Download Europe and the Colonization of America

Europe and the Colonization of
America:
• What terms do I need to know? (Define
before proceeding)
– slave
– middleman
– immunity
– expedition
– colony
– mission
– plantation
– backcountry
Europe and the Colonization
of America
Set up your Notebook for Cornell
Notes!!!!
EQ: See board
By the late Mississippian Period…
• The Spanish had arrived in the Americas
• Over 100 years of the 1500s, three groups
of people became part of the Americas
What three groups are we talking about?
(see Cornell notes; Mississippian culture)
3Groups
• Native American Indians, Europeans, and
Africans
All of these groups of people had different
cultures; different ways of living!! Give me
some examples of what could have been
different…(Think about diversity/cultures;
aspects that may contribute to change)
Differences…
Different ways of :
1. living in their environment
2. Organizing their societies
3. Different religious beliefs
4. Ideas about men, women, and families
5. Foods, dress
6. Different ways of looking at life
This is when change takes place!!
From 1100 to 1400 A.D. (3 centuries) the
changes that took place in Western
Europe led to the countries of Western
Europe to seek out the Americas!!!
What changes?
• Christian Europeans began holy wars
“Crusades” to take lands that were holy to
them (ex: Jerusalem) which sparked
change in the Middle East and Europe
• There was a greater desire for trade with
Asia
• Other changes, and more, pushed the
Europeans to explore a continent that they
never knew existed!! (North America)
Turn to your neighbor and ask:
So, what two worlds were going to meet
for the first time?
The meeting of …
The “Old World” and
the “New World”
European Exploration and Conquest
Group Assignment #1
By the 1400s, Europeans began to explore
and later conquer other lands.
• What did the Europeans want?
1.
2.
3.
4.
By the 1400s, Europeans began to explore and later
conquer other lands because…
• Europeans wanted:
Wealth (more riches)
Greater/bigger empires
Power
To spread their religion (across the world)
Better known as the 3’s--God, Gold, and
Glory
Group Activity #2:
Match the reasons for European exploration
to the appropriate “G” (3G’s)
“God, Gold, and
Glory”
 Wealth (more riches)
 Greater/bigger empires
 Power
 To spread their religion (across the world)
Group Assignment: #3
•
In your Cornell note question section,
write the question and highlight the the
answer in your previous notes. (p. 173)
Cite evidence to support your answer.
(According to, for example, based on the fact
that,…)
1. What was one way for the European nations to
gain wealth and build their empire?
2. Other than the 3 G’s, what was the Europeans
main interest?
Answers:
1. Increase their trade with both Asia and
Africa
2. The Europeans main interest: trade with
Asia (including:India, China, and the
West Indies)
A Search For New Trade Routes
• In the early 1400’s:
Portuguese explored the West African
coast and began trading along the African
coast
What were they trading? Slaves
Slavery had already existed in the West
African society. Africans did not know that
they were not selling slaves into the type
of slavery they had known.
Describe the Slavery…
• Slavery after the discovery of
Americas was different, harsher and
more permanent than in West African
society.
• The slave trade had impact on African
societies.
(Before, slavery was not permanent)
A Search for New Trade Route
Vocabulary
• Define the vocabulary words listed below.
Add these words to the previous words.
The terms are your T.O.D. (Frayer Model)
Monarch
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Homework: Review Cornell Notes/Make
at least 2-3 questions per section.
Questions should be specific! (Write this in
your agenda!!!) Finish Vocabulary
A Search for New Trade Routes
 In 1488, (a few years before Christopher
Columbus set sail) the first Portuguese
expedition discovered the water route to Asia.
 The Spanish, French, and English also wanted
to trade with Asia.
 By the late 1400’s, trade led to the growth of
towns and a merchant class. (Merchants were
the middlemen who bought and sold goods for a
profit that others produced)
• As a result of this growth, Europeans
developed into stronger nations with
central governments ruled by monarchs
Assignment #4 (w/Group)
• Use a Flow Chart to describe the interaction between the
monarchs and merchants. (See page 174 of your
textbook)
European countries
developed into
stronger nations
With central governments
ruled by monarchs
Additionally...
