Download Mohamad Adada Mr. Tavernia AP World/P.5 Packet C Cultural

Mohamad Adada
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/P.5
Packet C
Cultural: Monotheism
Monotheism, or the opposite of polytheism, consists of the belief in one God, and
literally means “one god”. It is the central belief of the Abrahamic religions, Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam. Very early signs of monotheist belief were seen in Akhenaten's attempt
to convert Egypt to monotheism by worshipping only Ra, but this attempt failed. Zoroastrianism
is also an early form of monotheism, but the very first monotheistic religion was Judaism.
Muslim followers usually worship at a building called a mosque, Christians, at a church and
Jews, at a synagogue. Mahayana Buddhism is a monotheistic form of buddhism seen in India in
which Buddha is worshipped as a divine leader. Its counterpart, Theravada Buddhism, located in
China, sees Buddha as a teacher.
Anam Ahmed
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet C
Culture: Eightfold Path
The Eightfold path is discussed in the Buddha’s fourth noble truth. This path, also
called the middle way, is believed to be the way to end desire and therefore suffering. It
is the primary teaching in Buddhism.
The first part of the path is right understanding. This means people should
understand the nobleness and truthfulness of the four noble truths. The next is right
thought. This is the mental thought or determination to practice Buddhism. The third is
right speech. This means to not hurt others using untrue and abusive speech such as
slander, gossip, and lying. The fourth is right conduct. This means that people need to
maintain the idea of nonviolence and refrain from committing morally wrong acts. The
net is the right means of making a living. This means people should be make their living
in a fair way that does not hurt or violate others.The sixth is having the right mental
attitude or effort. This means people should avoid negative thinking and emotions that
could bother them, such as anger and jealousy. The next is right mindfulness, which
might seem similar to the previous one, but this one discusses having a clear sense of a
mental state, bodily health, and feelings. The last is right concentration. Through
meditation, it is possible to reach the highest level of enlightenment.
Alex Andreozzi
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World History P.5
Packet C
Theme 2: Great Traditions
Great Traditions is a historian's term for literate, well-institutionalized
complex of religious and social beliefs followed by diverse societies over a
broad geographical area. These traditions are also written down instead of
oral, which keeps the knowledge true and complete. Great Traditions have
great cultural value by showing the rest of the culture what beliefs to
adhere to. Some famous examples of Great traditions are the Laws of
Manu, and Hammurabi’s code. Great traditions usually cover a large area
of geographical areas, while small traditions stay regional to usually
wherever they originated.
William Block
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
Packet C
Cultural Packet C
Culture in this time period is mostly characterized by religion and the texts
of the religions. Religions such as Judaism, Hinduism, and Christianity. The sacred
text in Judaism is the Torah, or the Old Testament, the sacred texts in Hinduism are
the Vedas, and the sacred text in Christianity is the Bible, or the New Testament.
Besides religions there were also belief systems that people lived by. Each
one has a set of philosophies to follow. Confucianism and Buddhism are two of
these belief systems. Confucianism surrounds doing the right thing and buddhism
emphasizes getting rid of desire in life in order to end suffering.
Two of the oldest epics in the world are the Iliad and the Odyssey. These are
so great that they are still read today.
Yasmine Charles-Harris
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 5
Packet: C
[Cultural]: (Aqueduct)
Bridges for conveying water, called aqueducts or water
bridges are constructed to convey ​watercourses across
gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct may
also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, as well as
the bridge. ​Large ​navigable aqueducts are used as
transport links for ​boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a
crossing at the same level as the watercourses on each
end. The word is derived from the ​Latin aqua meaning water and ducere meaning to lead. ​A
modern version of an aqueduct is a ​pipeline bridge​. Although particularly associated with the
Romans​, aqueducts were likely first used by the ​Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had
developed what was then an extremely advanced ​irrigation system​, including several aqueducts.
In the seventh century BCE, the ​Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, which
included a 10 m high section to cross a 300 m wide valley, to carry water to their capital city,
Nineveh​. Bridges were a distinctive feature of ​Roman aqueducts which were built in all parts of
the ​Roman Empire​, from Germany to Africa, and especially
in the city of Rome, where they supplied water to public
baths and for drinking. Roman aqueducts set a standard of
engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand
years. Navigable aqueducts, also called water bridges, are
water-filled bridges to allow vessels on a ​waterway to cross
ravines or valleys. During the ​Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, navigable aqueducts
were constructed as part of the boom in canal-building. A notable revolving aqueduct has been
made on the ​Bridgewater Canal​. This allowed vessels to cross at high and low levels while
conserving water , compared to building locks.
