Download Week 5 Horngren, Chapter 8, Accounting Information

Week 5
Horngren, Chapter 8, Accounting Information Systems
When we have collected the data from transactions and then analysed and summarised the
economic effect of those transactions the process has involved entering all the transactions
in the general journal and then posting to accounts in the general ledger. This is very
tedious and time consuming and in the end means that an awful lot of effort has been
expended for very little benefit. In the days before computers, when double entry
bookkeeping was first introduced and labour was very cheap and plentiful this was the
method that was used.
Accounting information loses its relevance if it becomes out of date and businesses now-adays need reliable information that is produced soon after the event. Computers and
specialised journals have helped improve the accounting systems so that quick and reliable
information can be accessed by businesses when they need it. This week we will look at
these improvements to the accounting information systems.
The learning objectives are to:
Describe an effective accounting system,
Understand both computerised and manual accounting systems,
Understand how spreadsheets are used in accounting,
Use the sales journal, the cash receipts journal, and the accounts receivable
subsidiary ledger,
Use the purchases journal, the cash payments journal and the accounts payable
subsidiary ledger.
Effective accounting information systems
Businesses need accounting information systems, which are made up of trained personnel,
records and procedures which can produce reports as and when they are needed. If these
systems are to be efficient they require internal controls, compatibility, and flexibility and
should be cost effective in the cost-benefit trade off.
Internal controls are necessary to keep the records accurate and to safeguard the assets.
They usually consist of a division of duties so that no one person is responsible for
authorising a transaction, recording the effects of that transaction, and having custody of
any assets etc that are a part of that transaction.
A compatible accounting system means that it is set up so that the accounting information needs
of the business are dealt with using the resources that are available throughout the whole of the
business wherever its activities are based.
Businesses that survive are the ones that not only can react to change but can anticipate it. This
includes the accounting systems which must be able to deal with a new mix of products, new
branches, branch closures, new clients, new legislation, eg GST, new rates of pay, new methods
of payment, eg internet sales. In short they need to be flexible.
Each business must decide which accounting information system will best meet their needs at a
price that will stay within their budget. Accurate timely information at a price that the business
can afford. Have a look at pages 322 to 323 of the study text.
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Components of a computerised accounting system
There are three components of a computerised accounting system. Hardware, Software and
trained personnel. The hardware comprises the equipment and the network, the software
the computer programs, which can be purchased off the shelf, whilst other larger firms will
have their own systems specifically designed for them for both accounting and
management information, and trained personnel. You don’t have a blind person driving a
bus. Each of these three elements is essential to the efficient running of the system.
How computerised and manual accounting systems work
Computer systems have replaced manual systems in many businesses, however for both
computerised and manual systems the principles behind them are the same. Data Inputs
enter the information into the systems, the data is then processed, and then Outputs are
created in the form of reports.
In the manual system the data will be inputted from source documents, receipts, invoices,
etc which will be processed through entry in the journals, and then posted to the ledger. A
trial balance is usually extracted to test the accuracy of the debits and credits and then the
output will be the preparation of financial statements.
In a computerised system data can be inputted from source documents, also via ordering,
sending of accounts, payments, receipts and from the email and internet. Once the original
entry for the transaction has been entered the posting and report preparation happens
automatically within the system. The trial balance is a report, as are the financial
statements, and they can be printed by selecting the appropriate item on the menu.
Designing an accounting system
In both the manual and the computerised systems the chart of accounts is very important.
This lists the accounts that are going to be used by the business. It is always a good idea to
list them according to the place that they will occupy in the financial statements. Whereas
in the manual system the accounts appear in the ledger, either as a loose leaf , or in pages of
a book, and will be identified by a name and a page number, in the computerised system
they will be given a number and data will be allocated to these accounts by the use of that
number.
Software accounting packages like MYOB and Quickbooks have charts of accounts listed
on an industry by industry basis. These charts will have many more accounts than many
business will require. The trick is to select the accounts that your business actually needs.
Although the Exhibit 8-3 shows how Assets are usually given a coding starting with 100,
Liabilities, 200, equity 300, revenue 400 and expenses 500, it is important not to list the
different accounts next to one another.