Monarchs
Could afford to…
As a
Result…
Monarchs
received
Support from
who? And why?
?
And…
What was formed? Why?
Flow Chart Key
European countries
developed into
stronger nations
With central governments
ruled by monarchs
Additionally...
Monarchs
Could afford to…
As a
Result…
Monarchs
received
support
from merchants
who wanted
to increase trade
Finance voyages
(they too wanted
To increase their own
Territories and power
And…
What was formed?
Armies/navies
were formed to protect
their merchants.
A Search for New Trade Routes
• Sailing around the tip of Africa to India to
discover the water route to Asia required sailing
the Atlantic Ocean. Sailing Atlantic Ocean
required strong ships:
• Caravels (strong-masted ships) were developed.
• A compass helped to tell direction.
• The astrolabe determined ship’s position by
taking altitude of the sun and the stars (made it
possible to sail out of the sight of land).
Activity #5 (w/partner)
• Read the informational text regarding
Navigation Methods. Use the following
codes below to mark the text as you read.
+ =New information to me (I learned
something new)
=I knew this already
? =I have questions about this
P =I’m having Problems understanding
(Read it individually first/code…then discuss
your coding with partner)
The Meeting of Different Worlds
• While the Portuguese were exploring the
eastern Atlantic Ocean, Christopher
Columbus set sail for the west.
THE 1492 VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS!!!
Because of the voyage of Columbus, the
Spanish were the 1st Europeans to explore
and conquer lands in the Americas!!!
The Meeting of Different Worlds
Portuguese exploring
the Atlantic Ocean
Spanish exploring/
conquering in the
Americas
Because they both were exploring, the two
countries agreed to divide all the “newly
discovered’ land between Spain and
Portugal. They agreed via a treaty: The
TREATY of TORDESILLAS
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
(1493-1494)
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was agreed upon by
the Spanish and the Portuguese to clear up
confusion on newly claimed land in the New
World. It divided up the New World between
Spain and Portugal.
Spain controlled:
Portugal controlled:
South America
Brazil
Caribbean Islands
Mexico
Central America
North America
The Meeting of Different Worlds
So, what were the effects of the Spanish
contact with the people of the Americas?
• Animals and plants crossed the ocean.
• New varieties of foods were introduced.
• Microscopic germs and viruses were transferred (90%
or more of native people died – largest population
loss in written history). The worst diseases
transferred from the Europeans: measles, smallpox,
and influenza
• Other effects of Spanish (and later other Europeans)
contact with Native Americans centered around
customs and property.
Ask Your Neighbor!!!
Why did so many Native
Americans die from small
pox, influenza, and
measles?
The Meeting of Different Worlds
Why did so many Native Americans die from the
diseases?
• For thousand of years Europeans lived
with animals that caused diseases and
therefore built up immunities which gave
them the ability to fight off the diseases.
BUT The Native Americans had not been
exposed to such diseases and therefore
could not fight off the diseases brought to
the America (they did not have immunities)
*The Meeting of Different Worlds*
Assignment #6
Arguing the Point!!!
Should student have shots (immunizations)
before starting school? Read the article. Cite
evidence from the article to support your
response.
 State your stance
 List 2-3 reasons to support your stance
 Support your reasons with information from the
article
 Follow rubric
Be ready to discuss/debate!!!!
The Early Spanish Exploration of
Georgia
• The earliest Spanish explorations in North
America (searching for gold and silver) took
place over 20 years after 1st voyage of
Columbus…
 First major exploration of Georgia area was
with Hernando de Soto: (left Florida and
entered GA in March 1540)
• No gold or silver was found in Georgia.
• Almost 300 years passed before any gold was
found in the mountains of North Georgia.
