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Chapter 33 Comparing Chordates
Section 33–1 Chordate Evolution
(pages 849–852)
TEKS FOCUS: 3C Impact of research on scientific thought and society; 7B Natural selection and
phylogeny; TEKS SUPPORT: 7B Natural selection and diversity, adaptation
This section describes how the different chordate groups are related. It also
discusses the main trend in the evolution of chordates.
Chordate Origins
(page 849)
1. Studies of embryos of living organisms suggest that the most ancient chordates were
closely related to
echinoderms
.
2. Why do scientists consider Pikaia to be an early chordate and not a worm?
Pikaia had a notochord and muscles arranged like those of nonvertebrate chordates.
3. In the diagram below, label the notochord, head region, paired muscle blocks, tentacle,
and tail fin of Pikaia.
Notochord
Tentacle
Paired muscle blocks
Head region
Tail fin
notochord
.
5. Is the following question true or false? Scientists study tunicate larvae to better
true
understand the early evolution of chordates.
The Chordate Family Tree
(page 850)
6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the chordate family tree. See Figure
33–2 on page 850.
a. Vertebrates share a common invertebrate ancestor with tunicates and lancelets.
b. Mammals and fishes share a more recent common ancestor than mammals and birds.
c. Lungs evolved before paired appendages.
d. Endothermy evolved after the amniotic egg.
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4. A flexible, supporting structure found only in chordates is a(an)
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Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
Date ______________
(page 851)
7. What two things do scientists use to study the evolutionary trends in vertebrates?
a. Fossil record
b. Characteristics of chordates living today
8. What effect has the appearance of new adaptations had on the evolution of
vertebrates? The appearance of new adaptations has launched adaptive
radiations, or the rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms.
9. What is convergent evolution? It is the evolution of species that are similar in appearance
and behavior, even though they are not related.
10. When does convergent evolution occur? It occurs when unrelated species encounter
similar ecological conditions and evolve similar adaptations.
11. What is one example of convergent evolution? Flying vertebrates, such as birds and bats,
is an example of convergent evolution.
Chordate Diversity
(pages 851–852)
12. Is the following sentence true or false? The chordate species alive today are a small
fraction of the total number of chordate species that have existed over time.
true
13. List the six living chordate groups in order from largest in number to smallest in
number. See Figure 33–4 on page 852.
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a. Fishes
b. Birds
c. Reptiles
d. Amphibians
e. Mammals
f. Nonvertebrate chordates
Reading Skill Practice
By looking carefully at photographs and illustrations in textbooks, you can help
yourself better understand what you have read. Look carefully at Figure 33–3 on
page 851. What idea does the photograph communicate?
This photograph shows that the evolution of four limbs allowed animals to move more easily on land.
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 33
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Section 33–2 Controlling Body Temperature
Date ______________
(pages 854–856)
TEKS FOCUS: 12C Compare variations, tolerances, and adaptations of animals in different biomes
This section explains how controlling body temperature is important for
maintaining homeostasis. It also describes the differences between ectotherms
and endotherms.
Body Temperature and Homeostasis
(pages 854–855)
1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about body temperature.
a. Essential life functions in animals can be carried out most efficiently at any
temperature.
b. If muscles are too cold, they may contract slowly.
c. If an animal gets too hot, its muscles will work more efficiently.
d. The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis.
2. List three features that vertebrates need in order to control their body temperature.
a. A source of body heat for the body
b. A way to conserve heat
c. A method of eliminating excess heat
Match each description with the method of controlling body heat. Methods
may be used more than once.
Description
3. An animal whose body temperature
is controlled from within
a
4. Examples include reptiles, fishes,
and amphibians
a
5. Warm up by basking in the sun
b
6. High metabolic rates that generate a significant
amount of heat
a
7. An animal whose body temperature is mainly
determined by the temperature of its environment
b
8. Have feathers, body fat, or hair for insulation
a
9. Easily lose heat to the environment
a
10. Low metabolic rate
b
11. Cools off by panting or sweating
Method
a. Ectotherm
b. Endotherm
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500
b
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Comparing Ectotherms and Endotherms
Date ______________
(page 856)
12. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of endothermy.
Advantage: Endotherms can move around easily during cool nights or in cold weather.
Disadvantage: Endotherms require a lot of fuel in the form of food.
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Ectothermy is a more energy-efficient way to
live in cold environments.
false
Evolution of Temperature Control
(page 856)
14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the evolution of temperature control.
a. The first land vertebrates were ectotherms.
b. Scientists know when endothermy evolved.
c. Some biologists hypothesize that dinosaurs were endotherms.
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d. Evidence suggests that endothermy evolved more than once.
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 33
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Section 33–3 Form and Function in Chordates
(pages 857–864)
TEKS FOCUS: 3D Careers; 10A Body systems
This section explains how the organ systems of the different chordate groups
carry out essential life functions.
Feeding
(pages 857–858)
filter feeders
1. Most tunicates and all lancelets are
. They remove
pharynx
plankton from the water that passes through their
.
