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THE 4-H LIVESTOCK SKILLATHON (AN OVERVIEW) Stephen R Schafer, EdD 2008 University of Nevada-Reno Partially Funded By Ag Council of Nevada 4 Hall Lane Yerington, NV 89447 This presentation was developed for use as an educational resource and is provided as an educational service. User/purchase fees are not associated with this presentation. Information Development Much effort and time was devoted to: developing accurate/current information incorporating appropriate pictures/graphics providing proper credit of pictures/graphics obtaining copyright/educational permission Any and/or all errors, omissions, etc. are purely unintentional/accidental. Information Sources (This Segment / Presentation) Breed Associations (Respective Breed Assn) Hoard’s Dairyman (Dairy Cattle Publications) National 4-H/4HCCS (4-H Livestock Manuals) North Carolina State University (4-H Skillathon) Kansas State University (Livestock Skillathon) Wikipedia {internet site} (Internet Encyclopedia) Information Sources (Other Segments / Presentations) American Meat Science Association (Meat Judging) Auburn University (Sheep & Swine Identification) Breed Associations (Respective Breed Associations) Cattle-Today.com {internet site} (Beef Cattle Breeds) Clemson University (Meat Goat Breeds) Colorado State University (4-H Livestock Manuals) Cornell University (Meat Goat Breeds) Cyberspaceag {internet site} (Types of Swine) Earthlink.net/~lureynolds/breeds (Breeds of Goats) Fias Co Farm {internet} (Breed of Goats) Goats4h.com/Dairy Goats (Info on Dairy Goats) Information Sources (Other Segments / Presentations) Hoard’s Dairyman (Dairy Cattle Publications) Kansas State University (Skillathon & Forage) Louisiana State University (4-H Beef Manuals) Minnesota Pork Board (Swine Breeds) National 4-H/4HCCS (4-H Livestock Manuals) National Livestock & Meat Board (Meat Identification) National Swine Registry (Breed Identification) North Carolina State University (4-H Skillathon) Ohio State University (Resource Handbooks) Oklahoma State University (Breed ID & Hay Judging) Information Sources (Other Segments / Presentations) Purdue University (Retail Meat Cut Identification) Texas A&M University (Beef Pubs & Meat Identification) Thepigsite {internet site} (Breeds of Swine) United States Dept of Agriculture (Nutrition & Meat) University of Maryland (Sheep & Goat Breeds) University of Nevada-Reno (4-H Livestock) University of Kentucky (Agripedia) University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dairy Cattle & Meat) University of Wyoming (4-H Livestock & Meat Manuals) Wikipedia {internet site} (Internet Encyclopedia) THE 4-H LIVESTOCK SKILLATHON (AN OVERVIEW) Author Dr. Steve Schafer, University of Nevada-Reno Reviewers (This Segment / Presentation) Ms. Deb Cobb, University of Nevada-Reno Ms. Lynn Conley, University of Nevada-Reno Ms. Myrna Fisher, University of Nevada-Reno Project Reviewers (Various Segments / Presentations) Ms. Deb Cobb……………….University of Nevada-Reno Ms. Lynn Conley…………….University of Nevada-Reno Dr. Barney Cosner…………………..Nebraska State Fair Mr. Ron Cunningham,……………University of Wyoming Dr. Terry Dumas……………...Louisiana State University Ms. Myrna Fisher……………University of Nevada-Reno Mr. Keith Fontenot……………Louisiana State University Mr. Milt Green…………………….University of Wyoming Mr. Alan Hogan………………Louisiana State University Ms. Tammie Jensen……………..University of Wyoming Dr. Susan Kerr……………..Washington State University Dr. Warrie Means…………………University of Wyoming Dr. Rosie Nold……….…..South Dakota State University Dr. Steve Paisley…………………University of Wyoming Dr. Tim Page………………….Louisiana State University Mr. Wayne Tatman……………….University of Wyoming Skillathon Objectives • To provide youth with the opportunity to blend knowledge and skills acquired in livestock judging, demonstrations, care and exhibition of animals into one activity. • To provide youth with the opportunity to learn about the importance of livestock & their products to the environment and economy. (Especially youth without the capabilities for livestock projects.) • To encourage youth to continue to expand their livestock knowledge and participation. Contest Topics Species Covered » Cattle (Beef & Dairy) » Goats (Meat & Dairy) » Sheep » Swine Topics Covered » Meat (Judging & Identification) » Forage (Judging & Identification) » Feeds & Feeding » Quality Assurance » Livestock Equipment » Production & Management Contest Organization The Livestock Skillathon Contest is a Team Contest (3 or 4 team members). Total Team Score is determined by adding the three (3) highest team member’s individual competition class totals with the total points accumulation from the team competition classes. Possible