Download Review and Analysis of CAPA and LAPA

2013
DOCUMENT REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
OF
COMMUNITY ADAPTATION PLAN OF ACTION
AND
LOCAL ADAPTATION PLANS OF ACTION
Submitted to
Submitted by
Multi-Stakeholder Forestry
Programme- Service Support Unit
(MSFP-SSU)
Dipesh Pyakurel
Rajesh Bista and
Laxman Ghimire
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
a
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CAPA
Community Adaptation Plans of Action
CBO
Community Based Organizations
CC
Climate Change
CF
Community Forests
CFUGs
Community Forest User Groups
DDC
District Development Committee
DFID
Department for International Development
GHG
Green House Gases
GoF
Government of Finland
GoN
Government of Nepal
HH
Household
IFP
Interim Forestry Project
IGA
Income Generating Activities
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LAPA
Local Adaptation Plans of Action
LFP
Livelihoods and Forestry Programme
LRP
Local Resource Persons
MFSC
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
MoEnv
Ministry of Environment
MSFP
Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme
NAPA
National Adaptation Programme of Action
NGO
Non Governmental Organization
NRs
Nepalese Rupees/ currency
PILMG
Public and Institutional Land Management Groups
SDC
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SSU
Service Support Unit
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VDC
Village Development Committee
VFCC
Village Forest Coordination Committee
b
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Community Adaptation Plans of Action (CAPA) and Local Adaptation Plan of Actions (LAPA)
are adaptation plans prepared at community and VDC level respectively and are considered
good practice to ensure the bottom up planning process. This report reviews the adequacy
and efficacy of these plans in assessing climate induced threats and hazards, designing
appropriate adaptation options, measuring their interrelationships and analyzing budget
accordingly. The information is expected to be useful for VDC and DDC during the plan
preparation. Therefore, CAPA and LAPA were reviewed with an objective to prepare a
central data set of all CAPAs and LAPAs and produce a comprehensive report comprising
priority of need based interventions, identifying key impacts that CAPA and LAPA have
documented particularly in relation to water, agriculture, forests and biodiversity, and put
forward recommendations for consideration by the Multi Stakeholder Forestry Programme
(MSFP) through their future activities.
Review of climate change related policy documents and CAPA and LAPA prepared at
community and VDC level is the key approach adopted for this study. A total of 516
adaptation plans were reviewed and more than 175 variables were defined for the database
preparation. The adaptation plans were first categorized into three broad types: CAPA
prepared for Tarai districts (96 CAPA), CAPA prepared for hilly districts (274 CAPA), and LAPA
prepared for hilly districts (146). Due to limited information, separate database was
developed for CAPA prepared at Tarai. A single database was used to analyze the CAPA and
LAPA prepared at hills.
Seven key steps were followed during adaptation plan preparation viz: awareness and
sensitization, capacity building, vulnerability assessment and mapping, adaptation plan
preparation, integration of adaptation plans, implementation of adaptation plans, and
monitoring and evaluation. A total of 13 tools were used to prepare the adaptation plans.
The process involved wide range of stakeholders to ensure the ownership on the plan.
A total of 96 CAPA prepared by CFUGs at Rupandehi, Kapilbastu and Nawalparasi districts
were reviewed. The major climate induced threats documented were flood and river
cutting, fire, drought, cold wave, storms, diseases to human and livestock, decline in
agricultural productivity and spreading of invasive species. River bank erosion and flooding
were identified as the major threat in majority of CAPA analyzed (75 out of 96 CAPA).
It was observed that none of the analyzed CAPAs had reported water related issues as major
climatic threats. Other additional risks associated with impacts of climate change (not
identified in CAPA) were erratic rainfall, deterioration of soil quality (????), increased
incident of flash flood, habitat shrinkage (for wildlife) etc.
Causes of GHG emission were identified as forest fire, livestock droppings, fuel wood
consumption, forest degradation, and increased use of chemical fertilizers, improper solid
waste management and shifting cultivation.
c
Adaptation activities as identified by CAPA prepared in three Tarai districts were awareness,
embankment, plantation, fire line construction, water and forest management,
diversification of crops and alternative energy. Flood and river cutting was the major
climatic threat identified in most CAPAs and embankment was identified as one of the
adaptation interventions in the CAPA analyzed. Similarly, fire line construction was
adaptation activities identified against the forest fire.
Total estimated budget required for the implementation of a typical CAPA at Tarai is NRs
1,30,429 .
A total of 274 CAPA and 146 LAPA prepared in 12 hilly districts were reviewed and analyzed.
Analysis of timeline showed that climate induced disasters in the form of
flood/landslides/erosion, drought, fire, hailstone, snowfall, storm, diseases, food crisis,
drying of springs, introduction of invasive species and forest degradations were more
prominent after 2050. All these incidents were very few before 2030, which might be due to
the impacts of climate change. Communities are however, unable to remember the past
incidents.
Decline in agricultural productivity was recorded by 406 out of 420 adaptation plans.
Similarly, other identified impacts are: occurrence of pests and diseases, decline in soil
fertility, loss of local cultivars of crops (?), and early flowering and fruiting. The impact of
climate change is visible in forests and biodiversity sector with decline in flora and fauna,
outbreak of invasive species, increased incidents of forest fire, increased incidents of
landslides and erosion and early flowering. There are still other impacts such as special and
ecosystem composition (morphological????) change, habitat shrinkage but these are not
mentioned in the adaptation plans. The most prominent and visible impact of climate
change in water is decrease in water source and drying off of springs. 345 out of 420
adaptation plans have indicated the decrease in traditional water source. Other impacts
related to water are inadequate water for all purposes, decline in water level and erratic
rainfall.
Adaptation interventions as identified by CAPA and LAPA prepared at hilly districts were
management of irrigation/drinking water, plantation, awareness creation, adaptation fund
mobilization, forest management (silvicultural practices, forest cleaning, fire line
construction etc), income generation activities, alternative energy, embankment and crop
diversification.
Landslides, erosion, and flood incidents were the major climatic threats identified and
subsequently embankment, plantation and forest management was identified as adaptation
interventions in most of the analyzed CAPAs and LAPAs. Similarly, drought and fire was
identified as one of the impacts of climate change and water conservation and management
was identified as a viable adaptation option. The adaptation plan was very much near to the
reality in terms of addressing the climatic threats. Core adaptation activities (such as
afforestation, reforestation, community-based forest management, water and soil
d
conservation, running health camps/improving health services, establishment of service
centres etc.) need to be carried out to adequately address these issues, along with
awareness.
Analyzing the CAPAs and LAPAs prepared in hills, an amount of NRs 16,86,250 is needed for
the implementation of a single adaptation plan in the hilly areas.
It can be concluded that sectoral biasness, facilitators knowledge and influence, insufficient
institutional ownership, inadequate local participation during plan preparation, higher
budget of the implementation and limited budget allocation for monitoring are the major
drawbacks of the adaptation plans.
Following recommendations are drawn from the review to improve the LAPAs and CAPAs
(??)

Awareness raising and sensitization of communities, forest and other user group
functionaries; supporting govt. non-governmental organizations, media, political
party leaders/workers and relevant state actors regarding .

Mainstreaming forestry, biodiversity and ecosystem related elements in LAPAs and
CAPAs to ensure that important elements of all the social/community, economic,
and ecosystem aspects are included in the adaptation plans;

All the LAPAs and CAPAs should be updated with the latest information through a
quick and efficient method so that plans are robust since M&E will be as good as the
plans themselves will be.,

Effectiveness of adaptation plans should be evaluated based on clear output and
outcome indicators during their implementation at mid-term and post
implementation stages based on the field level data collection and multi-stakeholder
consultations; it is necessary to deploy an expert team to monitor and verify the
timely delivery, efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation activities of these plans.

Periodic participatory assessment for implementation quality and timely completion
of planned activities of adaptation plans are necessary to do the mid-course
correction and appropriately guide the execution of planned actions.

A robust fund leveraging mechanism should be developed under the chairmanship of
Local Development Officer (e.g. establishing a basket fund in DDC) in case of LAPA
and under the VDC chair/secretary in case of CAPA.

Technical, individual and institutional capacity of implementing organizations and
required skills and knowledge of LRPs should be enhanced; this will be instrumental
in updating/implementing/preparing practical and innovative adaptation plans now
and in future.

Community based organizations/institutions (CBOs) including CFUGs and VDCs
should lead CAPA preparation process in collaboration with technically sound local
e
experts, external agencies and others; Timely and quality involvement in and
ownership of local communities and institutions can help in preparing and
implementing more realistic, locally relevant CAPAs and also ensures their active
involvement throughout the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation process.