Sofia del Rio
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: C
Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
The Hindu trinity is has three gods: Brahma, Vishnu, and
Shiva. Brahma is a god that can take many forms. Brahma is also
known as the human form of Brahman. Brahma has been
traditionally known as the creator god, and is rarely depicted or
worshiped because Brahma has already done his job. The two
forms of Brahma are Vishnu and Shiva. Vishnu is known as the
preserver, is associated with the right actions, and is the upholder
of Hindu values. Vishnu
Brahma
keeps the world going by
staying awake, and when demonic forces threaten
cosmic order, Vishnu appears on earth in a one of a
series of avataras, or incarnations. Vishnu is the deity
people go to for help. Shiva represents destruction and
at the same
Vishnu
time creation because he completes the Hindu
cycle. By destroying everything Shiva brings creation back and thats
why Shiva also represents creation. Vishnu is also known as the Lord of
Dance and lives in his paradise on Mt. Meru (thought to be present day
Mount Kailas in the Himalayas) where he is said to have created the
Ganges River. He is the creator of the performing arts, and his drums and
dancing control the fate of the world.
Shiva
Jose Duran
Mr. Tavernia
Cultural: Filial Piety
Filial piety, or Xiao, is a concept deeply embedded in Confucianism,
and to this day it is used by people around the world. Confucianism
was founded by Confucius, which is the western name for the Chinese
philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a
great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code
of conduct for government officials. His principles explained that family
was the most important part of society and to keep a stable society
loyalty to that family was crucial. Relationships which are exemplified
as part of these beliefs are: parent to child, ruler to minister, husband
to wife, elder brother to younger brother, and friend to friend. These
relationships have to be based on trust and forgiveness, because in
each of these relationships one party is responsible for taking care of
the other. The dependent party is responsible for listening to the
independent party and believing in their beliefs. Confucius wrote the
doctrines in Analects, which were written down by his disciples. These
analects involving filial piety have surprised historians because
Confucius basically predicted how relationships would turn out.
Sofia Godoy
Mr. Tavernia
Period 5
Packet C: Classical Civilizations
Development and Interaction of Cultures: Quetzalcoatl
Usually illustrated as a feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican god associated
with the wind and the morning star. He, along with his dark twin brother, is believed to have
created the Earth and its people. A Toltec ruler shared the name Quetzalcoatl, making it unclear
whether the ruler’s name was taken from the almighty god or the ruler was elevated to a status of
divinity. In Central Mexico, Quetzalcoatl was also regarded as the god of agriculture, arts, and
learning. As a matter of fact, it is he that invented the calendar and first discovered corn, or
maize. Legend has it that the god encouraged humans to lead a life of humility and to learn with
a pure soul. The name Quetzalcoatl is derived from the Nahuatl word quetzal, meaning an
emerald plumed bird, and the Nahuatl word coatl, meaning serpent. To the Maya, Quetzalcoatl is
known as Kukulkan or Ququmatz. One of the earliest remaining artworks depicting the god is an
Olmec carving in La Venta, Mexico. However, the oldest Mexican depiction of Quetzalcoatl is a
pyramid, which is located in Teotihuacan, honoring him. Temples erected in honor of
Quetzalcoatl have also been found in Cholula, Chichen Itza, and Xochicalco.
Hellenization
Hellenization is the historical spread of ancient Greek culture over foreign peoples
conquered by Greeks or brought into their sphere of influence, particularly during the
Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great. The result of
Hellenisation was that elements of Greek origin combined in various forms and degrees
with local elements; these Greek influences spread from the Mediterranean as far east as
modern-day Pakistan. In modern times, Hellenisation has been associated with the
adoption of modern Greek culture and the ethnic and cultural homogenization of Greece.
During the Hellenistic period, following the death of Alexander the Great, considerable
numbers of Assyrians, Jews, Egyptians, Persians, Parthians, Armenians, and a number of
other ethnic groups along the Balkans, Black Sea, South-Eastern Mediterranean,
Anatolia, Middle East and Central Asia were Hellenized.
Sydni Josowitz
Mr Tavernia
World History AP P5
9 November 2016
Cultural: 5 Relationships Of Confucianism
Confucianism is a way of life developed from the Hundred Schools of Thought by
a philosopher named Confucius. In his teachings, he outlined the 5 existing
relationships. His goal was to promote social harmony in China and to set up a social
structure ingrained in the people themselves so they wouldn’t have to rely on the
government for structure. The first relationship is ruler to ruled. This described the
relationship between an emperor and his subjects. The second is father to son, which
simply shows what a father should provide for his son and how the son must treat his
father. The third relationship is husband to wife. The fourth is elder brother to younger
brother, and the last is friend to friend, the only one without a hierarchical standpoint.