Team Score of 1500 Points Contest Organization The Livestock Skillathon Contest is a Team Contest (3 or 4 team members). Within the contest, certain activities are participated in on an individual basis and certain are participated in as a whole team, giving rise to two parts of the contest: Team/Group Components Individual Components Contest Organization Whole Team/Group Component: 300 Points Possible Evaluation of livestock feeding/performance info – 100 Points Possible Feed tag knowledge and feed identification – 100 Points Possible Animal Breeding Scenario – 100 Points Possible Contest Organization Individual Component: 400 Points Possible • • • • • • • • • Retail Meat Cut Identification, 50 Points Livestock Equipment Identification, 50 Points Livestock Breed Identification, 50 Points Meat Judging Class, 50 points Meat Judging Questions, 5 @ 5 points = 25 Points Hay Judging Class, 50 points Hay Judging Questions, 5 @ 5 points = 25 Points Quality Assurance Exercise, 50 Points Livestock Industry Quiz, 50 Points Contest Preparation Much time, effort, study, & review is needed Awareness of many topics & skills is needed (discussed herein & in other presentations) Basic livestock knowledge is a must (started herein, on the following slides) Given the broad range of topics/skills & the in-depth understanding needed in order to be successful, use of other materials (along with this presentation & its accompanying presentations) is highly recommended. Livestock Dictionary Animal Father or Sire Mother or Dam Female who has not produced offspring Cattle Bull Cow Heifer Steer Calf Goat Billy or Buck Doe Doe Wether Kid Swine Boar Sow Gilt Barrow Pig Sheep Ram Ewe Ewe Wether Lamb Castrated Male Newborn Evaluation of Livestock Feeding/Performance Info Use basic feeding information to calculate important efficiency measures such as: average daily gain, feed conversion, cost per pound of gain and break-even costs and then use the information to make management and/or marketing decisions. Evaluation of Livestock Feeding/Performance Info A knowledge of math, feeding, feeding purposes (such as growth or finishing), feeds/feedstuffs (such roughages & concentrates), feed nutrients (such as protein, energy, minerals, & vitamins) is a virtual must for success in this section of the livestock skillathon contest. Performance Info • • (Average Daily Gain) Pounds of liveweight gained per day. How to figure Average Daily Gain (ADG): Feedlot Steers • • • New weight: 800 lbs. Old weight: 400 lbs. Days on feed: 132 days 800 lbs. – 400 lbs. = 400 lbs. of weight gain 400lbs. of weight gain / 132 days on feed = 3.03 lbs. per day of gain Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G. Performance Info (Average Daily Gain) Feeder Lambs – March 1st: 40 lbs. – May 29th: 120 lbs. – Average Daily Gain is??? 120lbs. – 40lbs. = 80 lbs. of weight gain March 1st to May 29th = 90 days on feed 80 lbs. of weigh gain / 90 days on feed = 0.88 lb. per day of gain Performance Info (Cost Per Pound of Gain) Total of all costs divided by the total pounds gained; usually expressed on a per-pound basis Breakeven Cost = (Price per lb. of gain) (Value ($) of fed cattle) – (Cost ($) of feeder cattle) Total pounds of gain Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G. Performance Info (Cost Per Pound of Gain) Breakeven Cost = (Price per lb. of gain) (Value ($) of fed cattle) – (Cost ($) of feeder cattle) Total pounds of gain Breakeven Cost = (1250 lbs. x $.85) – (750 lbs. x $.90) 500 lbs. (Price per lb. of gain) Breakeven Cost = ($1062.50) – ($675.00) 500 lbs. (Price per lb. of gain) Breakeven Cost = (Price per lb. of gain) $387.50 500 lbs. = $.7750 lb. Taken from Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G. Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario) Team members will evaluate a breeding animal scenario and make animal selection decisions based upon performance data to rank breeding animals for use within the situation. Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario) Animal selection criteria, math, understanding performance data meaning for each type of data, understanding the relationships of each type of performance data to the other types, and skill in the technology of reading/giving ultrasounds are very important components for success in this portion of the skillathon contest. Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario) You are a cattleman in central South Dakota. Select four of these eight Hereford Heifers that could be used in a beef breeding program to produce black baldy females as replacements by breeding them to Angus Bulls. These black baldy calves will create a niche market for you and would be sold to other cattlemen at a sizeable premium. Your customers are primarily West River ranchers who have limited facilities and labor. Most of the heifers are calved on open range and the majority of those calves are marketed at weaning time. Number BW WW YW Milk Maternal 1 +8.2 +34 +60 +9 +26 2 +1.8 +44 +59 +13 +35 3 +3.2 +52 +64 +10 +36 4 +6.2 +28 +42 +6 +20 5 +2.2 +56 +62 +19 +47 6 +9.7 +48 +72 +7 +31 7 +4.1 +35 +58 +9 +26.5 8 +4.0 +33 +56 +6 +22.5 +9 +25.5 HEREFORD BREED AVERAGES: +4.1 +33 +56 Evaluation Info (Animal Breeding Scenario) Number BW WW YW Milk Maternal 1 +8.2 +34 +60 +9 +26 2 +1.8 +44 +59 +13 +35 3 +3.2 +52 +64 +10 +36 4 +6.2 +28 +42 +6 +20 5 +2.2 +56 +62 +19 +47 6 +9.7 +48 +72 +7 +31 7 +4.1 +35 +58 +9 +26.5 8 +4.0 +33 +56 +6 +22.5 +9 +25.5 HEREFORD BREED AVERAGES: +4.1 +33 +56 Ranking 5 3 2 7 8 1 6 4 Points 40 30 20 10 8 6 6 2 Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging) Team members will evaluate a breeding animal scenario and make animal selection decisions based upon performance data to rank breeding animals for use within the situation. Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging) Team members will evaluate a set animals (bulls, heifers, rams, does, market, or whatever) and make animal selection decisions based upon performance data and or visual appraisal to rank breeding animals for use within a situation, conduct a cull/keep of the animals, assess the feeding needs of the market animals, or something similar. Evaluation Info (Animal Selection/Judging) A knowledge of the conformation for each livestock species, awareness of the types of digestive systems (ruminant & non-ruminant), an understanding of feeding (for growth or for finish), a knowledge of feed nutrients (protein, energy, etc), and skill in technology (such as reading ultrasounds) are very important for successful completion of this part of the livestock skillathon contest. Management Info (Quality Assurance) Team members will need to have an understanding of the history, purpose, and use of the various (beef, pork, sheep, etc) quality assurance programs if they wish to perform well in this section of the livestock skillathon contest. Management Info (Quality Assurance) Demonstrate how to read a medicine label, calculate withdrawal times, complete a treatment record, and make responsible management decisions regarding quality assurance are aspects of this portion of the contest. Management Info (Quality Assurance) Three Different Quality Assurance Programs – Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) • http://www.sdcattlemen.org/BQA-CMP.html – Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) • http://www.porkboard.org/PQA/default.asp – Sheep Safety and Quality Assurance (SSQA) • http://www.colostate.edu/programs/SSQA Management Info • What is HACCP? – – – • (Quality Assurance…HACCP) Developed by Pillsbury Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points Used in all Quality Assurance Programs Seven Basic Principles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Identify hazards Determine critical control points Establish critical limits for each critical point Establish monitoring procedures Establish corrective actions Establish verification activities Establish records and documentation Management Info (Quality Assurance…NBQA) National Beef Quality Audit • 1989 – Monfort determined a loss of $107.32 per head due to management. • 1990 – NCA, excess fat & management problems costing industry $5 billion. • 1991 – First National Beef Quality Audit – Determined the beef industry left $277.81 per head on the table for every slaughtered steer/heifer due to correctable quality defects. • 1995 – Revealed live cattle lacked uniformity & predictability, and external carcass fat was the industry’s leading quality challenge. • 2000 – Determined the beef industry left $100.10 per head on the table for every slaughtered steer/heifer due to correctable quality defects. Taken from 2000 National Beef Quality Audit Management Info (Quality Assurance…BQA) Beef Quality Assurance • Areas studied – Feedstuffs, Feed Additives, and Medications – Processing Cattle – Animal Well Being – Livestock Insecticides Taken from 2000 National Beef Quality Audit Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA) Pork Quality Assurance • The National Pork Producers Council introduced PQA in 1989 as a three-level management education program. PQA emphasizes good management practices in the handling and use of health products and encourages producers to review their practices. • Benefits – – – – To improve management practices. To avoid volatile drug residues. To decrease production costs. To increase awareness of food safety concerns. Taken from http://www.porkboard.org/PQA/default.asp and The National Pork Producers