There is an urgent need for developing rules and regulations on climate change
adaptation planning and implementation process at different levels and scales by
specifying roles and responsibilities of different agencies and laying down clear
working procedures for everyone to follow so that implementation and monitoring
of the progress will be smooth.
Efforts should be made to include more female, dalits, indigenous peoples and
socially excluded communities in the preparation of adaptation plans ensuring their
meaningful participation;
Provision and establishment of urgent and emergency response measures in
response to unpredicted disasters and extreme events such as early warning systems
(EWS) for flood/GLOF disasters, district/local adaptation funds (DAF), disaster
mitigating structures, property insurance schemes, in each adaptation plans will
reduce disaster risks and enhance community resilience.
Although the vulnerability assessment tools used to prepare adaptation plans are
comprehensive in addressing the communities' vulnerability but they did not
adequately address ecosystem and species vulnerability; Therefore, existing tools
can be integrated with other tools like 'species/landscape level vulnerability or
flowing forward vulnerability assessment methodology' to address the species and
ecosystem vulnerability.
Successful implementation of adaptation plans requires holistic, participatory, and
multi-stakeholder approaches and multi-sectoral support; therefore mechanisms to
ensure proper co-ordination, co-operation, and coherence will be absolutely
paramount; DDCs and VDCs leadership should therefore be properly sensitised,
capacitated, and required to ensure this critical requirements.
f
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. c
PART ONE: INTRODUCITON .......................................................................................................... 8
1.1
Background ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2
Rationale ................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3
Objectives................................................................................................................................ 9
1.4
Limitations............................................................................................................................. 10
PART TWO: METHODS................................................................................................................ 11
2.1
Approach and Framework .................................................................................................... 11
2.2
Activities as per the Objectives ............................................................................................. 12
2.3
List of Variables / Database Management ............................................................................ 12
PART THREE: REVIEW OF CLIMATE RELATED POLICY DOCUMENTS ............................................... 17
3.1
National Adaptation Programmes of Action 2010 (NAPA) ................................................... 17
3.2
Climate Change Policy, 2011 ................................................................................................. 18
3.3
National Framework for Local Adaptation Plans of Action, 2011 (LAPA) ............................. 18
PART FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 20
4.1
Review of CAPA and LAPA Preparation Process ................................................................... 20
4.1.1
Participation .................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.2
Tools .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.3
Time required to prepare adaptation plans.................................................................. 22
4.2
CAPA Prepared at Tarai ......................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1
Involvement of CFs in the preparation of CAPA ........................................................... 22
4.2.2
Analysis of threats in Tarai districts .............................................................................. 23
4.2.3
Causes of GHG Emission in Tarai region ....................................................................... 24
4.2.4
Adaptation Interventions .............................................................................................. 25
4.2.5
Effectiveness of Adaptation Options in Tarai................................................................ 26
4.2.6
Interrelationship of threats and causes of GHG with adaptation activities ................. 26
4.2.7
Estimated Budget of the Plan and Beneficiaries ........................................................... 27
4.3
CAPA Prepared at hilly districts............................................................................................. 29
4.3.1
Physical and Sociological characteristics ...................................................................... 29
4.3.2
Chronological Analysis of Threats ................................................................................. 32
4.3.3
Sectorial Impacts ........................................................................................................... 33
4.3.4
Adaptation Interventions .............................................................................................. 34
4.3.5
Effectiveness of Adaptation Options in hilly districts ................................................... 36
4.3.6
Interrelationship between threats and adaptation activities ....................................... 36
4.3.7
Estimated Budget of the Plan ....................................................................................... 36
4.4
Critical Assessment of CAPA and LAPA ................................................................................. 38
PART FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 40
5.1
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 40
5.2
Recommendation.................................................................................................................. 41
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 43
ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... i
g
PART ONE: INTRODUCITON
1.1 Background
Climate Change Adaptation can be defined as adjustment in ecological, social, or economic
systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts (IPCC
2001). Adapting to the changes has consequently emerged as a solution to address the
impacts of climate change that are already evident in some regions. It involves adjustments
to reduce the vulnerability of communities, regions, or activities to climatic change and
variability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report
states that "adaptation will be necessary to address impacts resulting from the warming
which is already unavoidable due to past emissions" (IPCC, 2007: 18). Adaptation to climate
change is considered especially relevant for developing countries where societies are
already struggling to meet the challenges posed by existing climate variability (Yamin et al.
2005; Adger et al. 2003; Handmer 2003), and are therefore expected to be the most
adversely affected by climate change (McCarthy et al. 2001).
Realizing the increasing impacts of climate change, Government of Nepal (GoN) prepared
and promulgated National Adaptation Programme of Action 2010 (NAPA), climate change
Policy 2011, and National Framework on Local Adaptation Plan for Action 2011 (LAPA
framework). These policy documents address the national deliberation regarding the impact
of climate change and suggest developing coping strategies. All these policy documents
unanimously identified rural communities as most vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change and emphasize to elevate their adaptive capacity to cope against climatic hazards.
Community Adaptation Plans of Action (CAPA) is an adaptation plan prepared at community
level and is considered as the best practice to ensure the bottom up planning process
(CADPN 2011).The concept of CAPA was coined to: identify the impacts of climate change;
identify best possible adaptation options (suited to local condition); prepare adaption plans;
integrate the prepared community level plans in Village Development Committee (VDC)
level planning process; and to make local development process more climate change
sensitive and climate proofed. Community Forests (CF) is a successful intervention of Nepal's
forestry sector with more than 40% population involved, enhanced forest management,
ensuring equitable benefit sharing and gender and social inclusiveness. Therefore most of
the CAPA in the hilly regions are prepared at CF level. Further, CF is a resourceful institution
and identified as the effective way to reach to the climate vulnerable communities.
However, Tarai regions especially southern Tarai have limited forests. As a result, most of
the CAPA in Tarai are prepared using other institutions like User Groups, Public and
Institutional Land Management Groups (PILMG), Collaborative Forest Management etc.
Whatever local institutions are used, CAPA identifies local level impacts of Climate Change
and the adaptation options are close to ground reality.
8
Adaptation plans prepared at the VDC level or compilation of CF level CAPAs to VDC level
adaption plan is known as Local Adaptation Plan of Actions (LAPA). CAPA prepared at
community level and later synthesized into VDC level LAPA is more effective as compared to
LAPA directly prepared at Village level because the chances of duplication of activities are
nullified, and activities are more realistic and need based (CADPN 2011).
1.2 Rationale
With the technical and financial support from the Government and Non-Governmental
Organizations, local communities of 15 districts1 have prepared about 1500 CAPA (MSFP
2011). Livelihoods and Forestry Programme (LFP) and later Interim Forestry Project (IFP)
were the key organizations to support the CAPA and LAPA initiative. Most of the CAPA had
been endorsed by the assembly of each community and are in the process of
implementation. These knowledge and experience could be useful in the future
intervention, and to fulfil one of the four areas of support of Multi Stakeholder Forestry
Programme (MSFP)2. MSFP is a forestry programme of the Government of Nepal (GoN)
supported by DFID, SDC and GoF that aims to improve livelihoods and resilience of the poor
and disadvantaged people in Nepal by maximising the contribution of the country’s forestry
sector to inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction and tackling climate change.
The revision of CAPA and LAPA and preparation of central database of prioritized adaptation
interventions is expected to be useful for the future projects to identify and prioritize
adaptation activities and allocate budget accordingly. The information will be useful for VDC
and DDC during the development and identification of plans. Multi sectoral activities are
incorporated in CAPA and LAPA therefore the database and analyzed result is expected to
be useful for other line agencies also. In this regard, CAPA and LAPA were revised and
central database of prioritized adaptation interventions in water, agriculture, forests and
biodiversity was prepared, which is expected to be crucial in prioritizing MSFP interventions.
The recommendations drawn by this review is expected to draft the new forestry sector
strategies.
1.3 Objectives
The main objective of this review was to prepare a central data set of all CAPA and LAPA and
produce a comprehensive report of their analysis. Specific objectives are:
 Review of content of CAPA and LAPA documents in relation to their priority of
intervention as a measure of local adaptation.
 Key impacts of Climate Change that CAPA had documented particularly in relation to
water, agriculture, forests and biodiversity in community forests.
1
LFP has initiated the CAPA and LAPA process in 15 districts viz: Dhankuta, Tehrathum, Sankhuasabha,
Bhojpur, Baglung, Parbat, Rukum, Rolpa, Pyuthan, Salyan, Dang, Myagdi, Rupendehi, Nawalparasi,
Kapilbastu
2
One of the four major areas of support is "Supporting rural communities – especially the poor, disadvantaged
and climate vulnerable - for better livelihoods through access to forest products and services"
9
 Identify and prioritize adaptation activities identified by the CFUG that are prepared
based on their needs.
 Recommend how these community level adaptation plans can be used in MSFP
interventions.
1.4 Limitations
INGOs and bilateral aid agencies like LFP, WWF Nepal, NSCFP, Practical Action, etc have
supported local communities to prepare LAPA and CAPA. The current assignment has the
scope of reviewing about 1500 CAPA and LAPA that were mostly prepared with the
technical and financial support of LFP and IFP. It should be noted that LFP and IFP had
supported local communities of all geographical regions (Tarai, hills and mountains) to
prepare LAPA and CAPA. CAPA in hills and mountains are prepared at CFUG level whereas it
was made at CFUG level, User Groups level and PILMG level in the Tarai region. This
assignment is limited to review 516 CAPA and LAPA (370 CAPA and 146 LAPA prepared by
CFUGs and Village Forest Coordination Committee (VFCC) respectively.
CAPA preparation process at Tarai and in the hilly areas varies considerably. Central
