Download Comparing the Real Size of African Economies

Comparing the Real Size
of African Economies
Results of the 2011 International Comparison
Program for Africa
African Development Bank Group
This report was prepared by the Statistical
Capacity Building Division of the Statistics
Department at the African Development Bank. The
findings reflect the opinions of the authors and
not necessarily those of the African Development
Bank or its Board of Directors. Every effort has
been made to present reliable information as
provided by 50 countries that participated in
the 2011 round of the International Comparison
Program for Africa conducted from January 2011
to April 2012.
Statistics Department
Chief Economist Complex
African Development Bank
Immeuble du Centre de commerce international
d’Abidjan
Avenue Jean-Paul II
01 BP 1387 Abidjan 01
Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Tel: (225) 20 26 33 25
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.afdb.org
Copyright © 2014 African Development Bank
Design & Production:
Phoenix Design Aid / www.phoenixdesignaid.dk
ISBN: 978-9938-882-34-6
2
Comparing the Real Size
of African Economies
Results of the 2011 International Comparison
Program for Africa
November 2014
Statistical Capacity Building Division · Statistics Department · Chief Economist Complex · African Development Bank Group
Table of Contents
List of Boxes, Figures, and Tables
Preface
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
Abbreviations and Acronyms
x
Executive Summary
xi
Part 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
1
1.1.
Overview
2
1.1.1.
2
1.1.2. Country participation
2
Conceptual framework
2
1.2.1. Why ICP?
2
1.2.2. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs)
3
1.2.3 Exchange rates
4
1.2.4. Price Level Indices (PLIs)
4
1.2.5. Uses of PPPs
6
1.2.6 When not to use PPPs
8
1.2.7. Reliability of PPPs and real expenditures
8
1.2.8 Real expenditure
9
1.2.9. Actual Individual Consumption (AIC)
9
1.2.10. Methodological improvements compared with ICP 2005
1.2.
About the International Comparison Program
v
10
Part 2. Results and Findings
14
2.1.
15
2.2. A summary presentation of the main results
15
2.3. Country Analysis
22
Introduction
2.3.1 GDP shares in Africa: nominal and real
22
2.3.2 Real GDP per capita
27
2.3.3 Price Level Indices
29
iii
Part 3. Sector Analysis
30
3.1
Introduction
31
3.2
Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
32
3.3
Food expenditures
33
3.3.1 Food and GDP expenditure
35
3.4
Household welfare
35
3.5
Government Final Consumption Expenditure
38
3.6. Education and Health
38
3.6.1 Education
38
3.6.2 Health
38
3.7.
Recreation and Culture
41
3.8. Price Levels of Infrastructure
43
3.9
46
3.10 Country PLIs of Gross Fixed Capital Formation
3.11
Part 4. Consistency between the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
48
4.1
Introductory note
49
4.2
GDP shares: consistency between 2005 and 2011
49
4.3
Price level consistency between 2005 and 2011
51
Part 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Investment: Gross Fixed Capital Formation
47
Per capita Gross Domestic Product and per capita Gross Fixed Capital Formation 47
52
Glossary
124
Bibliography
141
iv
List of Boxes, Figures, and
Tables
BOXES
Box 1. Computation of Purchasing Power Parity
3
Box 2. The theory of Purchasing Power Parity
5
Box 3. Exchange rates and PPPs
6
Box 4. Examples of questions that can only be answered using PPPs or PLIs
10
Box 5. New Scenario: GDP Country Shares (Africa = 100%)
using Nigeria new revised figures for 2013
23
Box 6. 55
FIGURES
Figure A. GDP shares in Africa in nominal and real terms, 2011
Analytical categories shown in Tables 2 to 9
22
Figure B. Size of African economies: GDP in real and nominal terms (ZAR mn):
the 24 largest economies
24
Figure C. Size of African economies: GDP in real and nominal terms (ZAR mn):
the 26 smallest economies
25
Figure D. Real per capita Gross Domestic Product (ZAR)
26
Figure E. Distribution of real per capita GDP (ZAR) by number of countries
27
Figure F. Country PLI at GDP level, 2011 (Africa = 100)
28
Figure G. Ratio: food & non-alcoholic beverages PLI/ GDP PLI
31
Figure H. Food PLIs –10 most expensive and 10 least expensive countries (Africa = 100)32
Figure I. Bread and cereals PLIs: 10 most expensive and 10 least expensive countries
(Africa = 100)
33
Figure J. Per capita real expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages (ZAR)
34
Figure K. Correlation between per capita real GDP and per capita
real expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages
35
Figure L. Real per capita Actual Individual Consumption (Africa = 100)
36
Figure M. Real per capita collective consumption by government (Africa = 100)
37
Figure N. Real per capita consumption of education services (Africa=100)
39
Figure O. Real per capita consumption of health services (Africa=100)
40
Figure P. Correlation between real per capita GDP and real per capita expenditure
on recreation & culture
41
v
Figure Q. Price levels of infrastructure: 10 highest and 10 lowest countries
(Africa = 100)
42
Figure R. Real per capita Gross Fixed Capital Formation (ZAR):
23 highest and 26 lowest countries
44
47
Figure S. Correlation between per capita GDP and per capita GFCF
Figure T. Real GDP country shares (Africa = 100%) with 48 participating countries
(excluding Algeria & Seychelles)
50
Figure U. 2011 Real GDP country shares (Africa = 100%) with 50 participating countries
(including Algeria & Seychelles)
50
Figure V. Price Level Indices for ten highest and lowest countries: 2005 and 2011
(Africa=1)
TABLES
Table 1. Summary of main results, ICP 2011
51
18
Table 2. Nominal GDP and main expenditure components in local currency units
(millions)
60
68
Table 3. Nominal main expenditure component shares by country (GDP = 100)
Table 4. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for GDP and main expenditure components
by country (ZAF = 1)
76
Table 5. Price Level Indices for GDP and main expenditure components by country
(Africa = 100)
84
Table 6. Real GDP and main expenditure components by country (ZAR millions)
92
Table 7. Table 8. Real GDP per capita and main expenditure components (ZAR)
Real GDP and main expenditure components country shares (Africa = 100) 100
Table 9. Real GDP per capita and main expenditure components relatives
(Africa = 100)
vi
108
116
Preface
The Statistics Department of the African Development Bank (AfDB) is pleased to present
the results of the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program (ICP) for Africa.1
This latest round is the third large-scale international price and volume comparison for
Africa executed under the leadership of the
AfDB. The first was the 2005 round of the ICP
and this was followed by an interim comparison of Household Consumption Expenditure
in 2009. The 2011 round covers 50 Regional
Member Countries – a record for ICP Africa.
In carrying out these comparisons, the AfDB
has worked closely with its Regional Member
Countries and with the Sub-regional Organizations (SROs) AFRISTAT, COMESA, ECOWAS,
and SADC.2 These organizations provided invaluable assistance in coordinating the activities of the sub-regional groups into which the
participating countries of Africa were divided.
With the guidance of the AfDB, the SROs organized workshops to explain the program and
help countries follow the standardized rules
and procedures for the comparison, they also
verified the price and expenditure data submitted by their member countries.
The ICP is a global program and the 2011 round
covered 199 economies from all regions of the
1 Of the AfDB’s Regional Member Countries, only Eritrea, Libya,
and Somalia did not participate in the 2011 ICP round. South Sudan
was not a separate regional member country at the time of the 2011
round.
2 AFRISTAT – Observatoire Economique et Statistique d’Afrique
Subsaharienne; COMESA – Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa; ECOWAS – Economic Community of West Africa States; SADC
– Southern African Development Community.
world.3 With the release of the global results
by the World Bank this year, we have comparisons of real GDP and price levels for Africa with
other regions – with Asia and the Pacific, Latin
America, West Asia, and the OECD / European
Union group of countries. We also have comparisons with individual countries – South Africa and Brazil, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, small
African countries with small Asian countries,
and so on. International comparisons reveal
important differences between countries and
lead analysts to ponder why some do better
than others. What lessons can the less successful learn from the better performers?
Africa is not only the largest region in the Global Comparison with 50 participating countries,
but it is one of the most diverse. The region
covers small island states like the Seychelles
and Cabo Verde, as well as large countries
like Algeria, Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt
whose populations are spread over huge urban conglomerations and remote rural areas.
This makes it particularly difficult to carry out
the comparison according to the strict rules
and procedures which have been laid down by
the ICP Global Office and which are designed
to guarantee that like is compared with like
and that all countries follow the same rules
of classification and measurement. Thanks to
the dedication and hard work of statisticians
in its Regional Member Countries (RMCs), the
AfDB is confident that the results of this latest
round are reasonably robust and reliable.
3 A number of Caribbean and Pacific Islands are participating for
the first time.
vii
This report is in five parts: Part I introduces the
basic ideas behind the International Comparison Program, including an explanation of Purchasing Power Parities and Price Level Indices.
It is written in non-technical language and it is
expected that most users will read Part I before looking at the results of ICP 2011 in Parts II
to V. The results are accompanied by a number
of charts and graphs showing how ICP results
can be used for economic analysis and the formulation of economic policy.
THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
­PROGRAM HAS SOME IMPORTANT SPIN-OFFS:
Chief among the spin-offs is statistical capacity-building in participating countries. Most
countries in Africa now compile consumer price
indices (CPIs) but ICP required them to also
start collecting prices of machinery and equipment and building materials, as well as wages
and salaries of workers in government and the
construction industry. The ICP also requires
countries to estimate GDP from the expenditure side – GDP (E) – covering household and
government consumption, gross fixed capital formation, change in inventories, and net
exports of goods and services. Special workshops were held throughout the region to help
countries with their GDP (E) estimates, some
of which were compiling this estimate for the
first time.
publications and its online databases, in particular the Africa Information Highway (AIH)
initiative, which was officially launched in
South Africa in February 2014.4 The 2011 round
of ICP program has done much to bolster the
Bank’s role as a driver of statistical excellence
across the continent. I am therefore pleased to
recommend this publication to all the current
and future users of statistical data relating to
Africa’s economic performance.
Charles Leyeka Lufumpa
Director, Statistics Department,
African Development Bank
Another spin-off is the extensive database
that the AfDB has now built up of price and
volume measures for Africa covering the years
2005, 2009, and 2011. This is a valuable resource for national governments, international
organizations, and academic researchers both
in Africa and abroad.
The AfDB is widely recognized as a knowledge
bank for the region, both through its statistical
viii
4 The Africa Information Highway (AIH) is a revolutionary data
management and dissemination platform that will have a major impact on how regional data are collected, stored, and used by anyone
who wishes to access it.
Acknowledgments
This report on “Measuring the Real Size of
African Economies: Results of the 2011 International Comparison Program for Africa” was
prepared by a team led by Oliver J. M. Chinganya, ICP-Africa Coordinator and Manager, Statistical Capacity Building Division, Statistics
Department of the African Development Bank.
The core team included Besa Muwele, Stephen Bahemuka, Marc Koffi Kouakou, Grégoire
Mboya De Loubassou, Imen Hafsa, Meryem
Mezhoudi, Ines Mahjoub, Meriem Bekri, Abdoulaye Adam (consultant), Derek Blades†
(consultant), David Roberts (consultant), and
Tabo Symphorien (consultant).
