Download Chapter 11 Notes - Garrard County Schools

Preparing for War
The Main Idea
The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South to prepare for war in earnest.
Reading Focus
• How did the fall of Fort Sumter lead to war?
• Why did many northerners and southerners eagerly rush to war?
• Why was the loyalty of the border states important, and how did Lincoln obtain it?
• What were the Union and Confederate goals and strategies for the war?
The Fall of Fort Sumter
• Crisis at Fort Sumter
– Commander Robert Anderson sent the message to Lincoln that Confederate
leaders were demanding ___________________________ or would attack.
– Low on supplies, Fort Sumter remained in Union hands. The fort was very
symbolic to both sides.
– Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and other
_____________________________ supplies.
– Jefferson Davis would decide whether to attack and go to war or allow the symbol
of federal authority to remain.
• The attack on the fort
– Davis ordered a ____________________ attack before the supplies could arrive.
– On April 12, 1861, the Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort, and an
outgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day.
The Rush to War
• Response in the North
- Lincoln calls for 7500 __________________________
- _____ days’ service to put down the rebellion
- Lincoln’s political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, “There can be no
neutrals in this war, only patriots—or traitors”
- Northerners rush to enlist
• Reaction in the South
- With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to
choose a side
- Union slave states refused to provide ________ to fight against fellow southerners
- __________________________________ states ready to call up men
- _______________, followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede
The Border States
• ____________________ critical—Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by Confederate
territory. __________________________ declared and new elections held to ensure proUnion state legislature
• ____________________ important—strategic access to the lower __________________
River. Divided loyalties but never enough secessionist support to withdraw from the
Union
• ____________________ necessary—the Ohio River border left the Union open to the
threat of invasion. The governor refused to take sides, but the state sided with the
_________________ after Confederate troops invaded in September 1861.
• These divided loyalties meant citizens fought on both sides.
Goals & Strategies
Union Goals
• Needed to be carefully ________________
• War could not center around the dispute over _________________—border states pushed
to secede
• Fight for ______________________ reasons—to save the Union
Confederate Goals
• South wanted to be left alone with slavery unchanged
• Prepared to defend themselves against ____________________
• Felt northerners would soon tire of war and withdraw
North’s Strategy
• Larger population = more available _______________________
• With more ________________________, could produce war supplies
• General Winfield Scott’s plan—slowly seal the South off from the rest of the world—
___________________________________________
• ____________________________ pushed “On to Richmond,” an attack on the
Confederacy for a quick end to the war.
South’s Strategy
• Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of _______________________
• Fighting for freedom and their homeland—_____ of the population did not hold slaves
• They were convinced of their military superiority— many army _________________
were southerners.
• Southerners were convinced that France and Great Britain wanted a guaranteed supply of
cotton and counted on this _________________________________________________
as a foreign-policy tool.
• The Confederacy _____________________ cotton to force the issue of recognition as an
independent nation when the English and French hesitated.
•
•
Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons:
- The British resented the attempt at _________________________.
- Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year before.
- Higher ___________________ encouraged other countries to grow the crop.
Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign involvement throughout the conflict.
Fighting Erupts
The Main Idea
Widespread fighting occurred during the first two years of the Civil War.
Reading Focus
• What factors made the major battles in the war so bloody?
• How did the Union carry out its strategy in the Mississippi Valley?
• What led to the Confederate successes in the war in the East?
• Why did the Confederate forces invade the Union, and with what result?
The Major Battles Begin
• _____________________ army not ready to fight
– With 90-day volunteer enlistment nearly over, the decision was made to send
troops to ______________________ Junction to attack.
• First Battle of Bull Run
– The chaotic battle ended hope for a short war.
– ____________________________________ earned his nickname and
Confederate infantry charge caused Union troops to stampede.
– There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900 Union _______________________.
• Results
– Lincoln called for a _________________ more volunteers to serve for three years.
– Replaced McDowell with General _____________________________________,
who set about creating a real army out of the volunteer force (Army of the
Potomac)
Tactics and Technology
• Top generals on each side trained at _______________________.