The Early Spanish Exploration of
Georgia
De Soto explored the south east of the North
American continent:
Landed in Florida, May 25, 1539
Entered Georgia March 1540
South/North Carolina
Tennessee
Alabama
The Early Spanish Exploration of
Georgia
As De Soto and his men explored the
Southeast they:
killed many Native Americans as they
searched for gold
Captured and enslaved Native Americans
to be used as interpreters for de Soto’s
army
The Early Spanish Exploration of
Georgia
But wait…the Spanish were not the only
Europeans to explore and settle colonies in
North America in the 1500s. Who else?
The French; tried to create a colony in South
Carolina in 1562…but failed!!!
The Spanish had not founded colonies in South
Carolina yet either…but didn’t want the French
there!!! So…they sent Pedro Menendez de
Aviles to destroy the French colony.
Pedro Menendez de Aviles
Established
permanent Spanish
settlement in America
(St. Augustine) in 1565.
Where is St. Augustine?
st
1
Ask your neighbor…
Where is St. Augustine?
Spanish Missions in Georgia
In 1560, the Spanish set up missions:
•Each mission had a church and house for the
Catholic priest.
•The priests came to convert Indians to Christian
religion (as practiced by Catholics) and teach them
Spanish customs.
•The mission era began to decline (middle & late
1600s) in part because of decrease in Indian
population due to diseases brought by the
explorers.
Note: Georgia under Spanish rule was known as
Guale (pronounced Wah-lee).
French Exploration and
Colonization
The French and the Spanish are rivals during the
1500s and the 1600s
(Spain was getting wealthy from its empire and the
French wanted a piece of the action!!!)
So….
The French sent explorers to acquire land and
wealth in the Americas. As a result…
What was the results of the French explorers?
(What did they settle, etc?)
As a result (of the French exploration)…
•Canada and Great Lakes area claimed (by the
French)
•1st permanent French settlement (Quebec on
St. Lawrence River – 1608), followed by
Montreal (1642)
•late 1600s, French had founded Biloxi (now in
Mississippi) and Mobile (now in Alabama)
•city of New Orleans established (1718)
•The French didn’t find gold but established a
profitable fur-trading business exchanged with
Native Americans
English Exploration and Colonization
• England became more prosperous and
stable with Elizabeth I as queen (1558):
– A larger navy was built; permission to found
colonies was given.
– Sir Walter Raleigh, a favorite noble of the
Queen,(1580s) tried to establish two colonies:
What is now North Carolina
 The Lost Colony (disappeared)
• England established first permanent
colony in America (Jamestown, Virginia –
1607).
Carolina
In 1660’s, English gave Englishmen a
large land grant:
• The grant boundary extended from
Virginia in the north, to Florida in the
south. See map on page 181
• All of this area was named “Carolina”
Carolina
1670’s- Charles Town (a settlement where two
rivers came together) was founded
• Settlers moved to this portion of Carolina-now
South Carolina
• Settlers: established plantations, grew sugar,
brought slaves for work, allied with Indians in
the area and raided Indian villages in Spanish
Florida
• Traders moved into the backcountry of South
Carolina; a fur trade was established between
traders and Indians that lived in Carolina south
of the Savannah River
Carolina
• The traders integrated with Indians in
family life; Native American Culture began
to change.
Assignment # 7:
The English contact began to change
Native American culture. How? P.181
Answer:
•The Indians began to use English tools and
fight and hunt with English made guns. They
eventually became dependent on these items.