The collection, editing, and validation of country data were carried out by the participating
50 countries under the close supervision of the
AfDB’s Statistics team and respective ICP support team at the sub-regional organizations.
The multilateral review of input data was performed by the Global Office team. The generation of results was led by Sergey Sergeev from
Statistik Austria, who also provided valuable
training on aggregation methods and tools.
† Derek Blades and Mantoa Molengoane passed away before this
report was released. Derek Blades was a pillar during the implementation of the 2011 International Comparison Program in Africa and his
advice was always highly valued. He also contributed immensely to
drafting of the 2011 International Comparison Program in Africa reports. Mantoa Molengoane, Expert Statistician from Lesotho, was a
key player in sustaining support for statistical capacity building for
SADC member states. She was also involved in providing valuable support to SADC member states in the implementation of International
Comparison Program in Africa. We shall remain indebted to both of
them. May their souls rest in peace!
Price statisticians and national accounts experts from the 50 participating countries under the general guidance of Directors General
of the National Statistical Offices contributed
fully to the success of the program. The AfDB
coordinating teams benefited not only from
the willingness of participating countries to
collect, edit, and review their data inputs but
also from the practical insights and advice provided during the workshops and one-on-one
consultations during the course of the program.
The program also benefited from support provided by the ICP-Africa coordination teams in
the participating sub-regional organizations,
led by Cosme Vodounou (AFRISTAT), Themba
Munalula and Rees Mpofu (COMESA), Ackim
Jere and Mantoa Molengoane† (SADC), and
­Iliyasu M. Bobbo (ECOWAS).
The AfDB Statistics Department Team responsible for the Desktop Publishing was led by
Grégoire Mboya De Loubassou and comprised
Imen Hafsa, Meriem Mezhoudi, and Abdoulaye
Adam. The editor was Sandra Jones (Consultant).
This publication was prepared under the direction of Oliver J. M. Chinganya, Manager of the
Statistical Capacity Building Division, and the
overall guidance of the AfDB Director of Statistics Department, Charles Leyeka Lufumpa.
ix
Abbreviations and
­Acronyms
AfDB AHC
AIC
AMU
CAR
CEMAC
COMESA
CPI DRC
ECCAS
ECOWAS
GCF
GDP GFCE
GFCF
ICP
IMF LCU
MORES NPISH
NSO
OECD
PA
PIM
PLI
PPP
RECs
RMCs
SADC
SAO
SROs
SNA UNESCO
XR
ZAF
ZAR
x
African Development Bank
Actual Household Consumption
Actual Individual Consumption
Arab Maghreb Union
Central African Republic
Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Consumer Price Index
Democratic Republic of Congo
Economic Community of Central African States
Economic Community of West African States
Gross Capital Formation
Gross Domestic Product
Government Final Consumption Expenditure
Gross Fixed Capital Formation
International Comparison Program
International Monetary Fund
Local currency unit
Model Report on Expenditure Estimates
Non-Profit Institution Serving Households
National Statistics Office
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
Productivity Adjustment
Perpetual Inventory Method
Price Level Index
Purchasing Power Parity
Regional Economic Communities
Regional Member Countries
South African Development Community
São Tomé and Principe
Sub-regional Organizations
System of National Accounts
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Exchange rate
South Africa
South African Rand
Executive Summary
1. BACKGROUND
The International Comparison Program (ICP)
is a global statistical program set up on the
recommendation of the United Nations Statistical Commission. This latest round – ICP
2011 – is the second full round of the ICP for
Africa, executed under the leadership of the
African Development Bank (AfDB). It covered
50 countries, which was a record for Africa.5
The first was in 2005 and covered 48 regional member countries. For operational purposes the countries were divided into four sub-­
regions – ­AFRISTAT, COMESA, ECOWAS, and
SADC.6 The success of the 2011 ICP is in large
part due to the invaluable assistance provided
by the secretariats of these agencies, as well
as the support and hard work of the participating countries.
This report discusses the final results of the
2011 ICP round for Africa. It provides details of
purchasing power parity (PPP)–adjusted Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) expenditure, purchasing power parity (PPP) indices, and price level
indices for 50 African participating countries.
The results cover all GDP breakdown components, such as final household consumption,
government expenditure, and investment.
What are Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs)?
The purpose of the ICP is to compare the
GDPs of different countries to determine
5 Of the AfDB’s 53 Regional Member Countries in 2011, only Eritrea,
Libya, and Somalia did not participate in the 2011 ICP round.
6 AFRISTAT: l’Observatoire économique et statistique d’Afrique
subsaharienne: COMESA – Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa: ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African States:
SADC – Southern African Development Community.
their relative size, productivity, and material
well-being of their populations. Each country
estimates its GDP and component expenditures at national price levels and in national
currencies. In order to make comparisons, they
need to be expressed in a common currency
and valued at a common price level. The ICP
uses Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) to effect this double conversion.
PPPs are spatial price indices. They make it
possible to compare the GDPs and component
expenditures of countries in real terms by removing the price level differences between
them. There is a close parallel here with GDP
comparisons over time for a single country, where it is necessary to remove the price
changes from one year to the next in order to
assess the change in underlying volumes.
Why not use exchange rates?
Before PPPs became widely available, people
who wanted to compare the GDPs of different countries converted them to a common
currency using market exchange rates. This
resulted in misleading comparisons because
although the GDPs were all in the same currency, they were still at different price levels. The
people doing this often acknowledged that the
exchange rate-converted estimates could be
very misleading but they felt they had no alternative. Now that PPPs are available for almost
all countries in the world and are estimated
econometrically by the World Bank for the few
missing countries, there is no good reason to
compare GDP and its expenditure components
between countries using exchange rates.
xi
How are PPPs calculated?
A PPP is a spatial price index and it is calculated
in exactly the same way as a temporal price index such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). A CPI
is compiled by dividing the prices of goods and
services in the current year by their prices in an
earlier base year. These price relatives are then
averaged using expenditure weights that reflect
the relative importance of the various goods
and services in the market basket. PPPs are calculated in the same way: price relatives are first
calculated for a given product in one country by
its price in another, with both prices expressed
in each country’s national currency. These price
relatives are then averaged using expenditure
weights taken from the national accounts.
Temporal price indices are conventionally
shown as 100.0 in the base period. Being spatial price indices, PPPs have no base year. Instead they have a base country and the PPP
for the base country is conventionally shown
as 1.0.
Price Level Indices
PPPs represent the ratios of prices in different national currencies. As a result, a PPP
does not look like a temporal price index such
as the Consumer Price Index, which is calculated as a ratio of prices in the same currency. However, PPPs can easily be normalized
by dividing them by the exchange rate and
multiplying by 100. This gives what are called
Price Level Indices (PLIs): they show the price
level differences that have to be eliminated
to make proper volume comparisons. For the
African ICP, South Africa is the base country
and so the exchange rates used to calculate
PLIs are the rates against the South African
Rand (ZAR).
At the level of GDP, PLIs provide a measure of
the differences in the general price levels of
xii
countries. For example, Zambia’s PLI for GDP
is 107.5 and Mozambique’s is 121.5. This means
that if, in 2011, Zambians had changed their
Kwacha to Mozambique’s Metical at the market
exchange rate, had then traveled to Mozambique and bought a representative selection of
all the goods and services in GDP (capital goods
and government services as well as consumer
items), they would have found that they cost
((121.5 – 107.5) / 107.5) x 100.0 = 13.0% more
than if they had stayed home and bought the
same set of goods and services in Zambia.
Quality of the estimates
The 2011 ICP for Africa included countries ranging from small island states such as the Seychelles and Cabo Verde, to large and diverse
countries such as Egypt, Nigeria, and South
Africa where many people live in extensive
urban conurbations as well as in remote rural
areas. All countries had to produce national average prices for goods and services that
were comparable with those of other countries in the region. The accuracy of the PPPs
depends upon (i) the extent to which the selected goods and services were representative
of their entire country and (ii) the countries’
ability to provide national prices averaged
over the different regions, over the course
of the year and over different types of outlets. Participating countries were required to
explain how they had calculated average national prices. Their replies showed that most
countries had managed to obtain reasonably
even coverage of prices throughout the country, throughout the year, and covering different types of outlets.
A second problem for many countries was
to estimate the expenditure weights needed to calculate PPP. They were required to
break down the GDP into 155 expenditure
categories. This proved a challenge for many
countries that do not regularly estimate GDP
by the expenditure approach or do so at only
at the high aggregated level. The AfDB and
the four sub-regional agencies organized a series of workshops using an Excel spreadsheet
“­MORES,” designed by the ICP Global Office to
help countries deal with the requirements. An
analysis of the MORES forms shows that several innovative and ingenious techniques were
used to obtain the basic heading expenditure
estimates. While they could not make up for
the lack of basic data, the MORES workshops
helped to ensure that the often limited information available was used in the most efficient way possible.
PPPs are statistical constructs rather than precise measures. Like all statistics, they are point
estimates lying within a range of estimates –
the error margin – that includes the (unknown)
true value. The error margins surrounding
PPPs depend on the reliability of the expenditure weights and the price data reported by
participating countries, as well as the extent to
which the goods and services priced reflect the
consumption patterns and price levels of each
participating country. Bearing in mind that
there may be errors in the population data, in
addition to those in the price and expenditure
data, small differences between real GDPs and
real GDPs per capita should not be considered
significant. It is generally accepted that differences of less than 5% lie within the margin of
error of the PPP-based estimates.
Innovations
Each round of the ICP draws on the experience
gained in previous rounds. For ICP 2011, the
main innovations related to metadata, price
surveys for household final consumption expenditure, product lists, estimation of expenditure weights, the “importance” of products,
reference PPPs, the calculation of PPPs for
building and construction, data on compensation of government employees, and linking regional results to obtain the global comparison.
2. KEY RESULTS OF THE ICP 2011
Egypt has replaced South Africa as the
biggest economy in Africa
In 2005 South Africa was the largest economy
in Africa, with Egypt in second position. However, by 2011 Egypt had become the largest
economy in terms of real GDP. The change in
rankings of Egypt and South Africa is explained
by differences in their real growth of GDP over
the six years since 2005: between 2005 and
2011, the real growth of GDP in Egypt averaged
5.4% per annum compared with only 3.3% in
South Africa. Nigeria remains the third largest
economy and slightly increased its share of the
total African GDP from 13.3% to 14.1%.
Africa’s economy is dominated by just four
countries – Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, and
Algeria – each with real GDP over two thousand
trillion ZAR in real terms. Together these four
giants accounted for nearly 60% of ­African
GDP in 2011.
It is worth noting, however, that when ­Nigeria
revised its GDP in April 2014 from the 1990 base
year to 2010 and adjusted in PPPs terms, it became the largest economy in Africa and the
26th largest globally. The increase in ­Nigerian
GDP has resulted in Africa becoming the fourth
largest region of the world in between Latin
America and Western Asia.
