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CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 3
Another conflict grew out of Britain’s shortage of sailors. Life in the British
navy was so bad at the time that few British citizens chose to join—and many
deserted. To fill its need for sailors, Britain used the policy of impressment
impressment,,
or kidnapping, of American merchant sailors. Between 1803 and 1812, the
British impressed about 6,000 Americans to work on British ships.
More About . . .
No More Trade Instead of declaring war, Jefferson asked Congress to pass
Impressment
Britain claimed the right to force any of
its citizens to serve in the navy. During
this period, Britain asserted that it was
taking only British subjects from American
ships. The British ignored the fact that
many people born in Britain had become
naturalized American citizens.
With the largest navy in the world at war
with France, Britain had a desperate need
for sailors, especially since many of them
chose to work on American merchant ships.
In one notable case, a British naval ship
attacked the Chesapeake, an American ship,
killing three crew members while impressing
four others.
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Skillbuilder Practice, p. 87
Answer: The battle
was probably a
severe setback
for Tecumseh’s
movement.
(below right)
t The
Shawnee were defeated
at the Battle of
Tippecanoe. How did
the Battle of Tippecanoe
affect Tecumseh’s hopes
for unity?
More About . . .
Tecumseh
Tecumseh is one of the most revered of
Native American leaders. He was a great
statesman and warrior, as well as an
accomplished orator. In declaring the Treaty
of Fort Wayne meaningless, he said:
[Whites] have taken upon
themselves to say this [land] belongs
to the Miamis, this to the Delawares,
and so on. But the Great Spirit
intended [Native American land]
as the common property of all the
tribes, [and it cannot] be sold without
the consent of all.
In a letter, Tecumseh reflected bitterly on
the white man’s treatment of his people:
“We gave them forest-clad mountains and
valleys full of game. And in return what
did they give to our warriors and to our
women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave.”
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Primary and Secondary Sources,
pp. 96–97
354 • Chapter 10
legislation that would stop all foreign trade. The president described his
policy as “peaceable coercion
coercion.”
. Coercion means forcing someone to act in
a certain way by pressure or threats. Jefferson believed that the legislation
would prevent further bloodshed.
In December, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807,
1807 which forbade
American ships from sailing to foreign ports. The act also closed American ports to British ships. The policy harmed the United States more than
it harmed France or Britain. American farmers lost key markets for their
products. Shippers lost income, and many chose to violate the embargo by
making false claims about where they were going.
The embargo became an issue in the election of 1808, which James
Madison won. By then, Congress had repealed the act. Madison’s solution
to the problem was a law that allowed merchants to trade with any country
except France and Britain. Trade with them would resume when they agreed
to respect U.S. ships. This law was no more effective than the embargo.
Tecumseh and Native American Unity British interference with American
shipping and impressment of U.S. citizens made Americans angry. Many also
believed the British were trying to stop American expansion in the Northwest
by stirring up Native American resistance to frontier settlements.
Since the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, Native Americans had continTecumseh,, a Shawnee chief, vowed
ued to lose their land to white settlers. Tecumseh
to stop this. He believed that Native American tribes had to unite in order
to protect their land. Events in 1809 proved him right. That September,
William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, signed
the Treaty of Fort Wayne with chiefs of the Miami, Delaware, and
Potawatomi tribes. They agreed to sell more than three million
acres of land. But Tecumseh declared the treaty void. He believed
that the sale could go through only with the agreement of all
tribes, not just some.
Chief Tecumseh
354 Chapter 10
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
to Music
Research Patriotic Songs
Point out that the “Star Spangled Banner” and
the lyrics from the “Marine’s Hymn” (such as
the second line, “To the shores of Tripoli”) refer
to events described in this section. Assign small
groups to research the history of songs related
to this time period and give a brief presentation
of their findings. If possible, have presenters
include an audio recording of the song as well as
printed lyrics so that students can sing along.