Instead of listing Cash at Bank as 111 and Accounts Receivable as 112 it would have been
better to list Cash at Bank as 110 and Accounts Receivable as 115. That way if the business
wants to open up another bank account or to open a petty cash account there is room for
expansion without having to alter all the account numbers. The only accounts that are likely
to be together are those with contra accounts. Eg doubtful debt provision and accumulated
depreciation accounts.
Have a look at pages 323 to 325 of the study text.
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Processing transactions
In the manual system transactions have been entered so far in the general journal. In order
to streamline the system so that it becomes less bulky and more efficient Cash Receipts are
to be entered in a Special Journal, the Cash receipts Journal, Cash Payment s through the
Cash Payments Journal, Credit Sales through the Sales Journal and Credit Purchase through
the Purchases Journal. Where the business has few sales or purchase returns these would
be processed though the General Ledger, but if there were many entries then there would
be separate a Sales Returns Journal and a Purchases Returns Journal. All other transactions
including adjustments, closing and reversing entries would be entered in the General
Journal.
In a computerised system transactions are organised by function and are entered via a
menu. With MYOB the menu has:
Cheque Book which deals with payments, except those to suppliers, bank deposits,
and bank reconciliations.
Sales, for recording all sales, cash and credit, receipts from customers, sales returns
and credit allowances.
Purchases, for purchase orders, payments to suppliers, purchase returns and credit
allowances.
There are also options dealing with payroll, inventory recording and for businesses
which provide services that are billed on a time basis, time billing.
MYOB and Quickbooks come as an integrated accounting system. This means that the
different options that are available can be used on their own or can be linked to others. Eg
if you decide to purchase goods on credit using the purchase option in the menu, because
this can be linked, then automatically accounts payable, purchases, inventory and cost of
goods sold, and the accounts payable’s individual account for the supplier will all be
updated.
Spreadsheets were designed to help businesses develop and update budgets. They are
computer programs where data can be linked by means of formulae and functions.
Essentially a spreadsheet is a grid with rows and columns which comprises of many cells.
These cells are identified by their row number and column number. They can be updated
and because cells can be linked to each other by formula etc it means that when one cell is
changed, eg changing a budget estimate, the subtotals and totals in other cells will
automatically be updated as well.
Have a look at page 326 of the study text.
Special journals
In order to streamline the accounting system the entries of similar transactions are no
longer entered in the general journal but are placed in special journals, where there is a
special journal for each type of similar transactions. This has the benefit that no narrative is
needed as the only entry in a special journal will be of a particular type and it also means
that one total can be posted to the accounts in the general ledger rather than hundreds of
individual entries.
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The sales journal deals with credit sales, the purchases journal with credit purchases, the
cash receipts journal with all cash receipts including cash sales, the cash payments journal
with all cash payments including cash purchases, and all other transactions are entered in
the general journal, including transfers between general ledger accounts. Besides reducing
the volume of posting the selection of special journals and their design can be tailored to
the needs of the business. An important feature of special journals is the selection of
columns to deal with those transactions that occur most frequently.
Sales Journal
Have a good look at pages 327 to 330 and note the posting references at the bottom of the
columns and the accounts in the general ledger to which those references relate. It’s only
the totals that are posted. Besides the Credit Sale with entries for Accounts Receivable,
Sales Revenue and the GST Clearing Account note the column for Cost of Goods Sold and
Inventory. These journals have been set up for businesses that have a perpetual system of
inventory recording.
Of course it is still absolutely essential that the business still maintains a record of al the
people to whom they have given credit. This is done in the Accounts Receivable Subsidiary
Ledger. So when entries are made in the sales journal the individual accounts are updated
in the subsidiary ledger on a daily basis. Note the posting references and entries in the
subsidiary ledger in Exhibit 8-8.
The Accounts Receivable Account in the general ledger only deals with the totals. It is
sometimes referred to as the Total Accounts Receivable Account or the Accounts
Receivable Account Control Account. It is a very useful control over the operations of the
subsidiary ledger as everything that occurs in the subsidiary ledger must also occur in total
form in the accounts receivable total account.