Richest and poorest countries
“Rich” and “poor” are here taken to mean high
and low per capita GDP. Four relatively small
countries had the highest per capita GDP in
2011. In descending order, these were: Equatorial Guinea, Seychelles, Gabon, and ­Mauritius.
xiii
All had per capita GDP exceeding 70,000 ZAR.
At the other extreme, four countries, again in
descending order, were Burundi, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Comoros, and Liberia with
per capita GDP of less than 4,000 ZAR.
Price levels
Five countries had overall Price Level Indices
(PLIs) more than 30% above the average for
Africa: in descending order, Angola, Gabon,
South Africa, Namibia, and Equatorial Guinea.
At the other extreme, Tanzania, Madagascar,
Uganda, Ethiopia, and Egypt had PLIs for GDP
that were less than 75% of the African average. The GDP PLI for Egypt was particularly low
– just over 60% of the African average.
Investment
Investment is the key to economic development. In 2011 per capita investment was high
in many countries – notably Equatorial ­Guinea,
Seychelles, Botswana, and Mauritius – and exceptionally low in Liberia, Comoros, Burundi,
and the Central African Republic. Per capita investment is positively correlated with per capita GDP. This demonstrates the basic dilemma
of economic development. Countries with low
per capita GDP cannot generate the savings
required to invest for future growth: they are
poor because they cannot invest and they cannot invest because they are poor.
the African average. The Democratic ­Republic
of Congo and Liberia have the lowest per capita AIC – about one-fifth and one-quarter of
the African average respectively.
It is instructive to compare the rankings in
per capita AIC with per capita GDP. Equatorial
Guinea has the highest per capita GDP but falls
to 11th place for per capita AIC. A similar apparent disconnect is evident in Congo Republic,
which was ranked 15th in per capita GDP but
only 27th in per capita AIC. Egypt, on the other
hand, moves up from 8th position in per capita
GDP to 3rd in per capita AIC and Swaziland is
13th in per capita GDP but 10th in per capita AIC.
It is clear that high or low per capita GDP does
not automatically translate into high or low
per capita AIC.
“Africa in the World” upcoming report
The 50 countries that took part in ICP Africa
are included in the 2011 Global Comparisons,
which cover 199 economies.7 An AfDB report on
“Africa in the World” will be released alongside
the World Bank publication of the global results and comparison of the real GDP and price
levels for Africa with other regions.
Household welfare
A good measure of household welfare is provided by per capita Actual Individual Consumption (AIC). Actual Individual Consumption
includes all goods and services consumed by
households regardless of whether households
make the purchases themselves or receive
them free from the government.
Seychelles and Mauritius are at the top with
per capita AIC more than four times larger than
xiv
7
ICP 2011 covers a number of countries, including small Caribbean
and Pacific Islands that have not participated in previous rounds of
ICP. At the time of going to print, it is not clear exactly how many of
the newcomers can be included in the final results.
PART 1.
Introduction and Conceptual
Framework
1
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
1.1.
OVERVIEW
1.1.1. About the International Comparison
Program
The International Comparison Program (ICP) is
a global statistical program set up on the recommendation of the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC). It started in 1970 as
a joint venture of the United Nations and the
International Comparisons Unit of the University of Pennsylvania to compare, on a regular
and timely basis, the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of countries in real, “price-adjusted”
terms. Over the years, the ICP has expanded
and in the latest benchmark comparison for
2011 covered 199 economies.
Since 1970 the number of African countries
participating in ICP has been growing. In the
first two experimental phases (1970 and 1973),
Kenya was the only African country included
while in the third phase (1975), the number of
African countries increased to three. Subsequently 15, 23 and 22, African countries were
covered in comparisons for 1980, 1985, and
1993 respectively.
The ICP 2005 Program was the first to be coordinated by an African institution, namely the
African Development Bank (AfDB). Following
the successful completion of the 2005 round,
the AfDB, in consultation with its Regional
Member Countries (RMCs), decided to make
ICP a routine statistical operation to be undertaken annually, although on a reduced scale.
Forty-nine countries took part in the first reduced scale comparison for 2009, which covered only household consumption expenditure
and prices were collected only in capital cities.8
8 See AfDB (2012), A Comparison of Real Household Consumption
Expenditures and Price Levels in Africa, Statistics Department, African
Development Bank, Tunis.
2
This report gives the results of African countries with a full-scale bench-mark comparison
for the 2011 round, and covers all the expenditure components of the GDP; the results for
Africa are combined with those for other regions in the World Bank Global Comparison
Report.
1.1.2. Country participation
The ICP 2005 covered 48 countries, while the
ICP 2011 covered 50 African countries. Algeria
and Seychelles are the two additional countries included in the 2011 round. The following
countries participated by providing national accounts data and price averages: ­Algeria, ­Angola,
Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, ­Burundi, Cabo
Verde, Cameroon, ­Central ­African Republic,
Chad, Comoros, Congo, ­Democratic Republic,
Congo Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, ­Djibouti, Egypt,
Equatorial ­Guinea, Ethiopia, ­Gabon, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, ­Lesotho,
Liberia, ­Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, ­Mauritania,
Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
­Niger, ­Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and ­Principe,
­Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra ­Leone, South ­Africa,
Sudan, Swaziland, ­Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,
Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The National
Statistics Office (NSO) of each country was responsible for compiling the national accounts,
undertaking national accounts special surveys,
and collecting price data from selected outlets.
1.2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.2.1. Why ICP?
The purpose of the ICP is to compare the
GDPs of different countries to determine their
relative size, productivity, and the material
well-being of their resident populations. Each
country estimates its GDP and component expenditures at national price levels and in national currencies. To be compared, they need
to be valued at a common price level and
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
expressed in a common currency. The ICP uses
Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) to effect this
double conversion.
1.2.2. Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs)
PPPs are spatial price indices that make it
possible to compare the GDPs and component
expenditures of countries in real terms by removing the price effects. In the simplest example of a comparison between two countries, a
PPP is an exchange rate at which the currency of one country is converted into that of the
second country in order to purchase the same
volume of goods and services in both countries.
Box 1. Computation of Purchasing Power Parity
PPPs are compiled in the same way as a temporal price index such as the Consumer Price Index
(CPI). The CPI is compiled by dividing the prices of goods and services in the current year by their
prices in an earlier “base year.” These “price relatives” are then averaged using expenditure weights
that reflect the relative importance of the various goods and services so that, for example, the price
relative for bread gets a higher weight than the price relative for muffins.
PPPs are calculated in the same way: price relatives are first calculated for, say, 500 grams of
pre-packed Basmati rice by dividing its price in one country by its price in another, with both prices
expressed in each country’s national currency. These price relatives are “elementary” PPPs and they
are averaged with the elementary PPPs for other kinds of rice to obtain the PPP for the product
group “Rice.” (These first-level product groups are termed “Basic Headings” in the ICP Expenditure
Classification.) Subsequently, the PPP for “Rice” is averaged with the PPPs for “Pasta Products,”
“Beef,” Chilled and Fresh fruit,” and other Basic Headings to obtain the PPP for “Food.” The process
continues to obtain PPPs for “Household Consumption Expenditure,” and eventually for total GDP.
The PPPs for the lowest level of the classification such as the Basic Heading ”Rice” are calculated
as the simple unweighted averages of the price relatives of different kinds of rice. However, for
higher levels of aggregation, expenditure weights that reflect the importance of each product group
in total expenditure are used. Because expenditure weights are not the same in all countries, the
expenditure weights have to be averaged over all the participating countries.
Temporal price indices are conventionally shown as 100.0 in the base period. Being spatial price
indices, PPPs have no base year. Instead they have a base country and the PPP for the base country
is conventionally shown as 1.0. In this report, South Africa is the base country. If another country had
been selected as base country, the PPPs would be different but the ratio of the PPPs between any
pair of countries would be exactly the same. South Africa is not in any way being treated differently
from the other countries and you can switch the base to any country you want by simply dividing all
the other countries’ PPPs by the PPP of your chosen country. We can also switch to Africa as the base
and this is often more useful than using a single country as the base.
3
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
This makes it possible to compare the GDPs
and component expenditures of countries in
real terms by removing the price level differences between them. There is a close parallel
here with GDP comparisons over time for a single country, where it is necessary to remove the
price changes from one year to the next in order
to assess the change in underlying volumes.
In this report, PPPs are shown for 20 expenditure components, such as: Food and Non Alcoholic Beverages; Clothing and Footwear;
Transport, Machinery and Equipment; and
Construction. These PPPs are then used to
convert expenditures reported by countries in
their national currencies to a common currency
and at the same price levels. This means that
the comparisons are between expenditure volumes: they are real comparisons and are not
distorted by price differences. (In exactly the
same way, GDP at constant prices is used to
compare the real changes in the volume of a
country’s GDP from one year to the next, undistorted by changes in prices.)
The notion of PPPs is sometimes interpreted
as “equilibrium” exchange rates, to which market exchange rates are expected to converge –
but this is not correct. See the theory of PPPs
in Box 2.
1.2.3 Exchange rates
An exchange rate (foreign exchange rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one
currency will be exchanged for another – the
value of one country’s currency in terms of
another currency. Before PPPs became widely available, the GDPs of different countries
were often converted to a common currency
using market exchange rates. This resulted
in misleading comparisons because although
the GDPs were all in the same currency, they
were still at different price levels (see Box 3).
4
The people who carried out this process often
acknowledged that the exchange rate-converted estimates could be misleading but
they felt they had no alternative. Now that
PPPs are available for almost all countries in
the world and are calculated econometrically
by the World Bank for the few missing countries, there is no possible reason to compare
GDP and its expenditure components using
exchange rates. This is now widely recognized
by economists, financial journalists, and other
analysts, and by international organizations.
The World Bank, the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), as well
as the United Nations and its affiliates now
routinely use PPPs in comparative analyses of
their member countries.
1.2.4. Price Level Indices (PLIs)
Price Level Indices are the ratios of the PPPs to
the exchange rates. They provide a measure of
the differences in price levels between economies by indicating for a given aggregation level
or analytical category the number of units of
the common currency needed to buy the same
volume of the aggregation level or analytical
category in each economy. At the level of GDP,
they provide a measure of the differences in
the general price levels of economies. Countries with PLIs greater than 100 have price
levels that are higher than that of the base
country, while countries with PLIs less than
100 have price levels that are lower than that
of the base country.
Like PPPs, PLIs can be calculated for products, product groups, aggregates, and GDP.
At the level of GDP, PLIs provide a measure
of the differences in the general price levels
of countries. For example, if the GDP PLI for
a given country is 105.0, persons from that
country who converted their money to that of
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Box 2. The theory of Purchasing Power Parity
The premise behind Purchasing Power Parity theory is that if buyers and sellers have
equal access to markets and to information, the price of a given article will be the same
everywhere, unless there are differences in transaction costs. This is sometimes referred
to as the “law of one price” and means, for example, that a banana of a given quality will
have the same price everywhere in the world after deducting transaction costs which,
in the case of bananas, mainly consist of international freight and insurance charges.