Carolina
Other Important dates:
• Late 1680’s: Westo Indians driven from
Carolina and Georgia area with help from
Savannah Indians
Assignment #8 Carolina Dates
What happened on the following dates:
1692, 1700s, 1715, 1720s
Answer:
• 1692- Carolinians established a trading
post called Savannah Town
• 1700s- Savannah Indians moved from the
area; Native Americans included mainly
Creek and Cherokee
• 1715- Yamassee Indians attacked
settlements to the south of Charles Town;
(defeated/ most of them werekilled)
• 1720- Native Americans familiar with
English and their ways
The Early Spanish Exploration of
Georgia
Assignment (w/partner)
The writing of De Soto’s men described
the Indian villages along the rivers
of Georgia as they traveled west to
east. (See informational text)
-Read/Document how De Soto’s men
described the Indian villages
Skip, Havent done this assignment yet
Spanish, English, and French Exploration
Assignment #9
You are to get into the previous group:
1. Create a Tree Map that includes each
country:(Spain)Spanish, (England)
English, and (France)French. Under
each, give goals (the reason) for
exploration and their key explorers
•
Trustee Period:
Georgia’s Founding
By the early 1700s, Great Britain had twelve
colonies in North America – all located along
the East Coast:
– oldest colony, Virginia (over 120 years old)
– youngest colony, Pennsylvania (est. 1681)
• 1729: Carolina and Charles Town became
royal colonies under control of the king.
• By the late 1720s, no one had settled the part
of South Carolina south of the Savannah River,
which was the dividing line between the
Carolinians and the Indian nations.
Reasons for Settling Georgia
• James Oglethorpe and his associates
asked King George II for a land grant for
founding the colony:
– would be a charitable effort for poor and
persecuted to have a new start
– would be a good military defense
– would be good for economics (expanding
government’s policy of mercantilism –
favorable balance of trade)
The Charter of 1732
To establish the colony, Oglethorpe and his
associates received the Charter of 1732:
– The men were named “Trustees for the
Establishing of the Colony of Georgia in
America.”
– The document granted territory to the
trustees; set up rules under which trust would
work.
– Sir John Percival was the first president of the
trust.
– The charter required an executive committee
(the Common Council).
Charter of 1732
– The trustees were unable to get land or money for
serving on the trust.
– The motto was “Non Sibi Sed Aliis,” Latin for “not for
self, but for others” (found also on the colonial seal of
the State of Georgia).
– The name of colony was to be “Georgia” in honor of
King George II.
– The trust would have colony for 21 years (until 1753).
– Trustees used mainly regulations and policies to
govern the colony. Example: “charity” colonists could
receive 50 acres of land; however, “adventurers”
paying their own way could get up to 500 acres of
land.
Choosing the Colonists
• Regulations for trustees to establish colony:
– The passage of some to the new colony were paid
for.
– A male charity colonist was to receive 50 acres of
land, tools, food, other necessities from trust’s store.
– A male citizens could be put in the militia.
– Women were not allowed to inherit the land; males
serving as soldiers were needed on every 50 acres.
– The colonists were required to plant some of their
land in mulberry trees in hope of producing silkworms
for silk.
• Trustees envisioned Georgia as a land of small farms
rather than large plantations.
Video
Savannah, The First Settlement
• James Oglethorpe led the first settlers to
Savannah (the only trustee who was in
Georgia):
– 1732 – ship Ann set sail from England to
America with chosen settlers (voyage took 57
days).
– Arrived: Charles Town, S.C. in Jan. 1733
– settlers welcomed by Carolinians who
donated food, provisions, slaves, etc., to help
work
– site chosen for first settlement – a high bluff
known as Yamacraw (reason: high ground
was a good defense against enemies)
Savannah, The First Settlement
• Tomochichi (leader of Yamacraw people) was a
good friend to Oglethorpe – valuable in ensuring
early success of the colony. (He helped
Oglethorpe)
• Fortunately for Oglethorpe and the Indians, John
and Mary Musgrove owned a trading post near
the South Carolinian traders. John and Mary
were descendants of the Creek Indians and of
the British and as a result were able to speak
both languages. So, they interpreted all the
meetings between Oglethorpe and Tomochichi.
(main interpreter: Mary Musgrove)
Savannah, The First Settlement
• February 12, 1733- (Georgia Day) Oglethorpe
brought the settlers to the future Savannah
• Settlers: set up tents as they cleared land, and
set up their town; the first Georgia community
• Oglethorpe’s design: 4 squares; each having 20
lots on the north and 20 on the south; totaling 40
lots (Each square with 40 lots=wards)
*Each head of the household (male) received
50 acres of land (included: one of the lots on
a square, a garden lot, and a 45 acre farm.)
