus
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Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, et al, Infectious Disease Society of America and the
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Scheckler WE, WB Saunders Company 2001;1514–1533.
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Välinehuolto
Kirjallisuus
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3.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Hyes J. Sterilization of Medical Supplies by Steam Volume I- General Theory. Second Revised Edition. 1996.2004;9–16, 57–76; 216–221.
Karhumäki T. Välinehuoltotoiminta. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen,
Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;21–39.
Karhumäki T. Välinehuollon resurssien ja toiminnan ohjaus. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;319–352.
Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön päätös yksinkertaisista painesäiliöistä. KTMp 917/99.
Painelaitelaki 869/1999. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Laki painelaitelain muuttamisesta 387/2002. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Laki painelaitelain 14 §:n muuttamisesta 469/2003; Laki painelaitelain 27 §:n muuttamisesta 1160/2003. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Paineastia-asetus 549/1973. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Asetus painelaitelaissa tarkoitetuista tarkastuslaitoksista. 890/1999. Finlex, Edita Publishing
Oy.
Laki terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1505/1994. Muutettu 680/1999.
Valtioneuvoston asetus terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1506/1994. Muutettu
426/2000.
Sterilointi terveydenhuollossa TLT-INFO 3/1998. Lääkelaitos.
Desinfektiota ja sterilointia ja muuta välinehuoltoa koskeviin SFS-Standardeihin voi tutustua
ja niitä voi tilata Suomen standardoimisliiton sivujen kautta: www.sfs.fi.
Aseptinen käyttäytyminen välinehuollossa
Kirjallisuus
1.
2.
Hämäläinen M, Karhumäki T, Aalto A, Keurulainen R. Aseptinen käyttäytyminen välinehuollossa. Kirjassa Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. Toimittanut Hellsten, S. 5.uudistettu
painos. Suomen Kuntaliitto, 2005;165–166.
Pentti M, Lankinen H. Hyvät sairaalahygieniatavat. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa
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Välineistön varastointi
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Hämäläinen M, Karhumäki T, Aalto A, Keurulainen R. Hellstèn S (toim). Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa 5 uudistettu painos. Suomen Kuntaliitto, 2005;163–169.
Karhumäki T. Välinehuoltopalvelujen tuotteistaminen ja tuotannonohjaus. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;329–
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Karhumäki T. Tarvikkeiden varastointi. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen,
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Laki terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 29.12.1994/1505, muutettu 345/2000.
Terveydenhuollon laitteita ja tarvikkeita koskevat säädökset yhdentyvät Euroopassa. 1995.
Lääkelaitos.
Valtioneuvoston asetus terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1506/1994, muutettu
426/2000.
Venäläinen S. Välineiden huoltotilat ja niille asetettavat vaatimukset. Kirjassa Välinehuolto.
Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;41-46.
Osaston huoltohuoneessa työskentely
Kirjallisuus
1.
2.
3.
4.
Andersson P. Välineiden pesukoneet. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Hirvonen K, Karhumäki T, Tuominen E. 1. painos 2008;67–70.
Hämäläinen M, Karhumäki T, Aalto A, Keurulainen R. Osaston huoltohuoneessa työskentely. Kirjassa Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. Toimittanut Hellsten S. 5.uudistettu painos.
Suomen Kuntaliitto, 2005;169–170.
Tuominen E. Käsihygienia. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Hirvonen K, Karhumäki T,
Tuominen E. 1. painos 2008;116–120.
Venäläinen S. Välinehuoltotilojen varustus. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Hirvonen K,
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Välineiden huollossa käytettävät puhdistus- ja desinfektiomenetelmät
Kirjallisuus
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Andersson P. Pesukoneiden puhdistaminen ja huoltaminen. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;169–173.
Decontamination. In: Training manual for health care central cervice technicians. 5. ed.
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EN ISO 15883–1:2006 Pesu- ja desinfektiolaitteet – Osa 1: Yleiset vaatimukset, termit ja
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CEN EN ISO 15883–2:2006 Pesu- ja desinfektiolaitteet. Kirurgisten instrumenttien, anestesiavälineiden, hoitovälineiden ja lasitavaroiden lämpödesinfektioon käytettävien pesu- ja
desinfektiolaitteiden vaatimukset ja testit (ISO 15883–2:2006).
CEN EN ISO 15883–3:2006 Pesu- ja desinfektiolaitteet – Osa 3: Vaatimukset ja testit lämmöllä desinfioiville huuhtelulaitteille (ISO 15883–3:2006).
EN ISO 15883–4:2009 Pesu- ja desinfektiolaitteet – Osa 4: Vaatimukset ja testit lämpöarkojen, monikäyttöisten välineiden, endoskooppien pesuun ja kemialliseen desinfiointiin (ISO
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Huys J. Infection prevention by Cleaning, Decontamination, Sterilization, Hygiene and
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Hämäläinen M, Karhumäki T, Aalto A, Keurulainen R. Hellstèn S (toim). Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa 5. painos. Suomen Kuntaliitto. 2005;163–169, 171–174.