Gustav Cassel, the Swedish economist whose name is most often linked to Purchasing
Power Parity theory, speculated that, in a free trade regime and ignoring differences in
transaction costs, the exchange rate should equal the PPP.
The Purchasing Power Parity theory has been interpreted in two different ways. It has
been used to assert that changes in PPPs will be linked to changes in exchange rates. If,
for example, a country’s PPP rises by 5% per year, indicating that each year its price level is
increasing 5% faster than in the base country, the exchange rate vis-à vis the base country
will depreciate by approximately the same amount. There is strong empirical evidence of
such a link: exchange rates do tend to depreciate when a country’s domestic inflation rate
is higher than that of its trade partners. The effect is not instantaneous and the changes
are not identical in size but the direction of the change is usually predictable.
Another interpretation, which is much less defensible, is that the PPP is actually the
“correct” or “equilibrium” exchange rate and that over time, markets will adjust the
exchange rate to the PPP. This interpretation relies on the assumption that exchange rates
are mainly determined by purchases of currencies to buy imports and by sales of currencies
earned from exports. In reality, only a part of the demand and supply of currencies is
related to international trade; indeed capital movements wholly unrelated to international
trade may have equal or even more impact on the exchange rate. At the same time
it should be noted that PPPs cover many goods and services which cannot be traded
internationally, so that their prices can have no direct effect on the exchange rate.
The PPPs calculated for the ICP are designed as price deflators for international
comparisons of the levels of GDP and that is what they should be used for. PPPs are not
“equilibrium” exchange rates and provide no guide as to what the exchange rate should be.
Reference: Cassel, Gustav (December 1918). “Abnormal Deviations in International
Exchanges,” The Economic Journal. Vol. 28, No. 112, pp. 413–415.
5
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Box 3. Exchange rates and PPPs
1. The ratio of the GDPs of two countries when both GDPs are valued at national
price levels and expressed in national currencies has three component ratios:
GDP ratio = price level ratio x currency ratio x volume ratio (1)
2.
hen converting the GDP ratio in (1) to a common currency using the exchange
W
rate as the currency converter, the resulting GDPXR ratio remains with two
component ratios:
GDPXR ratio = price level ratio x volume ratio (2)
he GDP ratio in (2) is expressed in a common currency, but it reflects both the
T
price level differences and the volume differences between the two countries.
3.
A PPP is defined as a spatial price deflator and currency converter. It comprises
two component ratios:
PPP = price level ratio x currency ratio (3)
4.
hen a PPP is used, the GDP ratio in (1) is divided through by (3) and the resulting
W
GDP ratio/PPP ratio has only one component ratio:
GDP ratio/PPP ratio = volume ratio (4)
The GDP ratio in (4) is expressed in a common currency, is valued at a common
price level, and reflects only volume differences between the two countries.
the base country at the market exchange rate
would find that a representative cross section
of all the goods and services in GDP would cost
5% less in the base country than in their own
country. In other words, the price level in their
own country is, on average, 5% higher than in
the base country.
1.2.5. Uses of PPPs
Policymakers and researchers, at both international and national levels, use PPPs as inputs
6
into economic research and policy analysis
that involve comparisons between countries.
PPPs are employed either to generate volume
measures with which to compare the size of
countries and their levels of material well-being, consumption, investment, government
expenditure and overall productivity, or to
generate price measures with which to compare price levels, price structures, price convergence, and competitiveness. PPP-converted
GDPs are used to standardize other economic
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
variables such as carbon emissions per unit of
GDP, energy use per unit of GDP, GDP per employee, or GDP per hour worked. Multinational
corporations, for example, use PPPs to evaluate the cost of investment in different countries. Some of the principal users are international bodies such as the African Development
Bank, the World Bank, the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, and the United Nations and its
affiliates.
Economic Communities (RECs) such as SADC,
ECOWAS, COMESA, ECCAS, EAC, and AMU.
The RECs have published a number of ambitious initiatives, supported by stronger institution and policy frameworks at the continental level. The rate of investment in regional
infrastructure connections has increased and
African countries have undertaken far-reaching regulatory reforms to facilitate trade. PPPs
can be used to assess the relative size of the
member states and their total market potential for investment.
One major use of PPPs is poverty assessment,
using the World Bank’s 1.25 dollar-a-day per
person international poverty threshold. National poverty assessments differ because
the purchasing power of national currencies
differs from one country to another. Therefore, to establish an international poverty line,
purchasing power needs to be equalized over
countries. This is done by converting the international poverty line of 1.25 dollars to national
price levels with PPPs. Data from household
surveys are then used to determine the number of people living with per capita consumption below this poverty line.
The World Health Organization uses PPPs
when comparing per capita expenditure on
health across countries. Similarly, the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) uses PPPs when assessing the per capita expenditure on education in different countries. A related use is
the estimation of the United Nation’s Human
Development Index, in which PPP-converted
gross national income per capita is one of the
three variables that constitute the index.
Regional integration and intra-regional trade
are major transformative development vehicles in Africa, particularly among the Regional
7
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
A detailed description regarding the various
uses, with some examples of the kind of questions that can be only be answered using PPPs
and PLIs, is provided in Box 4 below.
1.2.6 When not to use PPPs
PPPs are designed to compare GDP and its
expenditure components at a single point in
time. Three important points to bear in mind
are:
• Because of their focus on GDP, they are not
relevant for making international comparisons of other kinds of statistics. For example, when comparing migrant workers’
remittances or foreign direct investment in
different countries, the standard practice is
to convert them to a single currency using
exchange rates; indeed, that is the correct
procedure.
• Because they refer to a single point in time,
PPPs are not relevant when comparing the
changes in GDP over time. Each country’s
own estimates of real (“constant price”)
GDP in national currencies provide the only
correct measures of the growth of GDP.
• PPPs have sometimes been interpreted as
equilibrium exchange rates to which market
exchange rates are expected to converge.
This was a theoretical proposition first suggested by Gustav Cassel9 in the early years
of the last century. Experience since then
has cast considerable doubt on this convergence theory and the PPPs shown here
tell us nothing about what the market exchange rate “should be.”
9
Cassel, Gustav (1918), “Abnormal Deviations in International Exchanges” The Economic Journal, Vol. 28, No. 112, pp. 413–415, December.
8
1.2.7. Reliability of PPPs and real
expenditures
Estimates such as the PPPs are point estimates, which are subject to error. The error
margins surrounding PPPs depend on the reliability of the expenditure weights and the
price data reported by participating countries
as well as the extent to which the goods and
services priced reflect the consumption patterns and price levels of each participating
country. As with national accounts generally,
it is difficult to calculate precise error margins
for PPPs or for the real expenditures derived
from them.
The 2011 ICP in Africa included countries ranging from small island states such as the Seychelles and Cabo Verde to large and diverse
countries such as Egypt, Nigeria, and South
Africa, which include many people living in
remote rural areas and in large urban conurbations. These and similar countries had to
produce national average prices for goods and
services that were comparable with those of
other countries in their subregions. The accuracy of the PPPs for these countries depends
upon the extent to which the selected goods
and services were representative of their entire country and on their ability to provide nationally representative average prices.
The need to measure prices for internationally comparable goods and services means that
they are more likely to reflect prices in urban
areas. In practice, many household goods and
services are available only in towns, so the
urban and rural prices for these items are the
same. If the urban-to-rural price differentials are similar across countries, any bias will
tend to cancel out in the estimation of PPPs;
if not, results for some countries may be biased, up or down, depending on the degree
to which urban and rural areas are over- or
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
under-represented. The report on Quality Assessment and Methodology of ICP-Africa, to
be released soon, describes the national coverage of each country’s price collection for ICP
2011. It shows that most managed to obtain
reasonably even coverage of prices throughout the country.
Comparing countries by the size of their real
GDP or their real GDP per capita assumes that
all the countries employ the same definition of
GDP and that their measurement is equally exhaustive. During the conduct of ICP 2011, countries were trained on the procedures and need
to ensure the exhaustiveness of the measurement. As part of the monitoring process, all
countries provided information on the exhaustiveness and quality of national accounts, and
confirmed that they were in conformity with
SNA 1993 requirements. However, it is possible
that the GDPs of countries with large informal
sectors could be underestimated. It should be
noted that there may be errors in the population data, in addition to those in the price and
expenditure data. However, small differences
between real GDPs and real GDPs per capita
should not be considered significant. It is generally accepted that differences of less than
5% lie within the acceptable margin of error
of the PPP-based estimates.
There is also a need for caution when making comparisons of price levels or per capita
expenditures at low levels of aggregation.
Margins of error increase as the level of aggregation gets lower. Furthermore, some prices
such as for housing and health services are
more difficult to measure, and services in general are more difficult to price than are goods.
Comparisons of these components have wider
measures of error than, for example, those for
food products, beverages, and everyday items
for household use.
1.2.8 Real expenditure
Economies report nominal expenditures on
GDP and its constituent aggregates and product groups. Nominal expenditures are expenditures that are valued at national price levels.
They can be expressed either in national currencies or, when converted with exchange
rates, in a common currency. In the latter, the
converted expenditures remain nominal because, as explained earlier, exchange rates do
not correct for differences in price levels between economies, and so the expenditures are
still valued at national price levels. For the ICP,
economies report their nominal expenditures
in national currencies.
PPPs are used to convert these nominal expenditures to real expenditures. Real expenditures are expenditures that are valued at a
common price level. They reflect real or actual
differences in the volumes purchased in economies and provide the measures required for
international volume comparisons: indices of
real expenditure and indices of real expenditure per capita. At the level of GDP, indices of
real expenditure are widely used to compare
the size of economies, while indices of real
expenditure per capita are frequently used to
compare the material well-being of their resident population. Although the indices of real
expenditure and real expenditure per capita
GDP are the best-known, indices of real expenditure and real expenditure per capita for
aggregates and product groups are also important, allowing in-depth analysis of comparison
results.
1.2.9. Actual Individual Consumption (AIC)
Actual Individual Consumption or AIC comprises all the goods and services that households
consume to satisfy their individual needs. It
is defined as the sum of the individual consumption expenditures of households, general
9
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
government, and Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISHs). It is a measure of
the consumption of goods and services that
households actually consume, as opposed to
what they actually purchase. On a per capita basis, it is a better measure of material
well-being than either GDP or Individual Consumption Expenditure by Households, when
material well-being is defined in terms of the
goods and services consumed by households.
The provision of services such as health and
education can vary considerably from country
to country. If only household expenditure is
compared, countries where households purchase health and education themselves will
appear to consume more than households in
countries where these services are provided by
the government or NPISHs.
1.2.10.Methodological improvements
compared with ICP 2005
Each round of the ICP draws on the experience gained in previous rounds. For ICP 2011,
the principal innovations related to metadata,
price surveys for household final consumption
expenditure, product lists, estimation of expenditure weights, the “importance” of products, reference PPPs, the calculation of PPPs
for building and construction, data on compensation of government employees, and linking
regional results to obtain the global comparison.
These various changes are described in Quality
Assessment and Methodology of ICP-Africa, to
be published shortly.