• Oglethorpe supervised the building of the town
Project:
Savannah, the 1st Settlement
• Create a story book that tells of the
establishment of Savannah.
• Each student will receive a 4-5 sheets of
copier paper to complete this assignment.
Students should create a booklet.
• Present PPT that provides the prompts for
each page. Have students copy each
prompt on each page in their booklet.
• Students will draw a picture that correlates
to each prompt (page)
Life in Early Georgia
Beginning a new life in Georgia wasn’t
easy for the first settlers. They struggled
w/:
– heat and humidity of Georgia summers
– fear of alligators and rattlesnakes
– illnesses from mosquitoes and drinking water
Activity 10: Building the new colony of
Georgia was hard. What were some of
the tasks that the settlers had to face
when building the colony of GA?
Tasks Settlers Faced Building the
New Colony:
–clearing the land and cultivating
crops
–building small homes (less than 400
sq. feet)
–planting, tending family gardens,
milking cows, raising chickens,
cooking, cleaning, etc.
Life in Early Georgia
• Oglethorpe oversaw building of public structures in
Georgia:
– a courthouse (first to be built in Savannah; also
served as the church)
– Established a town court to decide disputes and
handle criminals (no attorneys)
– a storehouse, a mill for grinding grain into flour, and
a large public oven for baking bread
• Building defenses for GA was a priority.
• Tybee Island (where Savannah River meets the
Atlantic Ocean) got a fort and a lighthouse.
Section 2:
Changes and Challenges
• Essential Question:
–What were the most challenging
problems for Georgia’s first colonists?
1. New Laws imposed by the trustees
and the discontent among settlers, 2.
Arrival of New Settlers, 3. The War of
Jenkins Ear and the Battle of Bloody
Marsh
Changes/Challenges…
In the Spring of 1732, James Oglethorpe
went to England, taking Tomochichi (4
months). During this time Oglethorpe
advertised the new colony of GA, raised
money, and prepared for the colony’s
defense.
New Laws (Changes)
Oglethorpe returned to Georgia in 1736
• he brought cannons and weapons for defense.
• He issued three laws approved by Britain:
– made sale, use of rum, “spirits” illegal in Georgia
– required a license for anyone trading with Indians
– made slavery illegal in Georgia
*White indentured servants were allowed when
extra workers were needed. Slavery was for a lifetime,
whereas indentured servitude was for an agreed-upon
time.
Activity 11: In your Cornell Notes, answer the
following: What was the reasoning behind each of the
3 laws issued by Oglethorpe? Be ready to
New Laws (Changes)
Activity 11: In your Cornell Notes, answer
the following: What was the reasoning
behind each of the 3 laws issued by
Oglethorpe? Be ready to discuss.(p.200)
New Settlers
Forty-two Jews arrived a few months after the
colony began:
– group did not ask permission of the trustees (some
of the trustees didn’t like the idea of Jews living in
GA; wanted Protestant Christians only in colony)
– permission to stay granted by Oglethorpe
– Dr. Samuel Nunez (a Jew) saved lives of some
victims suffering from a fever that was killing many
Georgians.
New Settlers
Role of Religion: In some parts of Europe, people were
persecuted for their religion and were required to belong to
the religion established by the government. This was the
case with the Salzburgers and the Moravians
• Salzburgers (German-speaking Lutherans) came to
Georgia (1734) to escape persecution: (Trustees
granted permission to their arrival after Salzburger
supporter Rev. Samuel Urlsperger asked)
– group allowed to become colonists; granted land
– The trustees were very pleased with these
hardworking farmers and their dedication to
producing silk.