• Old instructional methods based on infantry and cavalry charges, but with new weaponry
these tactics led to huge ____________________
• Increased _____________ and ___________________ with bullet-shaped ammunition
and rifling
• Shrapnel replaced cannonballs, and fragments mowed down troops.
New Devices of War
• Observation _______________________ were used to direct artillery fire, and
camouflage was used to disguise tents and guns from view.
• The ___________________________ allowed for quick communication.
• ______________________________ were used to move large numbers of troops.
The Fight for the Mississippi Valley
• __________________________ were used by the Union to take the Mississippi Valley.
• ________________________________________ captured Forts ________________ and
____________________________, opening the western Confederacy and leaving the
Mississippi River vulnerable to attack. Grant continued south to the railroad center of
Corinth, Mississippi.
• The bloody Battle of ______________________ was a Confederate loss, but there were
over ___________ total casualties. Grant realized the Union would be saved only by
complete conquest.
• New Orleans fell to Admiral __________________________, and he continued up the
Mississippi River to capture Baton Rouge and Natchez. Only ____________________
remained in Confederate hands.
The War in the East
General McClellan
• ______________________ commander with _________________-man Union army
designated to attack Richmond
• Fought a series of battles on the peninsula but always ________________ action
• Lincoln held troops back to defend Washington
• Confederates attacked in a series of clashes, and McClellan __________________ after
four victories in five battles.
nd
2 Battle of Bull Run
• Overly cautious McClellan waited outside Richmond.
• Lincoln turned to John _______________ with his 50,000 troops in northern Virginia.
• _______________________________ lured Pope into battle and defeated him.
• Lincoln put McClellan back in command, telling his cabinet members, “We must use the
tools we have.”
• Smaller Confederate forces more effective and led by better commanders
The Union is Invaded
• Union ___________________ was low after defeats in Virginia and the Confederates
determined to attack on Union soil, hoping to gain an early peace.
Battle of Antietam
• McClellan caught up with Lee’s troops at Sharpsburg, _________________________.
• A savage single day of fighting left ____________________ dead.
• Lincoln’s order to “destroy the rebel army” was __________________.
• McClellan allowed the rebels to retreat into ________________________.
• He was relieved of command.
Battle of Fredericksburg
• Ambrose ___________________________ named new Union commander
• Marched massive army toward Richmond
• Attacking Confederates head-on left 13,000 Union dead.
• The battle was a _________________________ for the Union.
The War Behind the Lines
The Main Idea
The Civil War created hardships, challenges, and opportunities for people in the North and the
South.
Reading Focus
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the Civil War?
• How did African Americans contribute to the war effort?
• What was life like in the military?
• What similarities and differences existed on the home front in the North and South?
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Attitudes about the war changed with increased casualties
– No longer about just saving the Union, the South needed to be _______________
for the bloodshed of the war.
– Lincoln convinced to use constitutional power to end slavery, denying the South
the labor needed to continue the war
• Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, 1863
– It freed the slaves in all areas in __________________________ against the U.S.
– ______________________________ were upset slavery continued in the Union.
– ________________ broke out with increased competition for jobs in the North.
– Supporters felt it would shorten the war.
• Overseas reaction
– The British felt Lincoln should have freed all of the slaves.
– With war now about ending slavery, ____________________ would side with the
Union.
African Americans & the War
• In the South, African American farm and plantation labor released white males for the
war effort. Slaves performed many ______________________________ jobs in the
Confederate army.
• Escaped slaves worked for the Union army in various jobs.
• They formed Union army regiments in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, serving in
_______________________________ units.
• Initially used for labor and guard duty, when allowed into battle they fought heroically.
• The _________ Massachusetts Infantry was the most famous unit.
• _______________ African Americans served in Union armies, taking part in 200 battles.
More than _____________ died serving the Union.
Life in the Military
• _______________________ was responsible for most deaths, and various epidemics
swept through the camps.
• Sanitary Commission worked to improve conditions.
• Conditions were poor, tents were _____________________, and the ground muddy or
dusty depending on the weather.
• Camp rations were good, but while on the march soldiers relied on _________________
and coffee.
• Prisoner exchanges ended in 1863, and both sides were guilty of ___________________
treatment of prisoners.