Box 4 below gives some examples of the kinds
of questions that can only be answered using
PPPs and PLIs. They are all questions about
how any single country that participated in ICP
2011 compares to other countries in the region
or in the world as a whole. Such comparisons
are of interest to policy-makers, analysts, and
development planners both at the international level and within national governments.
Box 4. Examples of questions that can only be ­
answered using PPPs or PLIs
No.
10
Question
Relevant indicators
Issues for policy-makers
1
How “rich” is your country compared with other
countries in Africa (or the
world)?
GDP (PPP) / population
How can GDP growth rates be raised –
fiscal and monetary policy, industrial
policy?
2
How well-off are people in
your country compared with
other countries in Africa (or
the world)?
Actual household
consumption (PPP)
/ population
Measure of well-being (direct satisfaction of human needs whether direct or
collective)
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Box 4. Examples of questions that can only be ­
answered using PPPs or PLIs, cont.
No.
Question
Relevant indicators
Issues for policy-makers
3
How many people are living
in poverty?
Number of persons
living on less than
US$ 1.25 (PPP) per
day
Provision of aid to low-income families? Minimum wage legislation?
4
How productive are your
workers compared with
other countries in Africa (or
the world)?
GDP (PPP) / numbers employed, or
GDP (PPP) / hours
worked
If labor productivity is low, is it because
of low investment in the past? Do
labor skills match needs?
5
Compared with other countries in Africa (or the world),
how much of total GDP is
available for household
consumption?
Actual household
consumption (PPP)
/ GDP (PPP)
If only a small part of GDP goes into
household consumption, is the income
distribution unfairly skewed towards
the rich, are consumption taxes too
high, or does government expenditure
take too high a share in GDP?
6
Is expenditure on education in your country high or
low compared with other
countries in Africa (or the
world)?
Household + government expenditure on education
(PPP)/ population
If expenditure on education is exceptionally high in your country, are you
seeing concrete benefits such as higher literacy rates, or growth in hi-tech
services, or is money for education
being spent inefficiently?
7
Compared with other countries in Africa (or the world),
does your country have
a high or low investment
rate?
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation (PPP) /
population
Capital formation is a key driver
of economic development. If your
investment ratio is low compared to
other countries, how can resources be
shifted toward investment? A better
climate for foreign direct investment,
changes to the tax-code, or lower import duties on investment goods?
8
Compared with other
countries in Africa (or the
world), does your country
emit small or large amounts
of CO²?
Tons of CO² emissions / GDP (PPP)
If your CO²/GDP ratio is higher than
other countries, is it because you have
many energy-intensive industries or is
energy being used wastefully? Is there
a case for carbon taxes or carbon-trading? What can be done to improve
energy efficiency?
11
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Box 4. Examples of questions that can only be ­
answered using PPPs or PLIs, cont.
No.
12
Question
Relevant indicators
Issues for policy-makers
9
How much food do people in
your country consume compared with other countries
in Africa (or the world)?
Expenditure on
Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages
(PPP) /population
If per capita food consumption is low,
should aid be provided for low-income
families? Are food prices too high
because of inefficient distribution
system, or because import duties or
VAT rates are too high?
10
How efficient is your
government compared with
other countries in Africa (or
the world)?
Government collective expenditure
(PPP)/ population
Are government employees working
inefficiently – over-staffing, recruitment policy, staff training?
11
How does the price level
of construction in your
country compare with other
countries in Africa (or the
world)?
PLI for construction
If construction prices are higher in your
country than in neighboring countries,
what has gone wrong? Excessive
import duties on building materials,
weak transport systems, inefficiency or
corruption in awarding contracts?
12
Are daily living costs in your
country high or low compared with other countries
in Africa (or the world)?
PLI for Actual
Household Consumption
Cost of living
13
Are health costs in your
country high or low compared with other countries
in Africa (or the world)?
PLI for Health
expenditures
If price levels are high, can more
generic drugs be introduced, can more
competition be encouraged among
pharmacists, are drug control and testing procedures too restrictive?
14
When tourists come to your
country, will they find it
relatively expensive?
PLIs for Hotels,
Restaurants, and
Transportation
If price levels are higher than in competing nations, should VAT on hotel
and restaurant services be reduced?
15
How expensive is your
government compared with
other countries in Africa (or
the world)?
PLI for Collective
and Individual
expenditures of
government
If your government costs seem very
high, are government employees overpaid or are they less efficient than in
other countries so that you need more
of them?
PART 1. Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Box 4. Examples of questions that can only be ­
answered using PPPs or PLIs, cont.
No.
16
Question
Are food prices high or low
in your country compared
with other countries in
Africa (or the world)?
Relevant indicators
PLI for Food and
Non-Alcoholic
Beverages
The PPP applications discussed above serve as
an illustration of the diversity of the areas for
PPP use. It is useful to know when PPPs can
be used and where market exchange rates are
more appropriate. PPPs are generally required
Issues for policy-makers
If prices of crops and livestock are high,
can farm productivity be raised by land
reform, better farm practices, or the
introduction of genetically modified
seeds?
to compute levels of activity and related data
(per capita volumes) but exchange rates are
sometimes more appropriate for comparing
relative levels of financial aggregates.
13
PART 2.
Results and Findings
14
PART 2. Results and Findings
2.1. INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the ICP is to compile real
expenditure of GDP and its major aggregates
for all participating economies using PPPs of
currencies in the region. This section presents
the main results of the 2011 ICP for Africa –
estimates of PPPs, real and nominal GDP per
capita, and expenditures. Included also in this
section are Price Level Indices (PLIs), Actual Individual Consumption (AIC), Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), mid-year population,
and annual average market exchange rates as
provided in 2011 to facilitate the computation
and analysis.
In computing PPPs, two sets of data are required: The first set is composed of estimates
of GDP compiled following the expenditure
approach of the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA 1993) with GDP divided into categories known as basic headings. A basic heading is defined as the smallest aggregate for
which expenditure data are available and consists of a group of similar well-defined goods
and services for which a sample of products
can be selected that is both representative of
their type and of the purchase made in participating countries. The compilation should:
(i) refer to the year of the comparison; (ii) use
the same definition of GDP, and (iii) be equally exhaustive for all participating countries.
For national accounts, data are required from
surveys such as housing, construction and
civil engineering, machinery and equipment,
compensation of employees, and private education.
The second set of data consists of price data
collected through surveys using a common
basket of precisely defined goods and services. These data must: (i) be comparable and /
or representative of national consumption; (ii)
represent all the components of the aggregate
(consumption or the entire GDP) being compared; (iii) match on the features that affect
prices (outlet type, quality of service, etc.).
National annual average prices are required. To
this end, the scope of the survey should be the
entire country, i.e. a national coverage (prices
collected from a national sample of outlets)
and during the entire year of reference. The
information of interest in the surveys is the
prices paid by households in countries participating in the comparison.
In addition to price and expenditure data, participating countries should also provide annual
average exchange rates and the mid-year population for the comparison.
2.2. A SUMMARY PRESENTATION OF
THE MAIN RESULTS
The main results of the ICP 2011 are summarized in Table 1, focusing on PPPs, price level
indices, and real expenditures at the GDP level.
• The first column gives GDP for 2011, as reported by countries in millions of local currency units (LCUs);
• Column 2 gives the PPPs for GDP with South
Africa as the base country;
• Nominal GDP divided by the PPP gives real
GDP in million ZAR. These GDP figures are
“real” in the sense that the differences in
price level between countries have been
removed: comparisons between these real
GDP figures are between the underlying volumes of goods and services.
• Real GDP in ZAR is given in Column 3;
• Column 4 shows the share of each country’s
real GDP in the total GDP of Africa;
15
PART 2. Results and Findings
• Column 5 shows each country’s mid-year
2011 population (in millions);
• Column 6 shows per capita real GDP in ZAR
(column 3/column 5);
• Column 7 converts the per capita figures to
an index with the average for Africa as 100:
a figure greater/smaller than 100 means
that the country’s per capita GDP is above/
below the average for Africa;
• Column 8 gives the market exchange rates
for each country’s currency against the ZAR.
The ratio of the PPPs to the exchange rates
gives the Price Level Indices (PLIs) which are
shown both with South Africa equal to 1 in
column 9 and with the average for Africa
equal to 100 in Column 10. In the latter case,
a figure greater/smaller than 100 means
that the country’s overall price level is higher/lower than the average for Africa;
16
• Columns 11 and 12 show nominal GDP both
in million ZAR, and as shares of Africa’s total GDP. There is no analytic value to these
nominal figures. They cannot be compared
across countries because they are at different price levels and are given here to
demonstrate how misleading exchange
rate-converted GDP can be;
• The last five columns show the rankings of
the 50 African countries by nominal GDP, by
real GDP by per capita, real GDP, and by price
levels (Columns 14 and 15 give the ranking
of the 50 African countries within the continent and in the world). The comparison between the rankings of nominal and real GDP
is particularly revealing: when the rankings
are done correctly, i.e. using real rather than
nominal GDP, rankings change by at least
one position for 35 countries and by 2 or
more places for 23 countries.