Kivisalmi V. Filmi poikki – mikrobiologiaa välinehuollon näkökulmasta ja biofilmeistä. Suomen sairaalahygienialehti 2007;(5):246–250.
Lankinen H. Huollettavan välineistön esikäsittely ja lajittelu. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;157–159.
Lankinen H, Pentti M. Välineiden käsin pesu. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;172.
Patomo V. Ultraäänipuhdistus välineiden huollossa. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa
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Pentti M. Puhdistuksen osatekijät ja tutkimus- ja hoitotoimenpiteissä syntyvä lika. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos
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Ratia M, Vuento R, Grönroos P. Puhdistus, desinfektio ja sterilointi terveydenhuollossa. Kirjassa Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. Kuntaliitto 5. uudistettu painos 2005;134–141.
Mikroinstrumenttien pesu
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Hämäläinen M, Karhumäki T, Aalto A, Keurulainen R. Mikroinstrumenttien pesu. Kirjassa
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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9.
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11.
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ISO 17665-1:2006 Sterilization of health care products – Moist heat – Part 1: Requirements
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Kuronen T. Hellstèn S (toim). Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. 5 uudistettu painos, Suomen
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Karhumäki T. Toimintaa ohjaavat säädökset ja määräykset. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Kaisa Hirvonen, Tuula Karhumäki, Eija Tuominen 1. painos 2008;32–37.
Laki terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1505/1994 (muutettu 345/2000).
Laki painelaitelain muuttamisesta 387/2002. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Laki painelaitelain 14 §:n muuttamisesta 469/2003; Laki painelaitelain 27 §:n muuttamisesta 1160/2003. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Painelaitelaki 869/1999. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy.
Paineastia-asetus 549/1973. Finlex, Edita Publishing Oy
Valtioneuvoston asetus terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1506/1994 (muutettu
426/2000).
SFS-EN ISO 14937 + AC:en Terveydenhuollon tuotteiden sterilointi. Yleiset kriteerit sterilointiaineen kuvaamiselle ja terveydenhuollon laitteiden ja tarvikkeiden kehittämiselle, validoinnille ja eräkohtaiselle valvonnalle Sterilization of health care products. General requirements for characterization of a sterilizing agent and the development, validation and routine
control of a sterilization process for medical devices (ISO 14937:2000)
SFS-EN ISO 17665-1:en Sterilization of health care products. Moist heat. Part 1: Requirements for the development, validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices (ISO 17665-1:2006).
Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön päätös terveydenhuollon laitteista ja tarvikkeista 1994:66.
Sterilointimenetelmät
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Hirvonen K. Höyrysterilointi. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Hirvonen K, Karhumäki
T, Tuominen E. 1. painos 2008;211–218.
Kerkelä, A. Matalalämpöplasmasterilointi. Kirjassa Välinehuolto. Toimittanut Hirvonen K,
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Muuta kirjallisuutta:
SFS-EN ISO 11140. Terveydenhuollon laitteiden ja tarvikkeiden sterilointi. Kemialliset indikaattorit.
SFS-EN ISO 15882. Terveydenhoitotuotteiden sterilointi. Kemialliset indikaattorit. Ohjeita valinnasta, käytöstä ja tulosten tulkinnasta.
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Suomen Standardisoimisliitto: SFS ja SFS-EN Standardit.
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Anne Lintukorpi. Steriloitavat tekstiilit. Kirjassa: Välinehuollon käsikirja. Duodecim 2008.
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Hellsten S. Vuodehuolto. Kirjassa: Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. 4. painos. Suomen Kuntaliitto. Jyväskylä 1999: 281 ja Ratia, M. Vuodehuolto. Kirjassa: Infektioiden torjunta sairaalassa. 5. painos. Suomen Kuntaliitto. Helsinki 2005: 556–557.
Boyce JM & Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations
of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/
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Lääkelaitoksen määräys No 7/2007. Sairaala-apteekin ja lääkekeskuksen toiminta.
www.nam.fi/lainsaadanto/maaraykset
Lääkelaitoksen määräys No 5/2007. Lääkkeiden hyvät tuotantotavat.
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Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön oppaita 2005:32, Turvallinen lääkehoito. Helsinki 2006
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Suositeltavaa luettavaa, jossa laajemmin sairaalan lääkehuollosta:
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Kansallinen varautumissuunnitelma influenssapandemiaa varten. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja 2006:25. Saatavissa: http://www.stm.fi/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=3
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Influenssa A(H1N1)v -tartuntojen torjunta kaikkien koulutusasteiden oppilaitoksissa 2009.
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THL: Influenssa A(H1N1)v -tartuntojen torjunta lasten päivähoidossa 2009. Saatavilla:
http://www.ktl.fi/portal/suomi/tietoa_terveydesta/terveys_ja_sairaudet/infektiotaudit/influenssa_a_h1n1v-virus/paivahoito_ohje
THL: Suositus terveydenhuollolle viruslääkkeiden käytöstä influenssa A(H1N1)v -epidemiassa 2009. Saatavilla: http://www.ktl.fi/portal/suomi/terveyden_ammattilaisille/tartuntataudit_ja_epidemiat/viruslaakeohje
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