Mark Kava
Tavernia
World History AP/Period 5
Packet C
Culture- Confucius
Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and teacher. Confucius put importance in
personal morality and social relationships. Confucius founded Confucianism. The 5 key
relationships to Confucianism are:
● Father-son
● Husband-wife
● Older brother-younger brother
● Ruler-subject
● Friend=friend
The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty both followed the teachings of Confucius. The
Han Dynasty made the teachings of Confucius Confucianism and mixed this with their
Legalism.
Thomas Lovegren
Mr.Tavernia
AP Human Geography
Packet C
AP theme: Science and Technology
New technology allowed for advances in crop yield and trade. Such examples of
this are the Qanat and Stirrup. The Wanat is a gently sloping underground ​channel to
transport water from an aquifer to a surface for irrigation and drinking. Qanat is an old
system of water supply from a deep well with a series of vertical access shafts, Qanāts
still create a reliable supply of water for human settlements and irrigation in hot, arid,
and semi-arid climates. The Stirrup is a new technology that allowed for riders of
domesticated animals not to be thrown off in the course of riding said animal. This
allowed for better trade.
Elizabeth Matei
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP/ Period 5
Packet: C
Development and Interaction of Cultures: Yin/Yang
Yin Yang is one of the most well-known symbols and representations of the Chinese
philosophy, Daoism. It essentially represents the idea of the “duality of one.” The symbol
represents the idea of having two halves or two things that work in harmony with one another;
they need each other in order to be complete and to be balanced. For example, it is saying that in
order to have/to understand good, one must understand the concept of doing bad, and vice-versa.
If either the yin or the yang is missing or not functioning properly, the entire concept will be out
of balance. Some representations portray the yin as the night or the female and yang as the day or
the male. The formal name for the Yin/Yang symbol is “Taijitu,” but like most aspects of
philosophical beliefs, it has been westernized and most people just refer to it as the Yin/Yang
symbol. Also, another important aspect of the Yin/Yang is that it is never static.The idea that the
symbol portrays suggests that Yin and Yang are always changing, moving, and transforming
based on the actions and decisions of each. Many other influences can cause the transformation
of the Yin and Yang such as outside forces and ideas. Overall, the Yin and Yang may be a
complex symbol and concept, but it universally represents a very simple and effective idea in the
understanding of life.
Alba Minxha
Mr. Travernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet C
Theme Two Religions: Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion stemming from Hinduism, and founded by
Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. In Hinduism the common people,
cannot achieve enlightenment unless they are of the highest class, this means
lifetimes of waiting. Buddhism states you can achieve enlightenment at any
class. This concept of everyone having the ability to reach enlightenment
regardless of their class, became popular in South Asia
The core beliefs of Buddhism are centered around reaching enlightenment, or moksha, and
escaping the constant cycle of rebirth. The core beliefs of Buddhism were centered around the
Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path. The Four Nobles Truths state that life is full of
suffering, at to end suffering, you must end desire. By completing the Eightfold Path, you end
desire, and in return end suffering. By ending suffering, you reach moksha, the goal of Buddhism.
Buddhism spread through through the support of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the
efforts of merchants and missionaries, and the establishment of monasteries. Emperor Ashoka
was a key in the history of Buddhism because had he not converted, Buddhism would have had
died out. He made the Mauryan Empire a Buddhist Empire, allowing Buddhism to spread through
the efforts of merchants and missionaries. While monasteries allowed for locations of the teaching
of the principles of Buddhism.
Emily Namm
Michael Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet C
[Cultural]: Yin/Yang
Yin and Yang is the concept of duality, of two opposite halves making a
whole, which were central ideas in Daoism. Yin represented the negative, passive,
female side of nature and was associated with the dark, the moon, cold, water, and
earth, as well as being hidden or sinister. Yang, on the other hand, was almost
exactly the opposite, and represented the positive, active, male side of nature and
was associated with light, the sun, warmth, fire, and the heavens, as well as being
clear or overt.
Daoism taught that seemingly opposing things are actually complementary,
and one cannot exist without the other. Yin and Yang was used to symbolize this.
Yin and Yang taught that light cannot exist without dark, goodness cannot exist
without evil, fire cannot exist without water, and heavens cannot exist without
earth.
The idea that opposing ideas
are actually interconnected is
displayed in the way Yin and Yang
are intertwining in the Yin and
Yang symbol. Furthermore, the
concept that one cannot exist
without the other is displayed by
the small piece of Yin in the midst
of Yang, and the small piece of
Yang in the midst of Yin.