PART 2. Results and Findings
17
PART 2. Results and Findings
Table 1. Summary of Main Results, ICP 2011
Country
Algeria
Real GDP
Population
(mn)
Real GDP per capita
Nominal GDP
(LCU mn)
PPP
ZAR=1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
14,481,007.9
6.2
2,319,975.7
11.83
36.0
64,479.2
334.7
ZAR (mn)
Shares
(Africa =
100%)
Index
(Africa =
100)
ZAR
Angola
9,767,611.2
14.3
684,143.1
3.49
19.6
34,872.5
181.0
Benin
3,439,771.2
44.9
76,637.1
0.39
9.1
8,421.7
43.7
102,491.7
0.8
130,050.4
0.66
2.0
64,041.0
332.4
Botswana
Burkina Faso
4,868,468.5
44.8
108,633.6
0.55
17.0
6,402.3
33.2
Burundi
2,599,940.6
88.9
29,240.3
0.15
8.6
3,409.9
17.7
149,003.6
10.2
14,589.6
0.07
0.5
29,145.0
151.3
12,545,651.0
47.5
264,150.5
1.35
20.0
13,187.5
68.4
Central Afr, Rep,
1,029,723.6
53.6
19,197.0
0.10
4.5
4,278.5
22.2
Chad
5,725,349.8
52.5
109,134.8
0.56
11.5
9,469.0
49.1
95,437.7
43.5
2,193.0
0.01
0.8
2,908.7
15.1
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Comoros
Congo Republic
6,982,507.4
60.7
115,076.0
0.59
4.1
27,797.8
144.3
Congo, Dem,
Rep,
23,146,149.4
109.2
211,957.3
1.08
67.8
3,128.2
16.2
Côte d'Ivoire
12,275,478.0
47.9
256,441.2
1.31
20.2
12,724.8
66.0
205,314.4
19.7
10,419.5
0.05
0.9
11,506.1
59.7
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial
Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
1,371,078.1
0.3
3,952,422.2
20.16
79.6
49,642.6
257.7
8,367,319.3
61.8
135,447.4
0.69
0.7
188,065.8
976.1
506,095.7
1.0
490,517.1
2.50
84.7
5,788.9
30.0
8,046,080.1
66.7
120,640.2
0.62
1.5
78,630.8
408.1
Gambia, The
26,596.4
2.1
12,762.8
0.07
1.8
7,185.8
37.3
Ghana
59,816.3
0.1
407,906.4
2.08
25.0
16,338.6
84.8
Guinea
33,128,317.5
526.7
62,895.0
0.32
10.2
6,153.0
31.9
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
464,652.9
46.2
10,067.9
0.05
1.5
6,507.7
33.8
3,048,866.6
7.2
423,484.3
2.16
41.6
10,177.5
52.8
18,331.0
0.8
22,279.7
0.11
2.2
10,155.6
52.7
1,147.3
0.1
10,559.7
0.05
4.1
2,557.7
13.3
20,276,384.1
141.3
143,514.3
0.73
21.3
6,733.0
34.9
Malawi
1,140,842.5
16.0
71,524.9
0.36
15.4
4,650.2
24.1
Mali
5,024,473.0
44.1
113,969.9
0.58
15.8
7,195.3
37.3
Madagascar
18
PART 2. Results and Findings
Exchange
rate. LCU
per ZAR
Price Level Indices
Nominal GDP
Rankings
Shares
(Africa =
100)
Price Level Index
Africa=
100
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Africa
(14)
Global
(15)
(16)
(17)
10.0
0.6
89.7
1,441,615.8
10.61
4
4
35
5
39
ZAR (mn)
Nominal
GDP
Real per capita GDP
ZAR=1
Real GDP
12.9
1.1
159.6
756,597.7
5.57
5
7
69
11
1
65.0
0.7
99.6
52,931.6
0.39
32
31
133
29
34
0.9
0.8
120.7
108,830.0
0.80
20
21
114
6
12
65.0
0.7
99.5
74,916.5
0.55
28
26
125
38
35
173.7
0.5
73.9
14,970.2
0.11
42
40
151
47
45
10.9
0.9
135.6
13,715.2
0.10
43
43
160
14
6
65.0
0.7
105.4
193,053.8
1.42
12
13
93
22
27
65.0
0.8
119.1
15,845.5
0.12
41
42
156
45
13
65.0
0.8
116.5
88,102.3
0.65
25
25
124
28
17
48.7
0.9
128.8
1,958.1
0.01
49
50
178
49
8
65.0
0.9
134.7
107,447.6
0.79
21
23
120
15
7
126.6
0.9
124.4
182,782.7
1.35
14
16
100
48
9
65.0
0.7
106.3
188,896.3
1.39
13
15
95
23
24
24.5
0.8
116.2
8,388.5
0.06
44
46
165
24
18
0.8
0.4
61.3
1,678,048.7
12.35
3
1
23
8
50
65.0
1.0
137.1
128,757.2
0.95
18
20
111
1
5
2.3
0.4
64.0
217,455.1
1.60
11
9
76
42
49
65.0
1.0
148.1
123,813.9
0.91
19
22
117
3
2
4.1
0.5
74.1
6,555.0
0.05
48
44
162
33
44
0.2
0.7
101.6
287,286.2
2.11
9
11
82
17
31
911.8
0.6
83.3
36,332.1
0.27
35
35
140
41
42
65.0
0.7
102.5
7,150.1
0.05
47
47
166
37
29
12.2
0.6
84.9
249,273.8
1.83
10
10
78
26
41
1.0
0.8
118.7
18,331.0
0.13
40
41
153
27
14
0.1
0.8
113.8
8,330.9
0.06
45
45
164
50
19
278.9
0.5
73.1
72,701.6
0.53
29
18
108
34
47
21.5
0.7
107.3
53,177.5
0.39
31
32
136
43
23
65.0
0.7
97.9
77,317.1
0.57
27
24
121
32
36
19
PART 2. Results and Findings
Country
Mauritania
Real GDP
Nominal GDP
(LCU mn)
PPP
ZAR=1
(1)
(2)
(3)
ZAR (mn)
Shares
(Africa =
100%)
Population
(mn)
(4)
(5)
Real GDP per capita
Index
(Africa =
100)
ZAR
(6)
(7)
1,309,363.9
24.3
53,903.0
0.27
3.5
15,220.2
79.0
Mauritius
322,959.0
3.3
96,987.6
0.49
1.3
74,229.4
385.3
Morocco
802,607.0
0.8
1,040,298.5
5.31
32.3
32,234.4
167.3
Mozambique
364,736.7
3.4
108,347.6
0.55
23.9
4,527.7
23.5
Namibia
90,602.6
1.0
92,642.6
0.47
2.3
39,863.4
206.9
Niger
3,025,524.8
46.4
65,210.4
0.33
16.1
4,058.2
21.1
Nigeria
38,016,971.1
15.6
2,437,744.1
12.43
162.5
15,004.2
77.9
Rwanda
3,814,419.3
54.7
69,694.3
0.36
10.9
6,368.9
33.1
São Tomé &
Príncipe
4,375,541.7
1786.8
2,448.9
0.01
0.2
14,531.1
75.4
Senegal
6,766,801.2
49.5
136,658.9
0.70
12.8
10,703.6
55.6
Seychelles
13,118.6
1.4
9,410.6
0.05
0.1
108,318.8
562.2
Sierra Leone
12,754,888.7
325.6
39,170.0
0.20
6.0
6,531.1
33.9
South Africa
2,917,538.7
1.0
2,917,538.7
14.88
50.5
57,818.9
300.1
186,555.7
0.3
718,809.1
3.67
42.2
17,014.5
88.3
29,699.9
0.8
36,311.9
0.19
1.2
30,176.2
156.6
37,532,961.3
109.8
341,899.6
1.74
46.2
7,397.5
38.4
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
1,739,221.7
45.1
38,566.5
0.20
6.2
6,266.1
32.5
Tunisia
64,730.5
0.1
521,364.2
2.66
10.6
49,212.9
255.4
Uganda
45,944,056.7
174.5
263,337.0
1.34
34.5
7,630.9
39.6
Zambia
101,104,813.8
498.9
202,665.9
1.03
13.5
15,040.2
78.1
8,865.4
0.11
83,766.5
0.43
12.8
6,567.7
34.1
na
na
19,606,606.7
100
1017.6
19,267.4
100
Zimbabwe
AFRICA
20
PART 2. Results and Findings
Exchange
rate. LCU
per ZAR
(8)
Price Level Indices
Nominal GDP
ZAR=1
Africa=
100
(9)
(10)
(11)
ZAR (mn)
Rankings
Shares
(Africa =
100)
Nominal
GDP
(12)
(13)
Real per capita GDP
Real GDP
Price Level Index
Africa
(14)
Global
(15)
(16)
(17)
39.3
0.6
89.1
33,304.6
0.25
36
36
143
18
40
4.0
0.8
121.5
81,692.0
0.60
26
28
127
4
10
1.1
0.7
99.9
720,384.9
5.30
6
5
59
12
32
4.0
0.8
121.3
91,111.7
0.67
23
27
126
44
11
1.0
1.0
141.1
90,602.6
0.67
24
29
129
10
4
65.0
0.7
103.0
46,557.1
0.34
33
34
139
46
28
21.2
0.7
106.2
1,793,637.1
13.20
2
3
32
20
25
82.9
0.7
95.3
46,021.0
0.34
34
33
138
39
37
2,427.0
0.7
106.2
1,802.8
0.01
50
49
177
21
26
65.0
0.8
109.9
104,128.2
0.77
22
19
110
25
20
1.7
0.8
118.0
7,693.7
0.06
46
48
167
2
16
597.2
0.5
78.7
21,358.9
0.16
39
37
146
36
43
1.0
1.0
144.3
2,917,538.7
21.47
1
2
28
7
3
0.4
0.7
102.0
507,983.0
3.74
7
6
65
16
30
1.0
0.8
118.0
29,699.9
0.22
37
39
149
13
15
216.5
0.5
73.2
173,353.4
1.28
15
12
83
31
46
65.0
0.7
100.1
26,763.3
0.20
38
38
147
40
33
0.2
0.6
92.4
333,869.5
2.46
8
8
74
9
38
347.4
0.5
72.5
132,239.0
0.97
17
14
94
30
48
669.4
0.7
107.5
151,035.8
1.11
16
17
101
19
22
0.1
0.8
110.9
64,373.1
0.47
30
30
130
35
21
100
13,589,732.4
100
na
na
na
na
na
na
21
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure A: GDP shares in Africa in nominal and real terms, 2011
Figure A.1. Nominal GDP Country Shares
(Africa = 100%)
Figure A.2. Real GDP Country Shares
(Africa = 100%)
Algeria 10.6%
Angola 5.6%
Algeria 11.8%
Egypt 12.3%
Morocco 5.3%
Nigeria 13.2%
Other Countries 31.5%
South Africa 21.5%
2.3. COUNTRY ANALYSIS
2.3.1 GDP shares in Africa: nominal and real
The GDP shares in Africa in nominal and real
terms for 2011 are shown in Figure A. According
to the 2011 ICP results, the nominal GDP shares
suggest that South Africa was the largest economy, accounting for 21.5% of Africa’s total GDP.
Nigeria, Egypt, and Algeria are second, third,
and fourth accounting for 13.2%, 12.3%, and
10.6% respectively. In terms of real GDP, Egypt
had the largest share accounting for 20.2%,
while South Africa, Nigeria, and Algeria had
22
Morocco 5.3%
Sudan 3.7%
Other Countries 31.7%
Nigeria 12.4%
South Africa 14.9%
Egypt 20.2%
14.9%, 12.4%, and 11.8% respectively. The other
significant change to note is that while Angola
is among the six largest economies in nominal
terms, it is replaced by Sudan when the more
appropriate PPP-converted figures are used.
Following the rebasing of GDP in Nigeria in
early 2014, the GDP shares were recomputed
to determine the real size of economies and
distribution of GDP. Box 5 presents a new scenario which takes in account the revised GDP
for Nigeria.
PART 2. Results and Findings
Box 5. New Scenario: GDP country shares (Africa
= 100%) using Nigeria’s revised figures for 2013
Nominal GDP Country Shares
Real GDP Country Shares
Algeria 9.7%
Angola 5.1%
Morocco 4.9%
Other Countries 28.9%
Algeria 10.9%
Egypt 11.3%
South Africa 19.7%
Nigeria 20.4%
Morocco 4.9%
Sudan 3.4%
Other Countries 29.2%
South Africa 13.7%
Egypt 18.6%
Nigeria 19.3%
In April 2014, the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics rebased Nigeria’s national accounts series
from the 1990 base year to 2010. This came after a thorough review of the various data sources and
introduction of the latest methodological applications in economic accounting and classification
system. As a result, the nominal GDP increased by 59.5% and Nigeria became the largest economy
in Africa and the 26th largest in the world. The chart above show that both in nominal terms and
when 2013 GDP figures are adjusted with appropriate PPPs for 2011, Nigeria is the largest economy
in Africa. The increase of Nigerian GDP has resulted in Africa becoming the fourth largest economic
region of the world in between Latin America and Western Asia.