2. Circle the letter of the vertebrates that are filter feeders.
a. tunicates
b. flamingoes
c. manta rays
d. crocodiles
3. What adaptations do vertebrates have to feed on nectar? They have long bills or narrow
snouts.
4. Is the following sentence true or false? Mammals with sharp canine teeth and incisors
false
are filter feeders.
5. Circle the letter of the vertebrates that typically have short digestive tracts that produce
enzymes.
a. herbivores
Respiration
b. endotherms
c. carnivores
d. ectotherms
(pages 858–859)
6. Is the following sentence true or false? Generally, aquatic chordates use lungs for
respiration.
false
7. List three examples of respiratory adaptations or structures used by chordates in
addition to gills and lungs.
a. Many bony fish have air sacs that are derived from the gut.
b. Lancelets and some sea snakes respire by the diffusion of oxygen across their body surfaces.
respire by diffusion.
8. Describe the basic process of breathing among land vertebrates. Inhaling brings oxygenrich air into the trachea and into the lungs. The oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide
diffuses out of the capillaries into the air. Oxygen-poor air is then exhaled.
9. Is the following sentence true or false? Mammals typically have more surface area in
their lungs than amphibians.
true
10. Bubblelike structures in the lungs that provide an enormous surface area for gas
exchange are called
502
alveoli
.
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 33
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c. Many adult amphibians use their moist skin and the linings of their mouths and pharynxes to
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11. Complete the flowchart that describes the path of water as it moves through a fish. See
Figure 33–9 on page 859.
Water flows in through the fish’s
the
gills
mouth
, where muscles pump the water across
.
oxygen
As water passes over the gill filaments,
capillaries. At the same time,
carbon dioxide
Water and carbon dioxide are pumped out through the
molecules diffuse into blood in the
diffuses from blood into water.
gill slits
.
12. Why do mammals need large amounts of oxygen? They require oxygen for their
endothermic metabolism.
13. Why are the lungs of birds most efficient? Air flows through bird lungs in only one direction.
Thus, gas-exchange surfaces are constantly in contact with fresh air.
Circulation
(pages 860–861)
14. Is the following sentence true or false? Chordates that use gills for respiration have a
single-loop circulatory system.
true
15. Identify where the blood is carried in each loop of a double-loop circulatory system.
First loop: Carries blood between the heart and the lungs
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Second loop: Carries blood between the heart and the body
16. Is the following sentence true or false? In a double-loop system, oxygen-poor blood
from the heart is carried to the body.
17. In vertebrates with gills, the heart consists of
false
two
chambers.
18. What is the advantage of the reptilian heart over the amphibian heart? The reptilian heart
heart has a partial partition in the ventricle that reduces the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor
blood.
19. Why is a four-chambered heart sometimes described as a double pump? One pump
moves blood through the lung loop, and the other moves blood through the body loop.
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Excretion
Class __________________
Date ______________
(page 861)
gills
20. In nonvertebrate chordates and fishes,
excretion. However, most vertebrates rely on
play an important role in
kidneys
.
21. Circle the letter of each chordate that eliminates nitrogenous wastes as urea.
a. tunicates
c. birds
b. reptiles
d. mammals
22. How do vertebrate kidneys help maintain homeostasis? The kidneys regulate the
amounts of water, salt, and other substances dissolved in body fluids.
Response
(page 862)
23. Is the following sentence true or false? Nonvertebrate chordates have a complex brain
with distinct regions.
false
24. Circle the letter of the part of the brain that controls the function of many internal
organs.
a. medulla oblongata
c. olfactory bulbs
b. optic lobes
d. cerebrum
25. Is the following sentence true or false? The cerebrum and cerebellum are most developed
in birds and mammals.
Movement
true
(page 863)
26. Although nonvertebrate chordates lack bones, they do have
muscles
27. What structures make it possible for vertebrates to control movement?
.
Along with
Reproduction
(page 864)
28. Is the following sentence true or false? Vertebrate evolution shows a general trend from
internal to external fertilization.
false
29. Circle the letter of development in which the eggs develop internally and the embryos
receive nutrients from the yolk surrounding them.
504
a. oviparous
c. viviparous
b. ovoviviparous
d. asexual
Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 33
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
muscles, the backbone and ligaments support the body, making it possible to control movement.
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WordWise
Use the clues to identify vocabulary terms from Chapter 33. Write the words
on the lines. Then, find the terms hidden in the puzzle and circle them.
Clues
Vocabulary Terms
An animal whose body temperature is mainly
determined by the temperature of its environment
ectotherm
A flexible, supporting structure that is found only
in chordates
notochord
Bubblelike structures in the lungs that provide an
enormous surface area for gas exchange
alveoli
A rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms
is a(an) _____ radiation.
adaptive
© Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
An animal whose body temperature is controlled
from within
endotherm
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Guided Reading and Study Workbook/Chapter 33
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