database system was therefore prepared and analyzed at two different levels as per the
availability of data (information of CAPA at the Tarai region was very brief).
10
PART TWO: METHODS
2.1 Approach and Framework
The assignment has the scope of reviewing CAPA and LAPA and identifying the key impacts
(on forests and biodiversity, water, and agriculture) and prioritized adaptation
interventions. Therefore desk review and multi dimensional analysis is the key approach for
this study. Figure 1 gives the broad methodological framework adopted for the study.
Figure 1: Methodological Framework
Literatures were reviewed to understand the Climate Change adaptation policies and
programmes and community adaptation planning process. Some of the reviewed literature
were National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change (2010); Climate Change
Policy (2011); National LAPA Framework (2011), Participatory Tools and Techniques for
Assessing Climate Change Impact and Exploring Adaptation Options (2010); Mainstreaming
Climate Change Adaptation through Community Based Planning (2010) etc.
Moreover, 516 CAPA and LAPA prepared by CFUGs and VFCC respectively were rigorously
reviewed to identify and prioritize adaptation interventions, sectoral impacts of Climate
Change and to integrate these adaptation options for MSFP reference.
More than 175 variables were defined and database was designed using SPSS 19 software.
The variables and database was shared with MSFP-SSU team and after taking the feedbacks,
variables are database were redefined and finalized. A total of 516 CAPA and LAPA were first
11
categorized into three broad categories: (a) CAPA prepared at Tarai districts, (b) CAPA
prepared at hilly districts, and (c) LAPA prepared at hilly districts. There was limited
information on CAPA prepared at Tarai therefore separate database and variables were
designed. Finally, the information of CAPA and LAPA were coded based on the defined
variables. Finally, the outcomes of the database were analyzed from different perspectives;
focusing on impact of CC and adaptation interventions on water, agriculture, and forests
and biodiversity and final report was prepared.
2.2 Activities as per the Objectives
Objective 1: Review the content of CAPA and LAPA documents in relation to their priority of
intervention as a measure of local adaptation.
 A total of 370 CAPA (96 prepared at Tarai districts and 274 prepared at the hilly
districts) and 146 LAPA were reviewed to identify the prioritized adaptation
activities. The priority of intervention varies according to space therefore geography
is considered during the review.
Objective 2: Key impact of Climate Change that CAPA and LAPA had documented
particularly in relation to water, agriculture, forests and biodiversity in community forests.
 The sectoral impact of Climate Change on water, agriculture and forests and
biodiversity were documented and central database on key impacts and key
adaptation interventions was prepared.
Objective 3: Identify and prioritize adaptation activities identified by the CFUG and VFCC
that are prepared based on their needs.
 The database was developed in such a way that it collectively covers the outputs as
anticipated by objectives 1, 2 and 3. The database was analyzed focusing on the
need based adaptation activities as identified by CAPA and VFCC as they are
institutional homes to address the climate change vulnerability and to increase the
resilience of vulnerable communities with the inclusion of appropriate adaptation
activities. Geographical proximity is again considered during the analysis.
Objective 4: Recommend how these community level adaptation plans can be used in MSFP
interventions.
 The CAPA development process was reviewed to assess its effectiveness. Climate
Change impacts and adaptation interventions on each sectors were analyzed and
concrete recommendations were drawn.
2.3 List of Variables / Database Management
SPSS software was used to prepare the central database. A list of variables was prepared
under broad themes (water, agriculture, forests and biodiversity) and cross cutting themes
(gender, livelihoods).
12
Table 1: List of Variables under broad themes
SN
1
Themes/ Broad
Category
General Information
2
Timeline (before 2030;
2030-2050; and after
2050)
3
CC Impacts on
Agriculture
4
CC Impacts on Forest
and Biodiversity
Variables/Categories
Name of District
Tarai/Midhills/Himal (specify) e.g. Kabilvastu (T)
Name of LAPA/CAPA
No of HH LAPA covers
Population
Name of CFUG/Name of VFCC
Name of VDC
Area of CF in Hectare
Average altitude of CF in meter
Dominant forest type
No. of year of the CFUG establishment
Total HH members of the CFUG
Occurrence of flash/heavy floods, major landslides and
mud slides/slope failure
Occurrence of major drought events
Occurrence of forest fire
Occurrence of destructive hailstone and snowfall
Occurrence of violent storm
Occurrence of tropical diseases (Cholera, Malaria; Kaljar;
bird flu, dengue, cholera etc)
Occurrence of serious food crisis nearing famine situation
Drying of natural springs/ponds (no.)
Average annual summer temperature
Av. Annual winter temperature
Average annual Precipitation
Av. Annual snow fall
No of rainy days
No of human deaths due to natural disasters
No. of animal deaths
No. of energy sources
No of people migrating/year
No of villages migrated due to impacts of CC
Decline in agriculture productivity
Decline in soil fertility
Use of and impact of chemical fertilizer
Increased incidence of pest and disease
Early flowering and ripening
Species migration
Loss of local breed of cattle
Introduction of improved breeds of animals
Introduction of hybrid crops
Spread of invasive species (no.)
Habitat fragmentation (specify as forest, or grazing etc)
13
SN
Themes/ Broad
Category
5
CC Impacts on Water
Resources
6
CC Impacts on Human
Health
7
CC Impacts on Energy
Source
8
CC Impacts on Civil
Infrastructure
9
Adaptation Practices
Variables/Categories
Forest habitat loss (land conversion)
Degradation of forest ( quality in terms of finding of
NTFPs/MAPs)
Species disappearance/extinct (plants and/or wildlife)
Increased no. in invasive species/number
Decline in natural floras and faunas (name species)
Increase in land slide and erosion (size??)
Early flowering and ripening of major species
Migration of species
Increasing trend of conifers/broadleaf species
Appearance of new species
Decline in grazing areas
…………….
decline in water level (ground water?)
drying of natural water source (drinking water)
reduction in supply of irrigation water
shortage of drinking water
rainfall period
increase incidence of human diseases
decrease in no. of working days (efficiency) due to
unfavourable weathers
destruction/damage to water canals (Kulos, Nahars)
Drying of artificial tube wells/pokharis (no of days)
loss of traditional energy source
structure damage due to flood , landslide, erosion to
energy infrastructure
Destruction of Public roads; offices, hospitals, schools,
houses
Destruction of Private infrastructure (houses, death of
animals)
Adaptation through awareness raising
Adaptation through forest plantation
Adaptation
through
community-based
forest
3
management
Adaptation through mobilization of local funds
Adaptation through external support
Adaptation through enhanced income generating activities
Enhanced through livelihood diversifications including
collection of NTFPs
Adaptation through embankment construction
Adaptation through alternative energy
3
Adaptation through forest management includes fire line construction, regular silvicultural operation, tending
and cultural operation like weeding, singling, thinning, pruning which ultimately maintain the forest health.
14
SN
10
a
b
c
d
e
Themes/ Broad
Category
Variables/Categories
Adaptation through participatory irrigation management
Adaptation through crop diversification/cropping pattern
change
Adaptation plan (CAPA) with budget estimation
Awareness
Total number of targeted HHs in CF for the awareness
campaign/program on campaign/sensitization programs
the climate change Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF for the skill
among the people
and capacity development programs
Total estimated budget allocated for awareness programs
(NRs)
Budget share of the CF for awareness programs (NRs)
Nursery raising and Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the plantation
seedling production and programs
plantation of climate Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from the
adaptive and threat plantation programs
resistant species
Total estimated budget allocated for plantation programs
(NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
plantation programs (NRs)
Forest
management Total number of targeted HHs to be involved in CF under
programs
the Adaptive forest management programs
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF for the
training and capacity building in adaptive forest
management programs (AFMP)
Total estimated budget allocated for AFMP (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
AFMP (NRs)
Community mobilization Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the Mobilizing the
for
dealing
with emergency and revolving funds among the members
emergency
response Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from the
(e.g., fire) and revolving Mobilizing the emergency and revolving funds among the
funds management
members
Total estimated budget allocated for the Mobilizing the
emergency and revolving funds among the members (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for the
Mobilizing the emergency and revolving funds among the
members (NRs)
Income
generating Total number of targeted HHs in CF to be involved in the
programs
income generating programs such as NTFP management
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs to be involved in
the income generating programs such as NTFP
management
Total estimated budget allocated for income generating
programs (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
15
SN
Themes/ Broad
Category
Variables/Categories
income generating programs (NRs)
f Construction
embankment/bio
engineering
g
h
i
j
11
12
of Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the construction
of embankment/bio engineering
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from
construction of embankment/bio engineering
Total estimated budget allocated for construction of
embankment/bio engineering (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
construction of embankment/bio engineering (NRs)
Development/promotion Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the
of alternative energy
development/promotion of alternative energy
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from
development/promotion of alternative energy
Total
estimated
budget
allocated
for
development/promotion of alternative energy (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
development/promotion of alternative energy (NRs)
Irrigation and drinking Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the irrigation
water services
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from
irrigation
Total estimated budget allocated for irrigation (NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for
irrigation (NRs)
Diversification of Crops
Total number of targeted HHs in CF from the crop
diversification
Total number of targeted Vulnerable HHs in CF from crop
diversification
Total estimated budget allocated for crop diversification
(NRs)
Total estimated budget to be contributed from CF for crop
diversification (NRs)
Program
relate
to total number of targeted HH for health related activities
human health
total number of Vulnerable HH for health related activities
Total estimated budget
Total budget to be contributed by CFUG
Institutions
Total number of CBOs
Total number of local NGOs
Total number of Government organizations
Gender
Number of women involved in plan preparation
Number of women sensitized by CAPA activities
16
PART THREE: REVIEW OF CLIMATE RELATED POLICY DOCUMENTS
This section provides the comparative analysis of Climate Change related policies and the
degree to which these policies address the communities' adaptation initiatives.
3.1 National Adaptation Programmes of Action 2010 (NAPA)
Nepal prepared its NAPA in 2010 with the objective of assessing and prioritizing climate
change vulnerabilities and identifying adaptation measures; developing proposals for
priority activities; preparing, reviewing and finalizing NAPA focus areas; developing and
maintaining a knowledge management and learning platform; and developing a multistakeholder framework of action on climate change. The NAPA report consists of the
summary of eight independent reports prepared by six thematic working groups (forests
and biodiversity, agriculture and food security, public health, water resources and energy,
urban settlement, and infrastructures and climate induced disaster) and two cross cutting
groups (livelihoods & governance and gender & social inclusion). NAPA identifies and
classifies more than 250 adaptation activities and prioritized into nine integrated activity
packages focusing in 6 major themes. The following four amongst the nine prioritized
activities envisaged are community focused:




promoting community based adaptation;
building and enhancing capacity of vulnerable communities;
community based disaster management for facilitating climate change; and
empowering vulnerable communities through sustainable management of water
resources and clean energy supply (climate proofing forest and agriculture in terms
of smart agri. & forest need to be included) .
NAPA aims to promote community-based adaptation through integrated management of
agriculture, water, forest and biodiversity resources and by building and enhancing adaptive
capacity of vulnerable communities through improved system and access to service for
agricultural development; forest and ecosystem management thus supporting climate-led
adaptation and system innovations; and empowering vulnerable communities through
sustainable management of water resource and promotion of clean energy supply.
NAPA lacks explicit provisions for the rights and responsibilities and a clear mechanism of
participation by local communities' representatives in decision making especially in forestry
and water sectors, including in policy shaping process at local level. Despite the fact that the
level of local participation was minimal during preparation phase, community level
organizations were identified as the prime beneficiaries of the total budget. One of the
strongest positive elements of NAPA is the recognition of the need of having Local
Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA).
17
3.2 Climate Change Policy, 2011
Nepal's Climate Change Policy (2011) originated from United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) for which Nepal is a signatory; and Kyoto Protocol,
which was ratified by Nepal in 2005. The Climate Change Policy is prepared to confront the
approaching adverse impacts of Climate Change. Main goal of this policy is to improve
livelihoods by mitigating and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change, adopting
low-carbon emissions, socio-economic development path and supporting and collaborating
in the spirits of country’s commitments to national and international agreements related to
climate change. Out of seven objectives, following two are in line with the adaptation plans
and enhancing the adaptive capacity of local communities:
 implementation of adaptation related programmes and mitigating adverse impacts;
 enhance the climate adaptation and resilience capacity of local communities for
optimum utilization of natural resources and their efficient management.
Similarly one of the goals of CC policy is to initiate community-based local adaptation
actions as mentioned in the NAPA by managing financial resources. At the same time, policy
document also mentions the LAPA, which recognizes planning at local government level and
roles and responsibilities of the local communities. It also prioritizes sustainable forestry.
The policy identifies local communities as the stakeholders and earmarks up to 80% of the
climate funds for the local communities, but it fails to provide details on how to work with
the communities. The communities are regarded as passive beneficiaries instead of active
partners in development. Clearly defined roles, rights, and responsibilities of the
communities in the policy documents would have empowered local communities as active
partners of development.
3.3 National Framework for Local Adaptation Plans of Action, 2011 (LAPA)
National Framework for Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) was prepared with the twin
objectives of implementing adaptation actions, and integrating climate change into local
development planning and implementation. LAPA is expected to be more specific and
effective in terms of design and implementation of local level adaptation activities. LAPA
framework ensures that the process of integrating climate change resilience into local-tonational planning is bottom-up, inclusive, responsive and flexible. LAPA framework helps to
identify the most climate vulnerable VDCs, wards, and people and their adaptation needs
and options; prepare adoptable adaptation options so that local communities can make
prioritization decisions; prepare and integrate adaptation plans into local and national level
planning and according to Local Self Governance Act.
By reviewing these policy documents, it can be concluded that Nepal’s climate change
policy, programmes, and plans are still in the beginning phases and need to be developed
further with strong institutional commitment to implement these policies (Helvetas 2011).
18
19
PART FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
This part is divided into three major sections. First section gives the overview of CAPA
preparation process. Second section analyzes the contents of CAPA of Tarai and third
section analyzes CAPA and LAPA prepared at hilly districts respectively. Each three section is
further divided into sub sections as per the requirement.
4.1 Analyzing CAPA and LAPA Preparation Process
The CAPA preparation process started with awareness creation, followed by capacity
building of communities and local stakeholders, then vulnerability assessment and mapping
with the active participation of local communities and then adaptation plan preparation
(table 2 presents the list of 13 tools used to prepare the adaptation plans). The prepared
plans; after endorsed by VDC council; were integrated with VDC level plans and finally with
DDC level planning process. Afterwards, adaptation plan was implemented with the help of
budget allocated from CBOs, NGOs, line agencies, VDC and DDC along with the budget of
communities. At the final stage of adaptation planning process, monitoring of the
accomplished task was done and evaluated on the basis of its efficiency (Figure 1).
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
•Awareness and sensitization on climate change adaptation
•Capacity building of local communities
•Vulnerability assessment and mapping
•Preparation of adaptation plans at community forestry level
•Integration of adaptation plans with existing planning system
Step 6
•Implementation of Adaptation Plan (Technology transfer and supporting
mechanism)
Step 7
•Monitoring and Evaluation
•Dissemination
Figure 2: Community Based Adaptation Plan Preparation Process (Adopted from Rupantaran Nepal)
Few important attributes of reviewed CAPA were:
 Instead of formulating new groups, CFUGs, VFCC and VDC were used to prepare the
reviewed CAPA because these mechanisms are dynamic and flexible enough that can
respond to uncertainty and work across different scales.
 Climate sensitive criteria and indicators were added to existing Participatory Well
Being Ranking to identify the poor and climate vulnerable communities.
20
 Despite the plan was prepared at community forestry level, all other stakeholders
(agriculture, health, water, livestock, VDC council, CBOs, education, political parties,
etc) were invited during planning process.
All the reviewed LAPA follow the process and tools that was adopted by CAPA, the
difference being the institutional homes. CAPA were prepared at CFUG level whereas most
of the reviewed LAPA were prepared by VFCC. Therefore there is substantial difference
between the reviewed LAPA and National Framework for LAPA prepared by government.
4.1.1 Participation
It was observed that participatory, inclusive and gender
sensitive approach was followed during adaptation plan
development and implementation process. The process
involved wide range of stakeholders such as local
communities (especially most vulnerable segments), local
government offices and service centres, government line
agencies, local representatives from political parties, civil
societies, CBOs and private sectors. Wider participation ensures ownership of all
stakeholders on the plan resulting to the successful implementation of the plan.
4.1.2 Tools
Community and local adaptation plans prepared with the support of LFP and IFP follows
“Participatory Tools and Techniques for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Exploring
Adaptation Options” published by UKaid and LFP in 2010. It helps communities and planners
to understand the climate change hazards and risks and analyse the methods of coping and
adapting and then develop adaptation plans to increase resilience. It also helps CBOs
(CFUGs, water management groups, PILMG, soil conservation groups) to analyse the
methods of coping and adapting and then develop adaptation plans to increase resilience. A
total of 13 different tools have been incorporated in the toolkit that helps to prepare
adaptation plans (table 2).
Table 2: Set of 13 tools and their objectives for CAPA preparation
Tool
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name
Climatic Hazard Mapping
Climatic Hazard Trend
Analysis
Climatic Hazard Ranking
Climatic Hazard Impact
Assessment
Livelihood Resources
Assessment
Livelihood Resource
Vulnerability Assessment
Objectives
 Map the local climatic hazards and assess their risk.
 Gain insight into past climatic hazards and identify trends in
their nature.
 Compare and prioritise the most critical local climatic
hazards.
 Identify the most likely impacts of local climatic hazards.


