Download 2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY Chapter 7 Old

2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY
Chapter 7
Old Regime: political and social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
Continental System: Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and Continental
Europe, intending to destroy Great Britain's economy
Marie Antoinette: wife of Louis XVI, nickname "Madame Deficit" because she spent more money than
they had to spend
First Estate: Clergy and 2 % of their income went to the government
Second Estate: Nobles (2% of population)
Third Estate: (about 97% of people) three groups within the estate: the bourgeoisie, or middle class;
workers; and peasants
Tennis Court Oath: a pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they
vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new Constitution
Great Fear: a wake of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of
the Bastille in 1789
Legislative Assembly: a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war,
established by the Constitution in 1791
Émigrés: people who leave their native country for political reasons
San-culottes: in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners and small
shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end to food shortages
Maximillien Robespierre: a Jacobin leader and leader of the Committee of Public Safety whom governed
France as a dictator whose period of reign was call Reign of Terror and he sentenced thousands to death
for silly charges
Guillotine: a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution
Blockade: the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or
region
Guerillas: a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops
occupying his or her country
Peninsular War: a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with the aid of British
forces, fought to drive Napoleon's French troops out of Spain
Battle of Waterloo: battle led by the Duke of Wellington and the British army against Napoleon and the
his French army in 1815
2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY
Hundred Days: the brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the
French king and again becoming emperor of France
Scorched-earth policy: the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the
enemy cannot live off the land
Emperor Francis I: Holy Roman Emperor and Grand of Duke of Tuscany
Czar Alexander I: Emperor of Russia who fought and befriend Napoleon, took part in the Congress of
Vienna and drove for the establishment of the Holy Alliance
King Louis XVIII: King of France and his reign saw France's first experiment in parliamentary government
since Revolution
Prince Klemens von Metternich: foreign minister of Austria who wanted to prevent future French
aggression, restore a balance of power, and restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had
before Napoleon
Congress of Vienna: a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to
establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
Chapter 8:
Creoles: in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents
Nationalism: the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation--that is, to the people with
whom they share a culture and history--rather than to a king or empire
Ludwig van Beethoven: deaf European composer known for his Ninth Symphony, celebrating freedom,
dignity, and the triumph of human spirit
Romanticism: an early 19th century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and
nature rather than reason and society
Impressionist artists and composers: impressionists showed a more realist style showing impressions of
a subject or moment in time and these artists were fascinated with light; they showed a more positive
view on urban society in Western Europe and gloried the delights of life of the rising middle class.
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir were leaders in the movement; composters
created impressions of moods and atmosphere by using a combination of instruments, tone patterns,
and music structures. French composers= Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy
Realism: a 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is
rather than life as it should be
Unifications of Italy and Germany: Camillo Di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi unified Italy; Otto von
Bismarck helped Germany achieve national unity in the mid-1800's.
2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY
Romanticism and Nationalism linked?: Yes, Nationalism is the belief that you should be loyal to your
nation, regardless of who is in reign and romanticism is known for focusing on emotion and nature.
peninsulares: in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain
Chapter 9:
Enclosure: one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields of created by wealthy Bristish landowners on land
that was formally worked by village farmers
Crop Rotation: the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the
land
Agricultural Revolution: time period where landowners tried new agricultural methods and large
landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities
Industrial Revolution: the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by
hand to making them by machine
First area to undergo industrialization: Britain
Best place to find a water frame and spinning mule: Britain
Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of business
Early factory conditions: worked long hours with no breaks, factories not lit or clean, many injured
workers, both women and children were employed
Adam Smith/capitalism/The Wealth of Nations: Adam Smith is known for his idea of Laissez Faire and
defended the idea of free economy or free markets in his book The Wealth of Nations and the book
outlined his three natural laws of economics: law of self-interest, law of competition, and law of supply
and demand; capitalism: an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned
and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
Utilitarianism: the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700's, that government actions are
useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Karl Marx/communism: German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism
called Marxism and outlined his ideas in The Communist Manifesto which argued that human societies
have always been divided in warring classes; communism: a form of complete socialism in which the
means of production, all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses, would be owned by the people
Unions: an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
Laissez faire: the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY
Factors of Production: the resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial
Revolution required; included: land, labor, and capital (or wealth).
Chapter 10:
Reform Bill of 1832: law passed by British Parliament to ease the property requirements to that well-todo men in the middle class could vote; also modernized the districts for electing members to Parliament
and gave thriving new industrial cities more representation
Chartist Movement: a group of workers and other groups who still could not vote under the Reform Bill
of 1832 who were pressing for more rights; group presented their demands to Parliament in a petition
called the People’s Charter of 1838
Queen Victoria: Queen at age of 18 during the Victorian Age and the British Empire reached the height
of its wealth and power; Victoria was popular with her subjects and she performed her duties capably,
but was forced to later accept a less powerful role in the monarchy
Alfred Dreyfus: A Jewish officer in the French Army who was accused of selling military secrets to
Germany; court found him guilty based on false evidence and sentenced him to life in prison. He was
later found not guilty and that he was framed by army officers (Dreyfus Affair)
Zionism: a movement founded in the 1890’s to promote Jewish self-determination and the
establishment of a Jewish state in the ancient Jewish homeland
Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews
Anti-Communism: against communism
Dominion: in the British Empire, a nation (such as Canada) allowed to govern its own domestic affairs
Protestants: a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of Reformation
Home Rule: a control over internal matters granted to the residents of a region by a ruling government
Maori: a member of a Polynesian people who settled in New Zealand around A.D. 800
Manifest Destiny: the idea, popular among 19th-century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of
the United States to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
Great Famine of? Potato crop in Ireland
Gadsden Purchase: in 1853, an agreement between the United States and Mexico and which the U.S.
agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a portion of Mexico’s land and brought the United States to its
present boundaries
What event provoked the secession of the Southern states from the United States? Conflict between
the North and South = Civil War breaks out
2nd Semester Exam Study Guide: WORLD HISTORY
Trail of Tears: In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation
was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day
Oklahoma; called Trail of Tears because of the devastating journey
Assembly line/Henry Ford: in a factory, an arrangement in which product is moved from worker to
worker, with each person performing a single task in its manufacture; through an assembly line, workers
were able to put together a Ford Model T in less than 2 hours
First country to allow women to vote? New Zealand
First British colony originally set up as a penal colony? Australia
Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829 affected the rights of Roman Catholics who lived in? Ireland
The outbreak of the Civil War was a direct result of? the election of President Abraham Lincoln who
Southerners opposed because he promised to stop the spread of slavery
Territory ceded by Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War? California and a huge area in the
Southwest
Texas fought for its independence from? Mexico
Women’s Social and Political Union: most militant organization for women’s rights whose main goal
was to draw attention to the cause of woman suffrage
Emmeline Pankhurst: formed the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903
Chapter 13:
Three nations who belonged to Triple Alliance? Germany, Austria—Hungary, Italy
Three nations who belonged to Triple Entente? Britain, France, Russia
Countries who made up Europe’s Great Powers? Germany, Austria—Hungary, Great Britain, Russia,
Italy, and France
Fourteen Points: an address to Congress by President Woodrow Wilson that drew up a series of peace
proposals
Which nation’s actions caused the United States to fight in World War I? Germany