• Most notorious camps—__________________________ and _______________
Life on the Home Front
Southern Home Front
• ________________________ made life difficult.
• There were few factories, and ___________ production dropped because of war.
• War was fought on credit, and _______________________ resulted.
• High prices and shortages led to food ______________.
• Soldiers ______________________ to take care of their families.
• Poor men were patriotic, but their families came first.
Confederate Draft
• Needed to maintain the army
• Confederate Congress enacted 1st military __________ in American history—April 1862
• Unpopular ________________________________ contradicted states’ rights
• Governors of Georgia and North Carolina tried to block the draft.
• Slaveholders were exempted from the draft.
• Some areas were placed under ______________________ law.
Copperheads & the Union Draft
• No shortages, but the Union needed to draft more __________________________
• Union draft law allowed the wealthy to hire substitutes or pay a $______ fee—making
the war a poor man’s fight.
• Antidraft riots fueled an existing antiwar movement, called Peace Democrats by
supporters, ______________________________________________ by critics.
• Vocal critics who opposed the war, the draft, or emancipation were arrested and jailed
without trials.
• This was possible because Lincoln suspended ______________________________
across the entire country, saying he was willing to violate the constitution in order to save
the nation.
Women in the Civil War
Southern Women
• ___________ for the Confederacy
• Took over ___________, stores, and plantations
• Worked in the few factories and made _________________________ for the troops
• Formed societies to make bandages, shirts and bedclothes
• Acted as volunteer _______________ before Confederate Congress passed law allowing
them to be hired as army nurses
Northern Women
• Stepped into _________ so men could go fight
• Produced huge amounts of food with the aid of new farm equipment
• Female __________________ went south to educate former slaves after the war
• Became the first women to hold federal ________________ jobs
• Served in the Union army as nurses and volunteered to work in hospitals
The War Continues
The Main Idea
Important fighting occurred in all sections of the country as well as at sea.
Reading Focus
• In what ways was the war at sea an important part of the Civil War?
• What were each side’s goals in the West and how were events there influenced by the rest
of the war?
• What three major battles took place in 1863, and why was each important?
• Why was the fighting around Chattanooga, Tennessee, important to the outcome of the
war?
The Civil War at Sea
Blockade Runners
• _____________ built for speed that brought cotton out and silk, soap, pepper, and other
goods into the Confederacy
The Monitor & the Merrimack
• Confederates hoped to destroy the Union blockade with a captured Union ironclad ship,
the _____________________________, rebuilt and renamed the Virginia.
• Union attacked with new vessel, the _________________. The first battle between
ironclads had no winner, but it changed naval warfare.
Confederate Raiders
• Confederates used unconventional tactics to combat stronger Union navy.
• Had 29 commerce raider ships roaming the oceans, successfully attacking Union
______________________ ships and disrupting the North’s foreign trade
The War in the West
• California and the territories
– Kansas was admitted as a free state in 1861, and six more western territories were
added. Lincoln appointed pro-Union officials to head the governments.
– The draft was not enforced in the ____________, but ______________________
supplied volunteers and territorial mines provided vast amounts of gold and silver.
– The Battle of _____________________________ secured the west for the Union.
• Native Americans and the war
– War divided the Cherokee and the other nations over the issues of loyalty and
slavery, and they fought on both sides.
– Cherokee leader ________________________________ was the last Confederate
general to surrender at war’s end.
Three Major Battles
Battle of Chancellorsville
• General Joseph ___________________________ was in command of Union army.
• Lee sent ___________________________________________________ in a surprise
attack, nearly destroying the Union army on the first day.
• Battle was General Lee’s greatest victory, defeating a force twice its size. Lee determined
to invade the North again, hoping a victory there would end the war.
• Lee marched north, and Lincoln replaced Hooker with General George ______________.
• Confederates on the lookout for a rumored shoe supply skirmished with Union cavalry.
• Both sides rushed troops to ________________________, Pennsylvania.
The Battle of Gettysburg
• Overconfident after his great victory, Lee pushed his troops into battle here against the
advice of James ________________________________.
• Half the men in ________________________________________________ perished,
and Lee finally gave up the fight and retreated back to Virginia.