Identify and categorise local livelihood assets and
resources.
Assess the intensity of impacts of climatic hazards on
livelihood resources
21
7
8.
Assessing Climatic Hazard
Impacts on Livelihoods
Vulnerability Assessment



9.
Vulnerability matrix

10.
Coping and Adaptation
strategies Assessment

11.
Assessing the
Effectiveness of Coping
and Adaptation
Strategies
Mapping Adaptation
Partnerships

Community Based
Adaptation Planning

12.
13.


Compare and Contrast the impacts of major climatic
hazards on livelihoods of the community.
Differentiate vulnerability to climatic hazards across
different sectors and social groups, and
Identify the most vulnerable people and groups within a
community and the most vulnerable sectors.
Gain an overview and quantify climatic hazard risk and
resilience capacity of local communities.
Identify and assess the effectiveness of the current coping
mechanisms practiced by communities to secure and
improve their livelihoods and conserve ecosystem biodiversity in the context of climate change.
Analyse the effectiveness of existing coping and adaptation
strategies against the severity of climatic hazards.
Explore the institutional context in which the community
operates and identify appropriate institutional partners for
adaptation.
Develop urgent and immediate short term and long term
adaptation priorities for district, regional and national level
planning, and
Develop community level plans of action which will help
them become more resilient to effect of climate change.
4.1.3 Time required to prepare adaptation plans
Time required in preparing CAPA and LAPA depends on the knowledge and capacity of
facilitator and communities understanding on climate change issues. At least three working
days is required to prepare CAPA and four working days is required to prepare VDC level
LAPA. Communities have to be sensitized first, and then above mentioned tools are
consecutively administered to prepare the adaptation plan.
4.2 CAPA Prepared at Tarai
4.2.1 Involvement of CFs in the preparation of CAPA
A total of 96 CAPA prepared by CFUGs at Rupandehi, Kapilbastu and Nawalparasi districts
were reviewed during the analysis (Figure 3). Name and location of CFs, major threats,
adaptation options etc is given in annex 1.
22
Kapilbastu
35%
Rupandehi
42%
Nawalparasi
23%
Figure 3: Reviewed CAPA as per the district
4.2.2 Analysis of threats in Tarai districts
The major climate induced threats documented in CAPA prepared at three Tarai districts
were flood and river cutting, fire, drought, cold wave, storms, diseases to human and
livestock, decline in agricultural productivity and spreading of invasive species (table 3,
figure 4). River bank erosion and flooding was identified as the major threat in majority of
CAPA analyzed (75 out of 96 CAPA). Nepal has been experiencing a consistent and
continuous increase in temperature at an annual rate of 0.06oC which is more prominent in
mountains and high hills rather than in Tarai (MoEnv 2010). Increased temperature causes
melting of snow at an alarming rate which triggers the landslide and soil erosion in the hilly
regions and flood and water logging in the lower flatlands of Tarai. Flood and river cutting
was identified as major climatic threats in 32 out of 40, 19 out of 22 and 24 out of 34 CAPA
prepared at Rupendehi, Nawalparasi and Kapilbastu respectively.
Percentage
78.13
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
63.54
62.50
13.54
10.42
10.42
9.38
3.13
Flood/River
Cutting
Fire
Drought
Cold wave
Storm
Disease
Decline
Agriculture
Invasive
Spps
Identifed climatic threats
Figure 4: Identification of major climatic threats of Western Tarai (Nawalparasi, Rupendehi, Kapilbastu)
Likewise, forest fire and fire at villages and agricultural fields and drought were identified as
frequent climatic threats encountered in Tarai region. Rise in temperature and scarce winter
rain (due to impact of climate change) results the drought which has become more and
more prominent during April-May. These factors, together with anthropogenic causes
trigger fire both in forest and in the villages. Along with forest fire, drought results springs
23
and water sources to shrink and disappear and pose direct threat to livelihoods and
agriculture. Consequently, women have to go far and spend much time in search of water.
Spreading of invasive species was reported in few of the CAPA analyzed (3 out of 96).
Superficially, it refer that spreading of invasive species was not the major threat among the
analyzed CAPA. Having said so, it cannot be said that CAPA ruled out invasive species as
major threat. Involvement of different organizations during CAPA preparation, knowledge of
facilitator and their facilitation skills, and specific geographical conditions are responsible for
the identification and prioritization of threats. The latter statement can be verified from the
fact that Mikania micrantha (Eng: Mile-a-minute) is the most outspread invasive species of
Tarai region that invade on Shorea robusta (Nepali: Sal) forest.
9 out of 96 CAPA identified decline in agricultural productivity as climatic threat. This data,
however, did not refer that prioritization did not identify agricultural productivity decline as
major threat. It simply shows that few of the CAPA raise the agricultural productivity decline
issue. Communities who prepare these 9 CAPA might have more agricultural land and they
perceive decline as major threat. Reasons for other CAPA not to address agricultural
productivity decline issue might be due to lack of their experience, inadequate exposure
with the issue, and they might have limited information and knowledge to report the issue.
Likewise, cold wave, storm and disease on human and livestock are also identified as major
climatic threat in some CAPA. Adaptation plans prepared in the Tarai regions should give
emphasize on activities that resist cold wave and storm so that the plans are resilient to
such climatic hazards.
It was observed that none of the analyzed CAPA had reported water related issues as major
climatic threats. Drying out of springs and other water sources along with other threats have
to be addressed in CAPA. Other additional risks associated with impacts of climate change
(not identified in CAPA) were erratic rainfall, deterioration of soil quality, increased incident
of flash flood, habitat shrinkage (for wildlife) etc.
4.2.3 Causes of GHG Emission in Tarai region
Forest fire is frequently cited in majority of CAPA (63 out of 96) as the major cause of GHG
emission. Similarly, other causes of GHG as cited in CAPA are unscientific livestock rearing
practices i.e. without proper sheds and without solid waste management (livestock
droppings are the major cause of Methane emission), followed by increased fuel wood
consumption, forest degradation, use of chemical fertilizers, unsustainable management of
solid waste and shifting cultivation (Figure 5). Similarly, few CAPA have also identified
vehicle and industrial emission as source of GHGs. The national inventory of GHG in Nepal
covers five major sectors— energy activities, industrial processes, agriculture, land use
change and forestry, and wastes. Land use change and forest degradation and deforestation
is the main source of Co2 emission followed by transportation, industry, agriculture
including livestock and fuel wood/biomass burning for methane and nitrus oxide. Although
CO2 is the predominant GHG in terms of emission volume, the importance of CH4 and N2O
24
is much higher in terms of global warming potential. So the information given in the table
below needs to be checked/updated with the latest (second NCI report of the MOSTE)
70
65.63
Percentage
60
44.79
50
33.33
40
27.08
30
20.83
17.71
20
3.13
10
0
Forest Fire
Likestock
Fuel Wood
Forest
Degredation
Fertilizer
Solid Waste
Shifting
Cultivation
Causes of GHG Emission
Figure 5: Causes of GHG emission as identified in Tarai CAPA
4.2.4 Adaptation Interventions
Adaptation activities as identified by CAPA prepared at three Tarai districts were awareness,
embankment, plantation, fire line construction, water and forest management,
diversification of crops and alternative energy (Figure 6).
Majority of CAPAs (75 out of 96) identified awareness to climate change as one of the
adaption options. Climate change adaptation awareness and sensitisation amongst the
communities, development workers, stakeholders, politicians, journalist and civil society
helps them to become resilient. Awareness programme is also effective in improving the
communities' understanding to the CC and to develop adaptation strategies at local level.
78.13
66.67
70
Percentage
Identified Adaptation Interventions
77.08
80
60
45.83
50
34.38
40
30
17.71
20
12.50
11.46
10
0
Awarness
Embankment
Plantation
Fireline Cons
Water Mgmt
Forest Mgmt
Crop
Diversification
Alternative
Energy
Figure 6: Identification of adaptation interventions
Likewise, embankment using the bamboos and sand sacs is an effective and efficient locally
adopted method to control river cutting, especially in the lower flatlands. Doubtful?
Conversion of bare or cultivated land into forest by plantation was identified as one of the
options to deal with climate change issue. Plantation not only provides clean air to breathe
25
but also helps to sequestrate carbon and helps to maintain the ecosystem. An extensive
reforestation campaign and forest management practice is needed to convert the barren
lands to forest for environment and economy.
Fire line construction is also identified as means of adaptation against forest fire. Scientific
forest management that focuses on effective fire line helped to conserve forests in several
CFUGs. Similarly management of water for drinking purposes, personal hygiene and for
irrigation is identified as adaption option in few CAPAs. Likewise, use of alternative energy
and crop diversification is also identified as means of adaptation.
The adaptation options listed above are based on risk and vulnerability context and local
people's perception. By analyzing the adaptation options identified in 96 CAPAs, it cannot be
said that those listed options are effective. Their effectiveness should be evaluated when
these options are tested and implemented in the field.
Similarly, adaptation strategies adapted by few CAPAs (such as forest management, crop
diversification and use of alternative energy) does not mean they are less effective. Since
CAPAs are prepared by different NGOs, the trend shows that there is an influence and
uniformity in the identification of adaptation priorities.
4.2.5 Effectiveness of Adaptation Options in Tarai
Awareness and embankment are effective and efficient adaptation interventions and have
scientific basis. It is well understood fact that inadequate awareness restricts communities
to get better preparedness against climate induced hazards. Similarly, river cutting is the
prominent issue of Tarai and embankment is the identified mitigation measure.
Tarai region have limited forests therefore forest management, fire line construction and
plantation are not as effective as in the hilly regions. Similarly, crop diversification is an
important issue (especially for Tarai region) but it was not raised as important issue in most
of the CAPAs. Likewise, alternative energy is an effective technology to reduce the GHG
emission but it was addressed in very few CAPAs. Therefore, it can be concluded that some
of the adaptation activities are proposed in ad hoc manner by the facilitators. In few
instances, views and working areas of NGO determines the adaptation options rather than
based on the actual needs.
4.2.6 Interrelationship of threats and causes of GHG with adaptation activities
This part will analyze the interrelationship of climatic threats and causes of GHG emission
with identified adaptation activities.
Threats versus Adaptation Activities
Flood and river cutting was the major climatic threat identified in most CAPAs and
embankment was identified as one of the adaptation interventions in the CAPA analyzed.
Similarly, fire line construction was adaptation activities identified against the forest fire.
26
Climatic threat in the form of drought was addressed via water management, decline in
agriculture was addressed via crop diversification and spreading of invasive species was
addressed via forest management.
Gaps: Cold wave, storm and diseases (to human and livestock) were the identified climatic
threats but the prepared adaptation plan fails to identify adaptation activities to address
these issues. The plan addresses forest fire but fails to address adaptation activities against
village fire (such as purchase of fire fighting equipments). It can be said that awareness can
address diseases to human and livestock to some extent but awareness alone is not enough
and health related activities (health camps, health posts, livestock service centres) should be
carried out.
Opportunities: The adaptation plan was very much near to the reality in terms of addressing
the climatic threats. Awareness campaign can address threats like storm, cold wave,
diseases to human and livestock, and village fire to some extent. Core adaptation activities
(such as health camps, establishment of service centres) needs to be carried out to
adequately address these issues, along with awareness.
Causes of GHG emission versus Adaptation Activities
Forest fire was identified as major cause of GHG emission and fire line construction was the
identified adaptation activities. Similarly, forest degradation was addressed by forest
management and shifting cultivation was addressed under crop diversification. Most
importantly, fuel wood consumption was identified as cause of emission and in few CAPAs,
use of alternative energy is identified as adaptation interventions.
Gaps: This analysis showed that adaptation activities do not adequately address the
activities to reduce the GHG emission. Livestock dung and solid waste management is