Alexander Rabin
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.5
Packet C
Culture: Hellenization
Hellenization was an example of cultural diffusion during the classical period. It describes the
deliberate spread of Greek culture out of Greece. Alexander the Great of Macedon was the most
important person behind this phenomenon. He spread Greek influence and ideology to Egypt, the
Middle East, Persia, and parts of the Indus River Valley. Cultural aspects spread included Greek
architecture, philosophy, science, sculpture, and values. While not a native of Greece, Alexander
admired the culture. This way of thinking was probably a result of his time studying under the
famous philosopher Aristotle. One of the most important parts of Hellenization was the
establishment of Alexandria in Northeast Africa (modern day Egypt). This city became the link
between the Greeks and Egyptians while serving as the scientific and technological capital of the
ancient world. Insights into geometry and medicine were found in Alexandria, specifically in the
Library of Alexandria. Hellenization under the rule of Alexander of Macedon cemented Greece
as an important classical culture.
Scott Robins
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History, Period 5
Packet C
Culture: Herodotus
Herodotus is a Greek man who established the western concept of history.
He single chronicled wars between Greek city-states and Persians Empire.
He is the heir to the technique of historia (“investigation/research)
developed by Greeks in the late archaic period. He came from a Greek
community in Anatolia and travelled extensively, collecting information in
western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and
chronicled the wars between the Greek city-states and
the Persian Empire, thus originating the western
tradition
of historical
writing. He is known as the Father of History.
Sean Robins
Mr. Tavernia
AP World
Packet C
Culture: Herodotus
Herodotus is a Greek philosopher credited with the title “The Father of History.”
He was raised in a Greek community in Anatolia. He later traveled through Asia
and the Mediterranean collecting information. He is a famous Greek known for
establishing the western concept of history. Herodotus chronicled the wars between
Greek city - states and the Persian Empire. He is also the heir to the technique of
history which in modern terms is investigation or research. This was developed in
the late archaic period originating the Western tradition of historical writing.
Alejandro Sosa
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.5
Packet: C
Portfolio Cultural: The Library of Alexandria
The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria,
Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.It was
dedicated to the Muses the nine goddesses of the arts. It flourished under the
patronage of the Ptolemaic Dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship
from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC.
The library was part of a larger research institution called the Musaeum of Alexandria,
where many of the most famous thinkers of the ancient world studied. The library wasn’t
created by Ptolemy I, who was a Macedonian General, and the successor to a part of
Alexander the Great’s empire. The Library of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World, alongside the Roman Coliseum and the Colossus of Rhodes. The
library is mostly famous for having been burnt down by the Romans. This utter
destruction of the scrolls, books, and tomes inside the library has become a symbol for
the loss of ancient cultural knowledge. Sources differ on who was responsible for its
destruction and when it occurred, although there might have been many fires over many
years. Possible suspects for the total destruction of the Library of Alexandria include a
fire set by Julius Caesar in 48 BD and an attack by Aurelian in the 270s AD. After the
main library was destroyed, scholars used a “daughter library” in a temple known as the
Sarapeum. This daughter library was later destroyed by Coptic Pope Theophilus in 391
AD, although it is not known how many documents were lost or how many remained in
the first place. The library was finally destroyed during the Muslim conquest of Egypt
around 642 AD. The vast collection of the Library of Alexandria varied from 40,000
scrolls to around 400,000 scrolls at its golden age. It was the one of the largest and
most significant libraries of the ancient world. Its main purpose was to show off the
wealth of Egypt, while also acting as a center for research, education, and aid to the
ruler. The Library of Alexandria was undoubtedly a marvel of the ancient world, an
unparalleled center of science, mathematics, and research, and an aspect of history
that mankind will regret losing for as long as they are around.
Saaketh Vedantam
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 5
Packet: C
Cultural: Monotheism
Monotheism, the belief in only one god, was practiced in many Classical civilizations.
These included Judaism, Christianity, and Hinduism to some extent.
Judaism originated with the prophet Abraham, who journeyed across lands to appease
God. The Jewish people believed in a covenant between God and the people, where the people
were the chosen ones of God. They created the Ten Commandments, which gave rules for
relations between human beings and God. Jewish people believe in afterlife, and have a set of
traditions and doctrines. The Jews were able to further their monotheistic teachings through
Hebrew Scriptures like the Torah. Judaism, as one of the first monotheistic religions, led to more
monotheistic belief systems, such as Christianity.
Christianity was started by Jesus, who started off as a Jew but gave new teachings. He
was devoted to one God, but was killed because Roman leaders believed that Christianity was a
threat. However, this religion still spread through all of the persecution. Eventually, people
believed that Jesus was the son of the one and only God, and that God was personal and
sovereign. Once Constantine issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal, more people
eventually practiced it.