Board Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA) Pork Quality Assurance…Good Production Practices (GPP) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Identify and track all treated animals. Maintain medication and treatment records. Properly store, label, and track all drug products & medicated feeds. Use vet/client/patient relationship as basis for medication decisions. Train employees & family on proper administration techniques. Use drug residue tests when appropriate. Establish an efficient and effective herd health management plan. Provide proper swine care. Follow appropriate on-farm feed processing and commercial feed processor practices and procedures. Complete the Quality Assurance Checklist every year and the Education Card every three years. Taken from Pork Quality Assurance, A Program of America’s Pork Producers, Level III Management Info (Quality Assurance…PQA) Pork Quality Assurance…Quality Levels • Level I – Provides information on recommended management practices in the handling and use of animal health products, and encourages producers to review their approach to their herds’ health programs. • Level II – Self-review of information from the Level I section. • Level III – Helps producers design a herd health program that improves management, while preventing drug residues. Taken from The National Pork Producers Board Management Info (Quality Assurance…SSQA) Sheep Safety & Quality Assurance • The American Sheep Industry Association (ASI) began development of an industrywide quality assurance program in 1991. • Mission of SSQA – Maximize consumer confidence in, and acceptance of, sheep products by using research and education to improve management during the production of safe, and high quality sheep products. Taken from Roeber, D.L., et. al Management Info (Quality Assurance…SSQA) SSQA…Quality Levels Level 1 – SSQA Participant – Education • Educate producers regarding the basis of assuring sheep safety and quality, to describe and define the safety and quality guidelines and to assure that producers understand the concepts and reasoning behind the development of the guidelines and the importance of their implementation. Level 2 – SSQA Certified – Development of Site Specific Plans • Designed for education of small groups of producers, assisting them in the development of mission statements, production flow diagrams, objectives and procedures that will be needed to implement the SSQA Program. Certification implies that producers understand the concepts needed to develop a site specific plan, complete with objectives and procedures. Level 3 – SSQA Verified – Verification • Designed to verify that producers have implemented the SSQA Program and that they are following the guidelines as outlined in the manual. It implies that the SSQA is in place and operating successfully in a production unit. Taken from Roeber, D.L., et. al Management/Production Info A quiz concerning the livestock industry is part of the Livestock Skillathon Contest. The information in this presentation and the other presentations contain information, data, knowledge, and skills to be successful in this part of the contest. However, other information (such as the annual species population data from the USDA, “hot topics of the day”, and technological advances) should always be explored, monitored, and reviewed. Contest Subject Matter Info Information contained in this presentation included many aspects about the skillathon contest, but it also included the subject areas of: Basic Livestock/Animal Terms Average Daily Gain Breakeven Costs Animal Breeding Scenarios Animal Selection/Judging Scenarios Quality Assurance Review of this information and the acquisition of additional/related is recommended in order to be successful in the livestock skillathon contest. Contest Subject Matter Info Livestock Skillathon Contest Subjects discussed in the accompanying nine presentations are: Beef Cattle Breeds Dairy Cattle Breeds Goat Breeds (dairy & meat) Sheep Breeds Swine Breeds Feeds (nutrients, use, quality, judging) Livestock Equipment (use & identification) Meat Identification Meat Judging Contest Subject Matter Info Three other presentations are also being included on this CD as resource material for skillathon training/education. Beef Cattle Quality Assurance Poultry & Rabbit Quality Assurance Proper Tail Docking of Lambs Of course all of the presentations are not limited to livestock skillathon training and education. They are to be utilized for any purpose deemed suitable and appropriate. Livestock Skillathon As stated throughout this presentation, thorough preparation will involve the use of all of these presentations as well as information from other sources. THANK YOU & GOOD LUCK QUESTIONS