relatively easy and should have to be addressed by adaptation activities. Similarly, use of
compost manure and shifting to organic fertilizer can help to reduce the GHG emission,
which is not adequately addressed.
Opportunities: Adaptation plan should properly address the activities to reduce the GHG
emission, which can be done by identifying the causes and preparing adaptation activities
accordingly. Local measures to adapt against these causes should be identified and listed,
which are generally efficient and cost effective.
4.2.7 Estimated Budget of the Plan and Beneficiaries
Budget for each identified adaptation activities were prepared in each CAPA analyzed. All 96
CAPA were prepared in similar way therefore activities are mostly repeated in the analyzed
CAPA. The study reveals that highest amount of budget is required for embankment/bio
engineering in CFs of all three districts. The total budget required for the implementation of
a CAPA is NRs 1,30,429 with the contribution from coordination committee of Rs 25,626 as
shown in the table 3. Details of budget sheet of each district are given in annex 2-4.
27
Table 3: Budget Allocation per community for Adaptation Plan (In NPR)
Adaptation Activities
Awareness
Plantation
Forest Management
Mobilization of
Emergency and
Revolving Fund
Embankment/bio
engineering
Development/promotio
n of alternative energy
Kapilbastu
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Contribution from CF
4982.14
4981.25
3743.59
4400
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
7910.71
3312.5
2705.13
4578.31
Sub Total
12892.85
8293.75
6448.72
8978.31
Contribution from CF
34548.39
11117.65
8882.35
19048.78
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
32741.94
2588.24
720.59
13213.41
Sub Total
67290.33
13705.89
9602.94
32262.19
Contribution from CF
15485.19
9031.25
9250
12247.27
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
19903.85
562.5
166.67
9787.04
Sub Total
35389.04
9593.75
9416.67
22034.31
15000
10181.82
11214.29
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
15666.67
1272.73
4357.14
Sub Total
30666.67
11454.55
15571.43
Contribution from CF
109342.1
29923.81
31291.67
54014.06
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
92447.37
19952.38
4729.17
35765.63
Sub Total
201789.5
49876.19
36020.84
89779.69
9857.14
7750
7722.22
8585.71
191142.9
9016.67
24444.44
85834.29
201000
16766.67
32166.66
94420
76250
36461.54
36333.33
53184.21
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
140625
16730.77
111.11
64960.53
Sub Total
216875
53192.31
36444.44
118144.7
20750
4666.67
16363.64
8750
6333.33
8090.91
29500
11000
24454.55
Contribution from CF
Contribution from CF
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
Sub Total
Irrigation
Crop Diversification
Contribution from CF
Contribution from CF
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
Sub Total
Total budget
Contribution from CF
Contribution from
Coordination Committee
Grand Total
28
Total
121500
89961.11
107988.3
104802.9
18750
31738.89
5060.396
25626.4
140250
121700
113048.7
130429.4
The review shows that average targeted household per CF is 147 with 68 households of
targeted vulnerable communities (table 4).
Table 4: Beneficiaries from the adaptation activities
Adaptation Activities
Awareness
Plantation
Forest management programs
Mobilization of energy and
revolving fund
Embankment/ Bio engineering
Development and promotion of
alternative energy
Irrigation and drinking water
Crop diversification
Miscellaneous
Summar
y
statistics
Average
Min
Max
Total number of
targeted HHs in CF
Average
Min
Max
Mean
292
20
2527
223
114
8
1115
182
Min
Max
Average
20
2527
151
10
5000
62
Min
Max
Average
10
495
225
10
216
108
Min
Max
Average
Min
Max
Average
Min
Max
Average
Min
Max
Average
Min
Max
10
2200
98
3
750
154
19
533
10
728
155
147
8
500
8
1500
56
2
550
55
5
200
10
299
64
68
3
257
4.3 CAPA Prepared in hilly districts
4.3.1 Physical and Sociological characteristics
Number of CAPA and LAPA analyzed
29
281
12
60000
Total number of
CC vulnerable HHs
in CF
120
12
2527
A total of 420 LAPA and CAPA were reviewed and analyzed, out of which 276 were CAPA
and remaining 146 were LAPA. All the reviewed CAPA (prepared at 12 hilly districts) were
prepared by CFUG in CF level whereas most of the LAPA were prepared by VFCC at VDC level
(Figure 7). It was observed that exactly similar process was followed during CAPA and LAPA
preparation (as given in part 4.1- review of CAPA and LAPA preparation process) with almost
similar variables. Therefore both CAPA and LAPA were analyzed using the same format.
146
274
CAPA
LAPA
Figure 7: CAPA and LAPA prepared in Hilly districts
Adaptation plans as per the districts
Number of Adaptation plans
A total of 420 adaptation plans4 were analyzed in the 12 hilly districts. Adaptation plans
prepared at Bhojpur, Tehrathum, Sankhuasabha and Dhakuta is the reflection of eastern
hills; adaptation plans prepared at Baglung, Myagdi and Parbat is a reflection of western
hills and adaptation plans prepared at Rukum, Rolpa, Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang is a
reflection of mid western hills. Out of the 12 districts, LAPA was prepared at Bhojpur,
Tehrathum, Sankhuasabha, Dhakuta and Rukum whereas CAPA (with very few LAPA) was
prepared at remaining seven districts. In this review, 138 CAPA prepared at Parbat was
analyzed, followed by 60 CAPA prepared at Myagdi (table 8).
4
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
138
60
56
36
31
27
26
16
13
8
6
From now and onwards, adaptation plans; unless otherwise stated; collectively refers CAPA and LAPA
30
3
Figure 8: Adaptation plans analyzed as per the districts
Altitudinal Distribution
347 out of 420 adaptation plans have mentioned the altitudes, out of which 67% adaptation
plans are prepared below 2000m and 33% adaptation plans are prepared above 2000m.
Settlements in the hilly regions are concentrated below 2000m and consequently CFs lies in
the vicinity of settlements (Figure 9).
below
2000
67%
above
2000
33%
Figure 9: Altitudinal distribution CAPA and LAPA
Households
Number of Adaptation plans
Out of 274 CAPA analyzed, 43 CAPA have users less than 50 households, 121 CAPA have
users between 50 and 150 households, 93 CAPA have users between 500 and 1000
households and only one CAPA have users more than 1000 households. Likewise, one VDC
level LAPA have households within 50 and 150. A total of 82 analyzed LAPA have the users
between 500 and 1000 (Figure 10).
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
121
93
43
82
CAPA
29
10
1
Below 50
50-150
150-500
500-1000
23
LAPA
1
Above 1000
Number of Households
Figure 10: Number of Households covered by CAPA and LAPA
Livelihood Options
320 out of 420 adaptation plans have mentioned the livelihood options. Agriculture and
labour foreign employment was identified as major source of income by 115 adaptation
31
Percentage
plans, followed by agriculture (100 adaptation plans) and then agriculture wage labour (63
adaptation plans). Figure 11 give the percentage of each of the livelihood options within the
analyzed adaptation plans.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
35.9
31.3
19.7
10.9
2.2
Agriculture and
labour foreign
employment
Agriculture
Agriculture and
wage labour
Agriculture and
foreign
employment
Foreign
Employmenet
Figure 11: Livelihood options as mentioned in CAPA and LAPA
4.3.2 Chronological Analysis of Threats
Chronological analysis of threats showed that climate induced disasters in the form of
flood/landslides/erosion, drought, fire, hailstone, diseases, drying of springs and forest
degradations were more prominent after 2050. Out of the 420 adaptation plans analyzed,
the incident of flood/landslides/erosion after 2050 was recorded in 256 adaptation plans.
However, frequency of flood/landslides/erosion was less within 2030-2050 (180 out of 420
adaptation plans) and was minimal before 2030 (recorded in only 67 adaptation plans).
Likewise, climate induced disaster in the form of drought after 2050 was recorded from 294
adaptation plans (Figure 12).
There should be two reasons about the outcomes. Most evident reason is the impact of
climate change that triggers climate induced disasters in recently years. Secondly,
communities remember recent incidents but past incidents are not easy to remember
therefore there are more chances of missing these information.
Before 2030
256
2030-2050
After 2050
294
239
158
180
123
67
124
76
74
37
Landslide Drought
15
Fire
129
140
23
26
7
Hailstone Snowfall
37
5
Storm
54
26
51
37
25
Diseases Food Crisis
Figure 12: Chronological threats of CAPA and LAPA (count) n=420
32
156
46
7
Spring
Drying
118
76
67
14
3
22
Inv.
Forest deg
Species
4.3.3 Sectorial Impacts
Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture
Number of Adaptation Plans
Decline in agricultural productivity was recorded from 406 adaptation plans. Similarly,
increased incidents of pests and disease were recorded from 310 adaptation plans. Decline
in soil fertility was recorded from 306 adaptation plans (Picture 13). The revision showed
that records of loss of local breeds and early flowering, fruiting and ripening was least
recorded in the analyzed adaptation plans.
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
406
310
306
43
Dec in Productivity Inc. in pest and Dec in Soil fertility
Disease
18
Loss of local
breeds
Early
flowering/ripening
Figure 13: Impact of Climate Change in Agriculture (count)
Impact of Climate Change in Forests and Biodiversity
Number of Adaptation Plans
The impact of climate change is visible in forests and biodiversity sector with decline in flora
and fauna, outbreak of invasive species, increased incidents of forest fire, increased
incidents of landslides and erosion and early flowering. There are still other impacts such as
morphological change, habitat shrinkage but these are not mentioned in the adaptation
plans. Decline in wild flora and fauna was recorded from 336 adaptation plans. Similarly
invasive or alien species was recorded from 323 adaptation plans (Figure 14). Early flowering
was recorded from only 12 adaptation plans.
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
336
323
250
180
12
Dec in
flora/fauna
Invasive species
Inc Forest fire
Figure 14: Impact of Climate Change in Forests and Biodiversity
33
Inc Landslides
Early Flowering
Impact of Climate Change in water
Number of Adaptation
plans
The most prominent and visible impact of climate change in water is decrease in water
source and drying off of springs. 345 out of 420 adaptation plans have indicated the
decrease in water source. Likewise, 301 adaptation plants have mentioned the lack of water
for all purposes. Decline in water level was recorded in 291 adaptation plans (Figure 15).
Erratic rainfall, however was recorded from only 32 adaptation plans. Water sources in the
hilly areas are shrinking at fast pace due to increased drought incidents and erratic rainfall.
Use of chemical fertilizers to increase agricultural productivity leads to deterioration of soil
quality and consequently loses water holding capacity. Similarly, clearing of forests
decreased the water holding capacity of forests.
400
345
301
291
300
200
100
32
0
Decrease source
Inadequate source
Decline level
Erratic rainfall
Figure 15: Impact of Climate Change in Water
Impact of Climate Change on Human Health
Impact on human health in the form of introduction of tropical diseases (like malaria) and
headaches are recorded from 372 adaptation plans.
Impact of Climate Change on Energy
Impact of climate change on sources of energy was visualized by lost in traditional energy
sources (water mills), decreased quantity of water for energy production (micro-hydro,
Peltirc set) and structural damage (destruction of canals).
Impact of Climate Change on Infrastructure
The most evident impact of climate change is the impact on infrastructures such as bridges,
roads, trials, houses, schools, water storage tanks etc. Destruction of public infrastructures
was recorded from 246 adaptation plans whereas destruction of private properties was
recorded from 228 adaptation plans.
4.3.4 Adaptation Interventions
Adaptation activities as identified by CAPA and LAPA prepared at hilly districts were
irrigation/drinking water, plantation, awareness, awareness creation, fund mobilization,
forest management (silvicultural practices, forest cleaning, fire line construction etc),
34
income generation activities, alternative energy, embankment and crop diversification
(Figure 16).
Most of the adaptation plans (366 out of 420) identified the management of water for
drinking purpose and irrigation as one of the adaptation options. Most of the plan address
the water related issues and allocate budget accordingly.
Plantation was identified as another adaptation intervention against CC impacts. An
extensive reforestation campaign is needed to convert the barren lands to forest for
environment and economy.
Majority of CAPAs (362 out of 420) identified awareness to climate change as one of the
adaption options.
Number of Adaptation plans
400
366
364
362
319
350
318
302
300
271
250
241
217
200
150
100
50
0
Water source
Plantation
Awarness
Fund
Mobiliation
Forest Mgmt
IGA
Alt. Energy
Embankment
Crop
Diversification
Figure 16: Identification of adaptation interventions (count) n=420
Mobilization of adaptation and emergency funds (established in the adaptation plans) was
another identified adaptation interventions in 319 adaptation plans. Adaptation and
emergency fund is most effective adaptation means as it provides immediate support to the
affected households.
Similarly, forest management via fire line construction and silvicultural practices are
identified as means of adaptation. Other adaptation interventions are income generating
activities, use of alternative energy (solar, electricity, wind mills), embankment and crop
diversification. The adaptation options listed above are based on risk and vulnerability
context and local people's perception. By analyzing the adaptation options identified in 420