Different people would be given the task of maintaining the subsidiary ledger and the
control account. Why do we need controls? The accounts receivable debtors pay the
monies owing to the business and this money comes into the system and their accounts are
updated to reflect that. We must make sure that the money goes to the correct place and not
an employee’s pocket or bank account. The subsidiary ledger accounts are not part of the
double entry but are Memorandum Accounts. The double entry is maintained via the
Special Journals and the Accounts Receivable Account in the General Ledger. That way
the entries are kept to a minimum as only totals are used and less space in the general
ledger is needed.
Cash Receipts Journal
The Cash Receipts Journal is dealt with in pages 330 to 333 and in Exhibit 8-9.
As there are more transactions that happen more frequently there will be more columns.
Information is entered in date order. The debits side of the cash receipts journal has a
column for the Cash at Bank. The total of this column will be posted to the cash at bank
account in the general ledger. When this is done at the end of the month the posting
reference, (101) is written under the total. That indicates the account in the general ledger.
If you look at the cash at bank account you will see that there is a posting reference CR5
which indicates that the data came from the cash receipt journal page 5.
Another debit is the discount allowed column showing the net amount and the GST.
Although this isn’t cash received it is convenient to bring in any settlement discounts that
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are awarded to accounts receivables so that the total figure in the accounts receivable
personal account in the subsidiary ledger can be shown as totally paid. Maria Galway owes
$935 and pays us $900. The $35 discount is made up of $32 Net and $3 GST. The reason
that GST is debited is that as we have not collected the full amount from Maria we are not
required to pay the full GST to the ATO.
The sales revenue columns show the net revenue received with the GST amount in the GST
column. As these are cash sales there is no need for the names of the people making the
sale, and only the total sales revenue and total GST collected need to be posted to the
accounts in the general ledger.
The other accounts column will have those accounts which don’t occur all that frequently
and therefore do not merit a column of their own. You will notice that there are separate
posting references in the column rather than at the bottom. This is because many different
accounts can appear here and they will need a posting reference for ach account listed in
the column, having said that there is an exception. The monies received from the accounts
receivable clients are listed under accounts receivable column with its posting reference to
the accounts receivable account in the general ledger, but we still need to know who is
paying off their debt by listing their name and reference in the accounts receivable
subsidiary ledger in the other accounts column.
As we are maintaining a perpetual inventory system we also need columns for the transfer
from inventory to cost of goods sold whenever there are cash sales. The total is posted to
the respective accounts in the general ledger at the end of the month. A periodic system
would not have this column in the cash receipts journal.
Purchases Journal
The Purchases Journal is dealt with on pages 333 & 334 and in Exhibit 8-10.
This deals with all purchases on credit, eg inventory, supplies and any other assets. How
many columns you had would depend on the information needs and the nature of the
business. Whether you had a date of invoice or terms column would really depend upon the
people who arrange the payment as it is they who will determine whether the payment is
within the discount period. There may be a separate accounts payable department that has
this responsibility.
Work through the exhibit in the text, noting the Accounts Payable Subsidiary Ledger and
the accounts in the general ledger and how the postings and the totals link up.
Cash Payments Journal
Having got to grips with the cash receipts journal this cash payments journal should not
present you with many problems. You can have as many columns as you need.
Traditionally the cash payments journal will have more columns than other journals as
there are more regular payments of a similar type than there are revenue types etc.
A cash purchases column would show purchases of inventory for cash. In a perpetual
inventory system this would be debited to inventory. In a periodic it would be debited to
purchases.
Have a look at pages 334 to 336 and the Exhibit 8-11, and work through the entries and the
postings, including the GST.
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General journal
All businesses will need a general journal to be able to record entries between ledger
accounts which do not involve postings from the special journals. This could include
transfers from one account to another when correcting mispostings, entering the adjusting
entries at the end of the year, eg accruals, depreciation, supplies usage etc, and also the
closing entries, and the reversing entries. Returns of sales and returns of purchases can be
dealt with through returns journals if there are a sufficiently high number of entries, but
normally these are entered via the general journal.
Have a look at pages 337 to 342, including the credit and debit notes and balancing the
ledgers and work through the summary problem at the end.
After that please attempt the tutorial exercises as stated in the Unit Outline, Ch8 S8-4,
8-7, 8-8, 8-9, P8-5.
Have a look at Chapter 9 and then attempt questions S9-3,9-4, 9-9, 9-10, 9-12, E9-5, 9-6,
9-7, 9-10, P9-3.
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