New Settlers
Salzburgers accomplishments:
• Were able to receive better land (New Ebenezer; “stone
of help”) versus the swampy land they first received
(Ebenezer)
• Built a church, school, orphanage, and mills at New
Ebenezer
• Became hardworking colonists under the leadership of
their minister: John Martin Bolzius
• Most successful farmers
• Supported the Trustees law against slavery and their
vision of small farms; defended the trust and its policies
(Grateful because the Trust had given them a new
life/place to practice their Lutheran faith without
persecution.)
New Settlers
• Another group: German-speaking Protestants
who came to Georgia were the Moravians:
– worked hard to educate Indians; convert them to
Christian religion
– were pacifists (believed fighting or violence to be
wrong)
– had difficulty being accepted by other colonists
– left Georgia by 1740 (most went to Pennsylvania)
New Settlers
Another group that arrived: Highland Scots
- Because the relationship between
Great Britain and Spain were not good,
Highland Scots were recruited by
Oglethorpe (had reputation for being good
soldiers and fighters).
-Many Highland Scots settled the town of Darien
-helped build forts on the GA islands
Assignment: 12
Jews
•Group of settlers opposed by some trustees, welcomed by
Oglethorpe, brought a much needed doctor to the colony
•Arrived unexpectedly
•First new settlers
Salzburgers
•Most successful farmers also produced silk
•Lived in New Ebenezer
•Supported the Trust’s laws and policies
•Came to the colony to avoid persecution
•Practiced Lutheran faith; German speaking Lutherans
Highland Scots
•Recruited by Oglethorpe because they were great soldiers
and fighters
•Settled the town of Darien
•Helped build forts on the GA islands
Moravians
•They were pacifists, left the colony, had difficulty being
accepted by colonists
•German Speaking Protestants
•Believed in “Unity of Brethren”
The Malcontents
• The Malcontents (complainers) some
Georgia colonists who became unhappy
with the trustees’ policies and laws. Most of
the malcontents were Scots (lowland Scotland).
December, 1738, the malcontents sent a letter to
Great Britain regarding their issues; they requested
change!!!
The Malcontent Issues:
Issues:
– Rum Act often ignored / not enforced
– unhappiness arose regarding rule of not
allowing women to inherit land (men
thought it was unfair to have to give their land
back to the trust; land that they cleared and
built homes on if there wasn’t another male to
inherit the land; also worried about their wives
and daughters. Trust agreed to consider
allowing women to inherit land)
The Malcontents Issues:
– anger over hard work for little benefit (the
produce that they were planting were did not
grow well in Georgia: grapes, olives, mulberry
trees)
– Against the limit of 500 acres; need for more
acreage to grow rice and make greater
profits; pressured trust to allow slavery
By 1740, many of the malcontents left
Georgia to settle in South Carolina
Assignment #13
• You are a member of the malcontent. You are
unhappy and displeased with the policies of the
trust. You are to write a letter to Great Britain
demanding changes regarding all of the issues
discussed (see notes).
•
•
•
•
Rubric:
Salutation: Dear _______, (5 pts)
Body (discussing/providing reasoning for
enforcing all 4 issues) (80 pts)
Date: month/year (5 pts)
Closing (5 pts)
*Neatness (5pts)
Defense of Georgia
• Oglethorpe was concerned with GA’s
Defense…Why? (Threat from Spanish in
Florida)
• Oglethorpe convinced British Parliament to
pay for the colony’s protection (since GA
was a buffer between Spanish
Florida/British colonies)
• Oglethorpe ordered the construction of
forts (southern: Frederica/ northern:
Augusta)
Defense of Georgia
• 1739, War of Jenkins Ear (Great
Britain/Spain) broke out. Georgia suffered
from fighting with the Spanish in Florida;
Oglethorpe led an unsuccessful invasion
of Florida in 1740.
• Retaliation: Spanish tried to take Fort
Frederica…In what battle?