adaptation plans, it cannot be said that those listed options are effective. Their effectiveness
should be evaluated when these options are tested and implemented in the field.
Similarly, adaptation strategies adapted by few adaptation plans (such as embankment, use
of alternative energy, crop diversification) does not mean they are less effective. Since
adaptation plans are prepared by different NGOs, the trend shows that there is sectoral
influence towards the identification of adaptation priorities.
35
4.3.5 Effectiveness of Adaptation Options in hilly districts
Climate change has profound impact on fresh water resources. Severe drought,
deforestation and decrease in the duration of precipitation have caused water sources to
shrink and decrease the water flow. Decrease in water sources is evident throughout Nepal
and rest of the world. Therefore management of water sources is the best adaptation
options. However, activities under water management are not well illustrated in most of the
adaptation plans. Few plans have listed activities like multiple uses of water, drip irrigation
and river bank cultivation as means of adaptation.
Establishment of adaptation and emergency funds are newer concept yet very effective
against all types of climatic hazards. These funds provide immediate relief to the
communities and households that need immediate support. Management of capital for
these adaptation funds is a matter of concern. But most of the communities have allocated
some amount to establish adaption and emergency fund.
4.3.6 Interrelationship between threats and adaptation activities
Landslides/erosion/flood was the major climatic threat identified and subsequently
embankment, plantation and forest management was identified as adaptation interventions
in the in most of the analyzed CAPA and LAPA. Similarly, drought and fire was identified as
one of the impacts of climate change and water conservation and management was
identified as viable adaptation options.
Explicit adaptation interventions against snowfall and storms are not mentioned in any of
the plans. But establishment of adaptation and emergency fund can help communities who
are affected by these impacts.
Gaps: It can be said that awareness can address diseases to human and livestock to some
extent but awareness alone is not enough and health related activities (health camps, health
posts, livestock service centres) should be carried out.
Opportunities: The adaptation plan was very much near to the reality in terms of addressing
the climatic threats. Core adaptation activities (such as health camps, establishment of
service centres) needs to be carried out to adequately address these issues, along with
awareness.
4.3.7 Estimated Budget of the Plan
Table 5 presents the allocated budget for each adaptation interventions in the context of
CAPA and LAPA. The study reveals that highest amount of budget is required for irrigation
and drinking water related interventions for CAPA. A total of NRs 265844 is required to
implement water related interventions in one CAPA. Likewise, LAPA allocate average of NRs
401690 for crop diversification (per LAPA).
Table 5: Comparative cost to implement CAPA and LAPA (NRs)
36
Activities
Contribution from
Awareness
CF
CAPA
LAPA
Average
Plantation
Forest Management
Adaptation Fund
IGA
9282
22233
Local Government
10208
32918
District stakeholder
21109
155877
Sub-total
40599
211028
CF
13933
32927
Local Government
17241
39276
District stakeholder
26979
142294
Sub-total
58153
214496
CF
28108
43404
Local Government
27925
64798
District stakeholder
39711
230458
Sub-total
95743
338660
CF
16473
34064
Local Government
21916
46353
District stakeholder
42562
190241
Sub-total
80951
270658
CF
33860
26662
Local Government
22775
31411
District stakeholder
65051
139170
Sub-total
Embankment/Bio-engineering
121686
197243
CF
39847
23324
Local Government
54478
89758
District stakeholder
95021
195143
189347
308225
CF
29812
44571
Local Government
33746
47853
Sub-total
Alternative Energy
District stakeholder
54368
168420
117926
260844
CF
48925
24392
Local Government
80347
114579
District stakeholder
136572
207138
Sub-total
265844
346109
CF
15729
31800
Local Government
21691
149493
District stakeholder
37264
220396
Sub-total
74684
401690
CF
17601
20824
Local Government
17684
104389
District stakeholder
37974
221107
73259
346321
CF
26734
35588
Local Government
38632
63338
District stakeholder
60776
2500000
Sub-total
Irrigation/Drinking water
Crop Diversification
Health
Sub-total
Miscellaneous
37
Sub-total
126142
2598926
4.4 Critical Assessment of CAPA and LAPA
a. Most of the adaptation plans adequately addresses the climatic threats via adaptation
interventions. There is a positive correlation between causes of GHG gases emission
and adaption activities. The budgetary part is almost comprehensive and addresses all
the prioritized adaptation activities.
b. Analysis of 516 CAPA and LAPA revealed that there was sectoral biasness during plan
preparation. In most of the CAPA and LAPA analyzed, influence of agriculture and
forestry sector is high compared to other important sector such as water, energy,
infrastructure and health. The organizations that facilitate to prepare adaptation plans
first orient their staff or local resource persons and during the orientation, the
strength (working area) of organizations is logical to influence LRPs and staffs. Level of
exposure and enhanced understanding of CC issues to LRPs will help to reduce the
sectoral biasness.
c. The skills and knowledge of facilitator largely drives the adaptation plans. Despite the
plan preparation follows “Participatory Tools and Techniques for Assessing Climate
Change Impacts and Exploring Adaptation Options”, there are several shortcomings
and in some instances, more than four critical steps were not considered during plan
preparation. In some cases, the most evident impacts were not documented. For
example spreading of invasive species was reported in few only three CAPA prepared
at Tarai. However, it cannot be said that CAPA ruled out invasive species as major
threat. Involvement of different organizations during CAPA preparation, knowledge of
facilitator and their facilitation skills, and inadequate exposure to the issues is
responsible for the identification and prioritization of threats.
d. There are some cases where very few adaptation plans have raised the critical issues.
It does not refer that prioritization did not identify these critical issues. For example,
agricultural productivity decline issues were raised in few CAPAs prepared at Tarai.
Communities who prepare these CAPAs might have more agricultural land and they
perceive decline as major threat. Reasons for other CAPAs not to address agricultural
productivity decline issue might be due to lack of their experience and they might have
limited information and knowledge to report the issue.
e. There are lots of similarities between the adaptation plans prepared in definite cluster
or district. In some cases there was 100% duplication of plans, even up the budget
level.
f. Institutional mapping was very well developed and presented in the adaptation plans
but very few plans are owned by these institutions. Ownership of other line agencies
except VDC and District Forest Office is insufficient. Major responsibility of planned
activities revolves round the development agencies with undefined roles and
responsibilities.
38
g. Most of the adaptation activities represents a sector and can be integrated with the
programs and activities of CBOs, NGOs and government line agencies but it is not well
indicated in the plans.
h. Active and meaningful participation of female and socially excluded groups is
insufficient. Based on the available data and participant list, most of the participants
were male and even ethnic composition was not found to be considered seriously. In
an average one CAPA represents 140 households and 25-35 male and elite participants
are involved in plan preparation process.
i. The range of budget for different activity proposed was largely based on assumption,
which might not be real in practical. Lump sum budget illustrated might not give the
real budgetary required.
j. Activities of some adaptation plans are more ambitious and further it is difficult to
differentiate between development and adaptation activities. Activities like toilet
construction, shed house construction, community building construction, road
construction etc were incorporated in the plan. It is hard to differentiate whether they
represents development or adaptation activities.
k. Limited budget allocation for monitoring whereas none of the analyzed CAPA defined
provision on monitoring mechanism:
l. Less than 5% of the adaptation plans have mentioned the provision of monitoring and
evaluation and allocated the budget for the same. But monitoring mechanism is not
defined in any of the analyzed CAPA.
m. Mobilization of emergency/revolving fund was not identified as adaptation activities
but only listed in the budget sheet and plan in most of the adaptation plans. Inclusion
of emergency/revolving fund is good initiative therefore future community based
adaptation plan should identify emergency/revolving fund right from the initial phase.
n. The CAPA identifies VFCC as the major source of funding but it is understood that VFCC
have not adequate resources to support each of the activities. Without the support of
other organizations, it is difficult to carry out activities that require big budget, such as
embankment, irrigation etc. Similarly, commitment of VFCC for financial support is not
is not explicitly mentioned in CAPA. CAPA identified different organizations for the
technical support but commitment regarding the same is lacking. Finally, mechanism
of funding should be ensured in the future plans. Provision of a clear cut monitoring
mechanism should be in place in each CAPA.
o. Most importantly, adaptation options listed in CAPA and LAPA are based on risk and
vulnerability context and local people's perception. By analyzing the adaptation
options identified in 516 adaptation plans, it cannot be said that those listed options
are effective. Their effectiveness should be evaluated when these options are tested
and implemented in the field. Therefore it is necessary to deploy a team to observe,
monitor and verify these adaptation activities as per their effectiveness.
39
PART FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into local planning is a process of considering
climate risks during development planning, and of adjusting approaches and actions to
address those risks. Community preparedness and plan of action to cope with increasing
climate change is crucial. Better plan guide for better action, thus assessment of community
plan for the action helps to guide for further implementation.
Analysis of 370 CAPAs and 146 LAPAs illustrated many dimension embedded with climate
change adaptation. This review tries to explore the major climatic threats, their adaptation
practices and plan with detail budget required and the amount to be contributed by
different agency like VDC, CFUG, VFCC and district line agencies. Analysis shows that
drought, river cutting, erosion, fire, flood and decrease in agricultural productivity are major
perceived climatic. Communities have identified awareness, plantation, water resource
management (for irrigation and drinking purpose), IGA, fund mobilization and alternative
energy to cope against these climatic hazards. Most of the identified activities are genuine
whereas some are highly ambitious and some are irrelevant to the adaptation. Budget
assessment shows that higher costs are required for the water resource management,
embankment and bio engineering. Fewer budgets are allocated for activities such as
awareness, forest management, plantation, crop diversification, health etc. Budget required
for adaptation activities is high compared to locally available resources therefore a gap
between required budget and availability of budget.
It is important that the prepared adaptation plans should be integrated with VDC or DDC
planning process for its sustainability and stakeholders should own the plan. VDCs are
fundamental political and administrative unit of the government, thus prepared LAPA and
CAPA should be approved from VDC council which untimely support to anchor every
initiative at the local level within VDC. LAPA identifies VDC as “operational unit” for
planning, coordination, monitoring and evaluation, service delivery with regards to climate
change adaptation. LAPA is expected to provide effective delivery of adaptation services to
the most climate vulnerable areas and people of entire VDC (LAPA 2011). Ultimately, the
LAPA framework should ensure integration and implementation of climate adaptation and
resilience actions into sectoral plans, programs and project and ensure people community
and their resources are adaptive to climate change, which can possible with the ownership
of local government.
Both CAPA and LAPA follow similar process and approach, thus intervention, plan and
activities envisioned in CAPA and LAPA is alike but the degree and extend was different.
LAPA covered larger area with larger households where as CAPA covered smaller area and
household. LAPA and CAPA both are very useful in terms of sustainable forest and natural
resources management and conservation.
40
Most of the CAPA prepared by the communities were interlinked and associated with their
surrounding or nearby CFUG. Thus without considering adaptation in landscape levels the
expected benefit from CAPA and LAPA implementation can’t be achieved. In order to
increase the synergetic effect of landscape level adaptation, within the certain political
boundary the institutional, biological, social bundling should be carried out. Besides,
reformation of meso-level climate change governance will support in landscape level
adaptation.
5.2 Recommendation