CONNECT
to Language Arts
Compare Word Meanings and
Histories
Explain that in the past, the United States used
a draft to enlist soldiers in the armed forces.
Instruct individuals or small groups to research
the terms draft and impressment. Students
should then prepare a chart comparing the two
practices.
CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 3
Many Native Americans did answer Tecumseh’s call for unity. But he was
too late. In late 1811, while Tecumseh was away recruiting for his alliance,
Harrison’s forces defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Following
this defeat, Tecumseh sided with the British in Canada. Tecumseh’s welcome
in Canada increased anti-British feelings in the West.
SUMMARIZE Explain what conflicts with other nations the United States had in
the early 1800s.
The War of 1812
Answer: The British and
French seized U.S. ships.
The British kidnapped
U.S. sailors and supported
Native American
resistance.
KEY QUESTION What were the effects of the War of 1812?
GEOGRAPHY
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e
Click here to see the interactive map
@ ClassZone.com
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V
VT.
Mich
Wa
2
b
R.
ash
L.
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rie
R.
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of the War
1
Atlantic Ocean British navy blockades
American Coast, 1813
2
Lake Erie Perry’s fleet defeats a British
fleet, 1813
3
Thames River Harrison defeats British in
Canada, killing Tecumseh, 1813
4
Washington, D.C. British burn the capital
but later fail to capture nearby Baltimore,
1814
5
Lake Champlain American ships defeat
British, who retreat to Canada, 1814
6
New Orleans Jackson’s army defeats
British in Battle of New Orleans, 1815
k
1
American victory
British victory
British blockade
6
Fort
Connect Geography
History
1. Location Where was Fort McHenry located?
2. Make Inferences Why did the British want
to capture New Orleans?
eff
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION
English Learners
Gifted & Talented
Culture: Clarify
Report on Successful Battle
Tactics
Explain that the term hawk is still used
in politics today. It refers to someone
who advocates aggression or war to
advance the interests of the government
or country. The opposite term for hawk
is dove. A dove refers to someone who
advocates peace. Have students write a
sentence or two, inferring why hawk and
dove have these meanings.
Think, Pair, Share
• Make a compare-contrast chart for the first
and second phases of the War of 1812. (first
phase: British focus on France, blockade of U.S.
ports, naval victories for United States; second
phase: British focus on United States, America
wins Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent
signed)
The War of 1812
N
40° Battles
The War of 1812
• Why were there more war hawks in the West
than in the Northeast? (Possible Answer:
People in the Northeast had stronger business
ties with Britain, while Westerners were
affected more by British support for Native
Americans.)
By 1812, more and more Americans were calling for war against Britain for
its role in helping Native Americans and its policy on the high seas. Those
war
ar h
hawks
aw
wks.
ks. Many of them came from the
who supported war were called wa
western part of the country. Those in the Northeast, which had business ties
with Britain, were less eager for war. The American government wanted all
Americans to feel that their country could protect them. Finally on June 18,
1812, President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.
L
Teach
Have students select a battle shown
on the map and research reasons for
the American or British victory there.
Students should write a detailed
paragraph on their findings or present
a brief oral report.
• Sequence Events Put the following events
in chronological order: Battle of New Orleans,
British burn the Capitol, Battle of Lake
Champlain. (British burn the Capitol, Battle of
Lake Champlain, Battle of New Orleans)
GEOGRAPHY
The War of 1812
CLASSZONE.COM
Connect Geography
History
ANALYZE Point out that several battles
in the War of 1812 occurred along the U.S.
border with Canada, which was controlled by
Britain at the time.
• Look at the map on page 355. What was
Britain’s war strategy in the United States?
(Possible Answers: Britain wanted to keep
Americans out of Canada; Britain thought
burning the Capitol would weaken American
forces.)
• Why was the size of the British Navy important
in this war? (Britain was able to form a
blockade along most of the U.S. coastline.)
ANSWERS
1. Location Baltimore, Maryland
2. Make Inferences because it was an
important port for controlling American trade
Teacher’s Edition • 355