Hinduism is considered a monotheistic religion by some, but a polytheistic one by others.
This is because there are many gods, but they are all a different aspect of the one supreme deity,
Brahman.
Monotheism was sometimes favored over polytheism, as in Judaism, because it brought
people together over a single divine entity. With multiple gods, people could worship different
deities, and that could lead to problems. However, monotheistic people were united in their
belief system, and were able to freely support their deity.
Daniela Velez
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ 5
Packet: C
Cultural: Ren, Li, and Xiao
Every culture has its way of encouraging people to act in a moral way. The Chinese
had a philosophy named Confucianism, based on three main principles: Ren, Li, and
Xiao.
The basis of Ren is selflessness. According to Confucianism, people are born with
Ren-- it is not something that is learned over time. The concept of Ren is that a person
gradually develops towards an altruistic goal while maintaining conscious of the fact that
they are never alone and have the support of their family and overall relationships with
other people. Also a basis of the Confucian political theory, Ren must be maintained by
the ruler according to Confucianism, or else he/she will lose the Mandate of Heaven
allowing him/her to rule.
Li, similar to Ren, consists of the standards for proper social behavior, including
loyalty and righteousness. It encourages positive mannerisms such as respect for
elders in the community. Finally, Xiao consists of the attitude of devotion, obedience,
and care towards elder family members, encouraging people in the community to put
the needs of their parents and elder family members over the needs of their self,
spouse, or children.
Isabella Whiting
Mr. Tavernia
AP World Geography P5
Packet C
Theme 2- Culture
One of the five themes of AP World History is the development and interaction of
cultures. This theme includes the belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, technology,
and art of different societies and empires. Many religions were emerging and evolving
during this time period, such as Buddhism, which was created by an Indian prince
named Siddhartha who didn’t agree with Hindu beliefs that it took many lifetimes to
accomplish enlightenment. Siddhartha gave up his nobility and after becoming
enlightened he became Buddha and started teaching others how to reach nirvana
through the four noble truths and the eightfold path. Buddhism quickly spread through
India and into asia and was adopted by many, even influencing the art and architecture
with pieces such as stupas that were large earthen mounds meant to symbolize the
universe. Religion is a huge part of culture and acts as a common force between people
that otherwise would be completely different. As people adopted these developing belief
systems, such as Buddhism, it united them under one common faith that tied large
masses
together
bringing
together into one
culture.
them
Kevin Yeung
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 5
Packet C
Theme 2 - Culture: Era of Warring States
The Era of Warring States, lasting from 475
BCE to 221 BCE, defines the second half of the Zhou
Dynasty when the region of China was divided into
seven different states. The seven warring states were
Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Wei, Zhao, and Qin. However, Qin
was not initially considered one of the contenders for
power since its people weren’t fully Chinese and the
state was established in the far west. Nevertheless, the
Qin rulers would turn out to be victorious. This period
is interpreted as a time of constant warfare when each
state attempted to conquer and control all of the other
states. Some kings fought to continue retaining power,
while others simply desired more territory. Within all
of this conflict, incredibly important innovations in technology and religion would arise eventually.
The Qin’s rise to power first began with a court official named Shang Yang, who created a
new philosophy known as Legalism. He believed that man was naturally misbehaving and thought
that harsh laws needed to be established in order to govern man. The ruling court quickly adopted his
ideas, which were revolutionary at the time. Therefore, Qin would become militarily more powerful
and ruthless than the other warring states. Yang also started preparing offensively by increasing
production and focusing on building up the army. Furthermore, he improved the transportation
system for easier mobility and internal trade. By the near end of the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin state
would soon start conquering the other states of China.
Under the rule of King Zheng, Qin began invading other states in 230 BCE. In comparison to
the other states during that time, the Qin armies had stronger tools and weapons made of iron, while
the other states had less advanced technology. Also, instead of fighting in chariots, soldiers were put
on foot and each welded their individual weapon. This innovation in military tactics allowed for a
more organized and larger army, and their ruthless styles of war would quickly bring them to power.
Most importantly, many of the ideas of philosophy and religion that would later become the
basis for modern Chinese beliefs originated during this era. Known as the “One Hundred Schools of
Thought,” hundreds of writers sought to solve the conflicts and chaos during this time. The ones still
studied today are Confucianism, Daoism, and Moism. However, with the little tolerance of the Qin
Dynasty, much of the literature written during the Zhou Dynasty would be burned and destroyed.
Therefore, even though a huge amount of fighting occurred during this era, new cultural beliefs
would form and flower.