Awareness raising and sensitization: Awareness and sensitization to communities,
supporting organizations (implementing partner organizations, CBOs, GOs) and state
actors.

Effectiveness of adaptation interventions: By analyzing the adaptation options listed
in 516 adaptation plans, it cannot be said that those listed options are effective.
Their effectiveness should be evaluated when these options are tested and
implemented in the field. Therefore it is necessary to deploy a team to observe,
monitor and verify these adaptation activities as per their effectiveness.

Implementation status assessment: Assessment of implementation status should
be carried out which guide the future actions. Assessment of existing
implementation status will help to draw the possible opportunities and challenges of
CAPA and LAPA implementation with future direction .

Mechanism to generate leverage: Adaptation activities listed in CAPA and LAPA
mostly requires substantial amount of money, which is difficult for CFUG or VFCC or
even VDC to generate. Therefore, a mechanism should be developed under the
chairmanship of Local Development Officer by establishing a basket fund in DDC.
DDC, NGOs, INGOs and projects should contribute in that basket fund.

Capacity enhancement: Capacity of implementing organizations and skills and
knowledge of LRPs should be enhanced. It helps LRPs to differentiate between
development and adaptation activities, allocation of budget, incorporation of
adaptation issues, identification of problem etc. Knowledge on climate change will
help LRPs to raise practical issues and to maintain the multi- sectoral essence during
plan preparation.

Local institutions for CAPA implementation: Community based institutions and VDC
should lead CAPA preparation process, in collaboration with external agencies.
Involvement and ownership of local institutions help to prepare more realistic,
locally relevant CAPA and also ensures their active involvement throughout the
implementation process. Plans must be developed in a way that they are fully owned
by local institutions in order to ensure the bottom up planning process.
41




Legislative: There is urgent need for developing legislation and regulations on
climate change adaptation planning and implementation with specifying roles of
different agencies and clear working procedures. This will help address the current
confusions and contradictions.
Gender: Efforts should be paid to include female and socially excluded communities
for their active and meaningful participation during plan preparation
Adaptation Fund: Provision of establishment of emergency and adaptation funds in
each plan.
Process: The vulnerability assessment tool used to prepare adaptation plan is
comprehensive in addressing the communities' vulnerability. But the assessment
tool and plan preparation process did not address ecosystem and species
vulnerability. The existing tools can be integrated with other tools like 'flowing
forward methodology' to address the ecosystem vulnerability.
42
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Handmer J. 2003. Adaptive Capacity: What Does it Mean in the Context of Natural Hazards? In:
Smith J.B., Klein R.J.T., &Huq S. (eds.) Climate Change, Adaptive Capacity, and Development.
Imperial College Press: London.
HELVETAS Nepal 2011. Nepal’s Climate Change Policies and Plans: Local Communities’ Perspective.
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IPCC 2001.Third Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
IPCC 2007. Working Group II Summary for Policy Makers. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
McCarthy J.J., Canziani O.F., Leary N.A., Dokken D.J., & White K. S. 2001. (eds.) Climate Change 2001:
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Ministry of Environment 2010.National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change.
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Ministry of Environment 2011.Climate Change Policy 2011. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Ministry of Environment 2011.LAPA Framework. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Yamin F., Rahman A, Huq S. 2005. Vulnerability, Adaptation and Climate Disasters: A Conceptual
Overview. IDS Bulletin, 36(4):1-14.
Regmi B.R., Morcrette A., Paudyal A., Bastakoti R., Pradhan S. & Subedi, R. 2010. Participatory Tools
and Techniques for Assessing Climate Change Impact and Exploring Adaptation Options. UK
aid/ LFP, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Planning Concept, Process and Tools. UK aid/LFP, Kathmandu, Nepal.
43
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Database
In separate sheet
i
Annex 2: Identification of major climatic threats of Western Tarai (in percentage of CFs)
District
Kapilbastu
Flooding/
River cutting
70.6
Fire
Drought
79.4
61.8
Cold
wave
0.0
Hurric
ane
0.0
Diseas
e
20.6
Decline
Agriculture
11.8
Invasive
spp
8.8
Nawalparasi
86.4
81.8
63.6
0.0
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Rupandehi
80.0
40.0
62.5
32.5
22.5
7.5
12.5
0.0
Total
78.1
63.5
62.5
13.5
10.4
10.4
9.4
3.1
Annex 3: Causes of GHG emission as identified in Tarai CAPA (in percentage of CFs)
Forest
Fire
Kapilbastu
64.7
Nawalparasi 86.4
Rupandehi
55.0
Total
65.6
Forest
Degradation
29.4
31.8
22.5
27.1
Livestock Fuelwood
44.1
59.1
37.5
44.8
32.4
50.0
25.0
33.3
Shifting
Cultivation
0.0
13.6
0.0
3.1
Solid
Waste
26.5
4.5
15.0
16.7
Fertilizer/
Pesticide
26.5
13.6
20.0
20.8
Annex 4: Identification of adaptation interventions (in percentage of CFs)
Awarenes
s
Plantati
on
Irrigati
on
Kapilbastu
88.2
73.5
35.3
Nawalparasi
27.3
68.2
54.5
Rupandehi
97.5
60.0
Total
78.1
66.7
Crop
Diversific
ation
17.6
76.5
85.3
Forest
Manageme
nt
35.3
0.0
95.5
36.4
22.7
9.1
22.5
15.0
67.5
17.5
0.0
0.0
34.4
12.5
77.1
45.8
17.7
11.5
ii
Embankme
nt
Fire line
Construction
Alternative
Energy
26.5