23
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure B: Size of African economies: GDP in real and nominal terms (ZAR million), the
24 largest economies
Figure B.1. Twelve Largest Economies
Figure B.2. Twelve Medium-Large Economies
Egypt
Cameroon
South Africa
Uganda
Nigeria
Côte d’Ivoire
Algeria
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Morocco
Zambia
Sudan
Madagascar
Angola
Senegal
Tunisia
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Botswana
Kenya
Gabon
Ghana
Congo Rep.
Tanzania
Mali
0
1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000
Real GDP ZAR (mn)
Nominal GDP ZAR (mn)
The size of all African economies that participated in the 2011 round is depicted in Figures
B and C and give real and nominal GDP for all
50 countries. Because of the enormous differences between the small handful of very
large countries and the rest, it is not helpful
24
0
100,000
Real GDP ZAR (mn)
200,000
300,000
Nominal GDP ZAR (mn)
to show all countries in the same graph. The
twelve largest economies in Figure B.1 account for 84.3% of Africa’s total real GDP,
while the thirteen smallest in C.2 account for
only 1.1%.
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure C: Size of African economies: GDP in real and nominal terms (ZAR million), the
26 smallest economies
Figure C.1. Thirteen Small-Medium Economies
Figure C.2. Thirteen Smallest Economies
Chad
Togo
Burkina Faso
Swaziland
Mozambique
Burundi
Mauritius
Lesotho
Namibia
Central Afr. Rep.
Zimbabwe
Cabo Verde
Benin
Gambia, The
Malawi
Liberia
Rwanda
Djibouti
Niger
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea
Seychelles
Mauritania
São Tomé & Príncipe
Sierra Leone
Comoros
0
40,000
Real GDP ZAR (mn)
80,000
120,000
Nominal GDP ZAR (mn)
Nominal and real GDP are identical for South
­Africa because it is the base country. For all
other countries, the orange (real GDP) bar is
longer than the blue (nominal GDP) bar, with
the single exception of Angola. Angola’s price
level is higher than that of South Africa but
0
10,000
20,000
Real GDP ZAR (mn)
30,000
40,000
Nominal GDP ZAR (mn)
price levels in all other countries are lower.
Price levels are particularly low in Egypt, Algeria, Uganda, Togo, and Burundi: as a result, the
orange (real GDP) bars for these countries are
much longer than the blue (nominal) bars.
25
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure D: Real per capita Gross Domestic Product (ZAR)
Figure D.1. Twenty-five High Income Countries
Figure D.2. Twenty-five Low Income Countries
Equatorial Guinea
Kenya
Seychelles
Lesotho
Gabon
Chad
Mauritius
Benin
Algeria
Uganda
Botswana
Tanzania
South Africa
Mali
Egypt
Gambia, The
Tunisia
Madagascar
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Angola
Sierra Leone
Morocco
Guinea-Bissau
Swaziland
Burkina Faso
Cabo Verde
Rwanda
Congo Republic
Togo
AFRICA
Guinea
Sudan
Ethiopia
Ghana
Mauritania
Malawi
Zambia
Mozambique
Nigeria
Central Afr. Rep.
São Tomé & Príncipe
Niger
Cameroon
Burundi
Côte d’Ivoire
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Djibouti
Comoros
Senegal
Liberia
0
26
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure E: Distribution of real per capita GDP (ZAR) by number of countries
25
21
20
15
11
10
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
>80,000
1
[73,000-80,000]
3
2
[59,000-65,999]
5
2.3.2 Real GDP per capita
The per capita real GDP of the 50 participating
countries is shown in Figure D above. It is again
not helpful to show all 50 in the same graph because of the enormous gap between the highest and lowest countries. Per capita real GDP of
Equatorial Guinea – the top country in D.1 – was
188,066 ZAR compared with just over 2,558
ZAR in Liberia – the bottom country in D.2.
The per capita GDP for Africa was 19,267 ZAR
in 2011 but the distribution around the average
was highly skewed, with 35 countries reporting per capita real GDP of less than the average
while only 15 countries had per capita real GDP
[52,000-58,999]
[45,000-51,999]
[38,000-44,999]
[31,000-37,999]
[24,000-30,999]
[17,000-23,999]
[10,000-16,999]
[3,000-9,999]
<3,000
0
above the average. The median per capita GDP
was 10,441 ZAR and this median figure, rather
than the average, better represents the overall
situation in Africa.
The distribution of per capita real GDP is shown
in Figure E. The distribution is highly skewed
with many poor countries and a few very rich
ones. The latter tend to be either small islands
with large tourist industries (Mauritius and
Seychelles) or mineral exporters (Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Botswana, and Algeria among
others). The real per capita GDP in 34 countries
is less than 17,000 ZAR.
27
PART 2. Results and Findings
Figure F: Country PLI at GDP level, 2011 (Africa = 100)
Angola
Gabon
South Africa
Namibia
Equatorial Guinea
Cabo Verde
Congo Republic
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Mauritius
Mozambique
Botswana
Central African Rep.
Lesotho
Swaziland
Seychelles
Chad
Djibouti
Liberia
Zimbabwe
Senegal
Zambia
Malawi
Côte d’Ivoire
São Tomé & Príncipe
Nigeria
Cameroon
Niger
Guinea-Bissau
Sudan
Ghana
Togo
AFRICA
Morocco
Benin
Burkina Faso
Mali
Rwanda
Tunisia
Algeria
Mauritania
Kenya
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Gambia, The
Burundi
Tanzania
Madagascar
Uganda
Ethiopia
Egypt
0
50
> 110%
28
[110%; 90%]
100
< 90%
150
200
2.3.3 Price Level Indices
The Price Level Indices which measure the differences in price levels between economies are
shown in Figure F. The PLIs are obtained by dividing the PPPs by the exchange rate and are
here shown with Africa = 100. The countries
have been assigned to three price-bins; the
red bin contains 20 countries whose price levels are 10% or more above the African average
(100), the yellow bin contains 11 countries with
price levels 90% or less than the African average. The gray bin represents those countries in
the middle.
GDP PLIs generally provide the level of prices
of an economy. There is usually a positive correlation between PLIs and per capita GDP: high
PLIs are associated with high per capita GDP
and low PLIs are associated with low per capita GDP. Thus South Africa, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, Seychelles, and other high per capita
GDP countries are in the red high-PLI bin and
Ethiopia, the Gambia, Uganda and some other
low per capita GDP countries are in the low-PLI
gray bin. There are, however, some striking exceptions: Liberia and Comoros Islands, which
have the lowest and second lowest per capita
GDP respectively, are both in the high PLI red
bin and Egypt, with the 8th highest per capita
GDP has the lowest PLI in Africa. The GDP PLI
for Egypt is about 60% of the African average.
The very low PLI explains the large differences
between the nominal and real GDP for Egypt.
29
PART 2. Results and Findings
PART 3.
Sector Analysis
30
PART 3. Sector Analysis
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section presents highlights of the results for specific components of the ICP 2011.
These components include: Food and Non-alcoholic Beverages; Actual Individual Consumption; Health & Education; Recreation
Figure G: Ratio: food & non-alcoholic beverages PLI/ GDP PLI
Ghana
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Egypt
Gabon
São Tomé & Príncipe
Equatorial Guinea
Gambia, The
Nigeria
Sudan
Central African Rep.
Burundi
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo Rep.
Liberia
Togo
Malawi
Morocco
Niger
Guinea-Bissau
Tanzania
Tunisia
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Seychelles
Namibia
Angola
Madagascar
Benin
Botswana
Senegal
Comoros
Uganda
Algeria
Côte d’Ivoire
Mauritius
Kenya
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Djibouti
Chad
Mozambique
Mauritania
Mali
Cameroon
Swaziland
Rwanda
Lesotho
Cabo Verde
South Africa
0
0.25
> 1.0
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
< 1.0
31
PART 3. Sector Analysis
and Culture; and Investments. In addition,
it includes specifically transport, communication, construction, machinery and equipment, water housing, electricity, gas and
other fuels.
3.2
FOOD AND NON-ALCOHOLIC
BEVERAGES
In recent years, food prices have been rising rapidly in many countries, particularly for
wheat and other grains. Ratios of the PLIs for
food and non-alcoholic beverages to PLIs for
GDP are given in Figure G. Ratios above 1.0 (in
red) mean that food prices were higher than
the average price level for the economy as a
whole and ratios below 1.0 (in blue) indicate
that food is relatively cheap. Thirty countries
have ratios in excess of 1.0 and twenty have
ratios below 1.0.
Sixteen countries had ratios of food to GDP
prices of 1.1 or more; and five had ratios less
than 0.9. This indicates that food prices were
respectively higher or lower than the overall
GDP price levels in those countries. For instance, food prices in Ghana and Sierra Leone were higher, while in South Africa they
were lower compared to the overall price levels. Note, however, that these ratios refer to
2011. Food prices are usually volatile as they
are heavily influenced by climate change. For
example, if Figure G were available for a more
­recent year, it might well show a quite different picture of food prices compared to the
general price level.
Food and non-alcoholic beverages for the most
and least expensive countries are shown in
Figure H. The figure shows that food is more
Figure H: Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages PLIs –10 most expensive and 10 least expensive countries (Africa = 100)
200
Most Expensive
Least Expensive
150
100
50
32
Uganda
Ethiopia
Egypt
Madagascar
Burundi
Tanzania
Kenya
Rwanda
Gambia
Mauritania
Liberia
Comoros
Central Afr. Rep.
Ghana
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Namibia
Congo Rep.
Angola
Equat. Guinea
Gabon
0
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure I: Bread and cereals PLIs: 10 most expensive and 10 least expensive countries
(Africa = 100)
200
Most Expensive
Least Expensive
150
100
50
Algeria
Mali
Ethiopia
Gambia
Mauritania
Egypt
Madagascar
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Tunisia
Morocco
Chad
Namibia
Ghana
Central Afr. Rep.
Congo Rep.
Equat. Guinea
Gabon
Angola
0
expensive in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea
and less expensive in Ethiopia. However, the
composition and ranking of countries change
slightly when the staple foods are considered
(bread and cereals – see Figure I). Gabon remains at the top in terms of PLIs for bread and
cereals, while Algeria takes the bottom position as the least expensive.
3.3 FOOD EXPENDITURES
The per capita expenditures on Food and
Non-alcoholic Beverages in ZAR are shown
in Figure J, ranging from a high of 19,473 ZAR
in Seychelles to a low of 573 ZAR in Liberia.
It seems that many households in countries
in the lower part of Figure J must be living
close to starvation levels. These include several populous countries: Ethiopia, ­Democratic
­Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and
Uganda.
33
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure J: Per capita real expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages (ZAR)
Seychelles
Mauritius
Swaziland
Egypt
Algeria
South Africa
Angola
Cabo Verde
São Tomé & Príncipe
Equatorial Guinea
Tunisia
Gabon
Morocco
Botswana
Mauritania
Namibia
Sudan
Cameroon
Zambia
AFRICA
Senegal
Côte d’Ivoire
Zimbabwe
Chad
Lesotho
Benin
Nigeria
Tanzania
Kenya
Ghana
Rwanda
Madagascar
Djibouti
Mali
Uganda
Congo Republic
Togo
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Gambia
Malawi
Central African Rep.