The Siege of Vicksburg
• General Grant began the Union siege of ___________________________ in May 1863.
• With constant shelling of the city, citizens were forced to dig into hillsides to try to
escape the barrage.
• After forty-eight days, the city surrendered. Four days later the last Confederate fort on
the ________________________________________ surrendered as well.
The Chattanooga Campaign
• The string of Confederate losses ended with Braxton Bragg’s victory at the Battle of
_____________________________________________. But the retreating Union army
discovered the road to Chattanooga had been left unprotected, and they fled to the city.
• Bragg pursued, but the Union soldiers were ready to defend the city. Confederate troops
prepared to starve them out.
• _________________ arrived and opened a supply line to feed the trapped Union troops.
The siege ended, and the Union won the two battles that followed. This gave the Union
control of the railroad center at Chattanooga and would allow Grant access to Georgia,
the heart of the Lower South.
The Final Phase
The Main Idea
Southerners continued to hope for victory in 1864, but military and political events caused those
hopes to fade.
Reading Focus
• What tactics did Grant use against Lee to change the course of the war?
• How did the election of 1864 affect Confederate hopes for victory in the Civil War?
• How did the actions of Sherman and Grant help bring the war to an end?
Grant vs. Lee
• General Ulysses S. Grant
– Lincoln gave him command of Union armies in March 1864, and Grant made
William Tecumseh _______________________ commander on the western front
of the war.
– Grant wanted to take advantage of the Confederate shortages of men and supplies
to end the war before the November ___________________.
– Ordered Sherman to “get into the interior of the enemy’s country as far as you
can and inflict all the damage you can against their war resources”
• General Robert E. Lee
– South could not win the war, but a new president might accept southern
___________________________________ in return for peace.
– Lee planned to make the cost of fighting so high for the North that Lincoln would
lose the upcoming election.
Fierce Fighting
Wilderness & Spotsylvania
• Grant kept his troops on the attack, winning the Battle of the _____________________
and pushing south. The Battle of _______________ cost many casualties on both sides,
but Grant continued toward Richmond.
Cold Harbor & Petersburg
• During the Battle of __________________________ men pinned their names and
addresses on uniforms for identification. With this loss and after failing to capture the rail
center at Petersburg, Grant began a siege of that city to put pressure on Richmond.
Sherman on the Move
• Meanwhile, Sherman won the Battle of ___________________ and laid siege to
Atlanta’s defenses. He took the city after closing down the last railroad line, one month
before the Union presidential elections.
Confederate Hopes Fade
• ______________________ nominated George McClellan and adopted a party platform
calling for an immediate end to the war.
• Southerners found new hope, but the Republicans tried to broaden Lincoln’s appeal by
picking Tennessee’s Andrew Johnson for the ticket. Lincoln expected to lose the election.
• Sherman’s capture of Atlanta allowed Lincoln to easily defeat McClellan. Congress
passed the _____ Amendment ending slavery, and the war seemed nearly over to all but
die-hard secessionists. Lincoln announced his intention to be forgiving, but the bloody
war continued.
The War Comes to an End
Sherman’s March
• After the election, Sherman marched across Georgia in what came to be known as the
___________________________________.
• Sherman cut a swath of destruction ________ miles long and 50–60 miles wide.
• After taking Savannah, Sherman turned north through South Carolina, destroying civilian
property all along the way.
The fall of Richmond
• Lee only had ___________ defenders at Petersburg, and they were low on supplies.
• Grant decided not to wait for Sherman’s troops.
• Instead, he broke through Lee’s defenses at Petersburg and went on to take
______________________.
• Lee tried to escape with his few remaining troops, but Grant blocked their way.
Surrender at Appomattox
Lee and Grant
• With Union forces surrounding them, Lee decided to surrender.
• Grant presented the terms of the surrender to Lee. Extremely generous for such a bloody
conflict, Lee’s troops merely had to turn over their ______________________ and leave.
• Grant announced, “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen again.”
The war is over
• News of Lee’s surrender brought joyful celebrations in the north.
• Lincoln requested “_______________” be played at the White House.
• The last of the Confederate forces surrendered on May 26, ________.
• Sadly, President Lincoln would not live to see the official end of the war.