Battle of Bloody Marsh
5 W’s (Who, What, When, Where, Why)
• Who? ENGLISH (GEORGIANS)/SPANISH
• What? A battle where the Spanish tried to take
Fort Frederica
• When? 1742
• Where? St. Simon, GA
• Why? Retaliation for Oglethorpe’s previous
attempt to invade FLA. Spain ordered
Cuba/Florida to prepare to invade GA
How? Results of
The Battle of Bloody Marsh
• The Spanish lost/retreated
• The Spanish threat to the southern
colonies ended
• Georgia remained a British colony
Life in Trustee Georgia
• Through out the trustee period, GA spent
their time working to meet their basic
needs. (building homes, clearing land, etc)
• Trustees continued to try to govern the
colony from Great Britain; men were
appointed to report to them and carry out
their instructions
Life in Trustee Georgia
• In spite of the trustees plans/rules, the economy
did not develop as they hoped (some areas
did experience economic growth)
• While the colonists/trustees focused on their
daily living, educational and religious institutions
fail to receive much attention
Government/Economy
• 1737, the Trust hired William Stephen as
secretary to help keep Great Britain
updated about GA’s problems/progress.
• 1741, Georgia was divided: northern
province (Stephens); southern province
(Oglethorpe)
• 1743, Oglethorpe left GA, Stephens was
appointed president over the entire colony
Government/Economy
• After the War of Jenkin’s Ear, Savannah
struggled economically (people left; SC) Many
of the rules and regulations in GA changed
Changes:
1. Restrictions on land ownership
ended (large plantations began to appear)
2. slavery was allowed
As a result, the cultivation of rice became
popular (helping to build the economy)
What were other aspects to GA’s economy?
P.209
Other aspects to GA’s economy
included:
• Trade with Indians for deerskins/beaver fur
(Augusta)
• Farming: growing crops/raising animals
• Pine trees: Sap (trade)
• Conduction of trade became important job:
people (merchants/storekeepers/artisans)
set up businesses bringing in and making
goods needed for the colonists
Education/Religion
• Education was not important at this time.
• Georgian children’s were homeschooled
about practical matters:
Boys: how to plant/harvest crops
Girls: how to cook/sew
Education/Religion
• Most successful attempts to provide a
formal education were in the New
Ebenezer community.
• 1740, George Whitefield (famous
preacher) founded the Betheseda
orphanage/school; the two most important
educational institutes in Trustee Georgia
Education/Religion
• Organized religion had a difficult time:
Worship services were being held in public
building; church buildings were needed.
• The most successful colonists in
organizing religious services were the
Salzburgers. Rev. Martin Bolzius was the
spiritual leader of the Salzburgers
The End of the Trustee Period
• The original ideas for the GA colony were never fulfilled.
The trustees vision of the colony failed.
Failures: cultivation of olives/grapes
unsuccessful, silk culture=disappointing,
the trustees had given into demands for
changes of land policies, rum, and slavery
laws. Parliament didn’t give them money
in 1751 and decided to turn the colony
over to British govt. (King) in 1752 (a year
earlier than required) As a result, GA
became a Royal Colony
The End of the Trustee Period
• GA’s Accomplishments:
Georgia successfully defended itself and
South Carolina from Spain, Augusta became
an important trade center with Indians,
public buildings and homes were built,
colonist learned how to survive in a new,
environment
• By the time the first royal governor appointed by the
British King arrived, GA was on a path to growth &
prosperity!!
Effects of the French and Indian War
• Great Britain wanted the American colonists to help pay off
debts created by the French and Indian War. (taxes)
• Trade laws, or the Navigation Acts, required certain goods
be sold only to Great Britain or its colonies. (Mercantilism)
• British merchants had full control of manufactured goods
and trade with the colonies.
• Colonists began smuggling goods by secretly importing and
exporting products to France and other places.
• Georgians liked protection from Indians by British soldiers
but didn’t like providing housing and supplies for soldiers.
• Georgia no longer felt threatened by the Spanish or French
on its borders, which helped promote feelings of
independence.
Result:
The changes brought about due to
the effects of the French and Indian War
(mercantilism in particular)caused the
relationship between Great Britain and its
North American colonies to become tense.
As the years passed, this tension led the
two sides to a revolution.
The American Revolution.