Sierra Leone
Ethiopia
Guinea
Comoros
Niger
Burundi
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Liberia
0
5,000
> 5,000 ZAR
34
[2,000; 5,000]
10,000
< 2,000 ZAR
15,000
20,000
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure K: Correlation between per capita real GDP and per capita real expenditure on
food and non-­alcoholic beverages
25,000
Per capita real expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages
y = 2711,9ln(x) - 21746
R2 = 0,59276
20,000
Seychelles
15,000
Mauritius
Swaziland
Egypt
10,000
São Tomé & Príncipe
5,000
Morocco
South Africa
Algeria
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Tunisia
Botswana
Ghana
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100000
80,000
60,000
40,000
0
20,000
Central African Republic
0
-5,000
Per capita real GDP
3.3.1 Food and GDP expenditure
Figure K shows the relationship between income, measured here by per capita GDP, and
expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages. Food expenditures rise rapidly as
low-income countries get richer; however, the
increase flattens off at the higher end of the
income scale as households tend to spend on
other items, such as health, education, recreation, etc. The curve fitted to the data in Figure K suggests that about 60% of the increase
in food expenditures can be explained by per
­capita GDP (R² = 0.5928).
3.4 HOUSEHOLD WELFARE
A good measure of household welfare is provided by per capita Actual Individual Consumption (AIC). AIC includes all goods and
services consumed by households, regardless
of whether households make the purchases
themselves or receive them free from NPISH
or government.
Figure L below ranks the 50 countries by per
capita AIC. Seychelles (475.8) and Mauritius
(426.5) are at the top with per capita AIC more
than four times larger than the African average (100): the Democratic Republic of the
35
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure L: Real per capita Actual Individual Consumption (Africa = 100)
Seychelles
Mauritius
Egypt
South Africa
Tunisia
Botswana
Algeria
Gabon
Namibia
Swaziland
Equatorial Guinea
Cabo Verde
Angola
Morocco
São Tomé & Príncipe
AFRICA
Lesotho
Sudan
Cameroon
Ghana
Mauritania
Nigeria
Côte d’Ivoire
Kenya
Senegal
Zambia
Djibouti
Congo Republic
Chad
Benin
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Rwanda
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Togo
Mali
Tanzania
Malawi
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
Central African Rep.
Guinea
Niger
Burundi
Comoros
Liberia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
0
100
> 150%
36
[50%; 150%]
200
< 50%
300
400
500
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure M: Real per capita collective consumption by government (Africa = 100)
Angola
Algeria
Mauritius
Botswana
Gabon
South Africa
Namibia
Tunisia
Egypt
Morocco
Cabo Verde
Mauritania
Djibouti
Swaziland
AFRICA
Zambia
Equatorial Guinea
São Tomé & Príncipe
Ghana
Lesotho
Sudan
Guinea-Bissau
Nigeria
Congo Republic
Cameroon
Senegal
Burkina Faso
Mali
Côte d’Ivoire
Tanzania
Benin
Kenya
Comoros
Gambia, The
Zimbabwe
Sierra Leone
Burundi
Togo
Madagascar
Chad
Guinea
Ethiopia
Niger
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Rwanda
Liberia
Malawi
Mozambique
Central African Rep.
Uganda
0
100
> 150%
[50%; 150%]
200
300
400
500
< 50%
Note: Seychelles has been excluded as an outlier. Its GFCE was a very high 1,699.
37
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Congo (16) and Liberia (21.6) have the lowest
per capita AIC – about one-sixth and one-fifth
of the African average respectively. Fourteen
countries are in the red bin with per capita AIC
at least 50% above the average: Twenty-one
are in the lower, yellow bin with per capita AIC
less than half of the African average.
It is instructive to compare the rankings in Figure L with per capita GDP in Figure D. Equatorial Guinea had the highest per capita GDP
in 2011 but falls to 11th place for per capita AIC
and Congo was 15th in per capita GDP but only
27th in per capita AIC. Egypt, on the other hand,
moves up from 8th position in per capita GDP to
3rd in per capita AIC. Swaziland is 13th in per
capita GDP but 7th in per capita AIC.
It is clear that high or low per capita GDP does
not automatically translate into high or low
per capita AIC. Countries with high per capita
GDP may use substantial parts of their large
GDP for investment, for collective government
services, including defense and law and order,
or for the accumulation of financial and physical assets abroad. At the other end of the
scale, countries with low per capita GDP can
achieve higher per capita AIC if they receive
transfers from abroad either as official development assistance or as migrants’ remittances.
3.5
GOVERNMENT FINAL
CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
Government Final Consumption Expenditure
(GFCE) is a transaction of the national account’s use of income, representing government expenditure on goods and services that
are used for direct satisfaction of individual
needs or collective needs of members of the
community. The information or data on GFCE
sheds light on the level of government involvement in providing goods and services for
38
the direct needs of the population. Figure M
shows that the real per capita expenditure of
government collective consumption is highest
in ­Seychelles (1,699) then Angola (427) and
­Algeria (417). The GCFE was lowest in ­Uganda
(6.2) and Central African Republic (9.2). In order not to distort the graph, Seychelles has
been omitted as an outlier.
3.6. EDUCATION AND HEALTH
Health and education services have both consumption and investment aspects. Being
healthy and well educated is pleasurable as
well as profitable. Figures N and O show per
capita actual expenditure consumption of
health and education services in 50 African
countries. Actual consumption includes free
health and education services provided by
NPISH and government, in addition to what
households purchase themselves.
3.6.1 Education
Per capita consumption expenditures of education services are more than three times the
African average in Tunisia, Algeria, Botswana,
Mauritius, Namibia, and Seychelles (see Figure N). At the other end of the scale, per capita consumption of education services is less
than one-tenth of the average in ­Comoros,
­Democratic ­Republic of Congo, Chad, ­Burkina
Faso, Niger, ­Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau,
­Malawi, Central African Republic, Guinea, and
Tanzania.
3.6.2 Health
Figure O shows that per capita consumption of
health services is more than three times the
African average in Seychelles, Egypt, South
Africa, and Mauritius. However, it is less than
a tenth of the average in Niger, ­Cameroon,
­Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo,
­Mozambique, Liberia, Central African Republic,
and Comoros.
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure N: Real per capita consumption of education services (Africa=100)
Namibia
Mauritius
Botswana
Algeria
Tunisia
South Africa
Egypt
Morocco
Ghana
Cabo Verde
Swaziland
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Nigeria
Kenya
São Tomé & Príncipe
Angola
Uganda
Lesotho
Mauritania
Togo
Congo Republic
Gambia, The
Liberia
Djibouti
Senegal
Zimbabwe
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Zambia
Benin
Côte d’Ivoire
Burundi
Madagascar
Cameroon
Ethiopia
Mali
Rwanda
Tanzania
Guinea
Central African Rep.
Malawi
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
Niger
Burkina Faso
Chad
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Comoros
0
100
> 250%
[250%; 20%]
200
300
400
500
< 20%
Note: Seychelles recorded the highest consumption of education services (709). It has been excluded as an outlier to avoid distorting the graph.
39
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure O: Real per capita consumption of health services (Africa=100)
Egypt
South Africa
Mauritius
Namibia
Algeria
Equatorial Guinea
Tunisia
Swaziland
Gabon
Botswana
Cabo Verde
Sierra Leone
Gambia, The
Morocco
Angola
São Tomé & Príncipe
Kenya
Congo Republic
Chad
Lesotho
Ghana
Zambia
Côte d’Ivoire
Ethiopia
Mauritania
Nigeria
Togo
Guinea
Senegal
Malawi
Tanzania
Mali
Benin
Djibouti
Uganda
Sudan
Zimbabwe
Rwanda
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Guinea-Bissau
Niger
Cameroon
Burundi
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Mozambique
Liberia
Central African Rep.
Comoros
0
100
> 200%
[200%; 20%]
200
300
400
500
< 20%
Note: Seychelles has been omitted from the graph as an outlier. It recorded the largest per capita consumption of health services (585).
40
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure P: Correlation between real per capita GDP and real per capita expenditure on
­recreation & culture
1,200
Real per capita expenditure on recreation and culture
y = 0,9631x0,9439
R2 = 0,64035
Mauritius
1,000
800
600
South Africa
400
Seychelles
Swaziland
Egypt
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
200
Lesotho
Uganda
0
Gabon
Angola
Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Benin
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Real per capita Gross Domestic Product
As expected, there is close correlation between
per capita GDP and per capita expenditures on
both health and education. Countries in the
top halves of Figures L and N mostly have high
per capita GDP, while those lower down tend to
be poorer. The few exceptions include Kenya,
the Gambia, and Sierra Leone, as these countries consume more health and education services than might be expected, given their low
levels of per capita GDP. Conversely, Sudan,
Côte d’Ivoire, and Senegal could be expected
to consume more of these services, given their
relatively high per capita GDP.
3.7. RECREATION AND CULTURE
For most countries, the percentage of GDP
spent on recreation and culture is positively
correlated with per capita GDP. Thus, the richer the country, the higher the percentage expenditure on this component. However, there
are exceptions, as can be seen from Figure P.
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Angola have
higher GDP per capita than the average but
spend relatively low on recreation and culture,
while Uganda and Lesotho with relative low
per capita GDP spend relatively higher.
41
42
Gabon
100
50
0
Ethiopia
Tunisia
Gambia
10 Lowest
Tanzan
200
Kenya
Figure Q.3: Price Levels of Construction: 10 Highest and 10 Lowest (Africa = 100)
Uganda
Ethiopia
10 Highest
Tanzania
10 Highest
Tunisia
Egypt
Uganda
Rwanda
Cabo Verde
Egypt
Algeria
Gambia
Ethiopia
Ghana
Mauritania
Tanzania
Guinea
Benin
Nigeria
Equat. Guinea
Namibia
Cabo Verde
Angola
Congo Rep.
South Africa
Seychelles
Zambia
Malawi
Mauritius
10 Highest
Ghana
Morocco
Sudan
Sierra Leone
150
Botswana
Niger
Chad
Cameroon
Togo
Central Afr. Rep.
Congo Rep.
Angola
Comoros
200
São Tomé & Principe
Gabon
Zambia
150
Egypt
Comoros
Mozambique
Central Afr. Rep.
Cameroon
Seychelles
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cabo Verde
Chad
Congo Rep.
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure Q: Price levels of infrastructure: 10 highest and 10 lowest countries (Africa = 100)
Figure Q.1: Price Levels of Transport: 10 Highest and 10 Lowest (Africa=100)
200
10 Lowest
100
50
0
Figure Q.2: Price Levels of Communication: 10 Highest and 10 Lowest (Africa = 100)
250
10 Lowest
150
100
50
0
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure Q: Price levels of infrastructure: 10 highest and 10 lowest countries (Africa = 100) cont.
Figure Q.4: Price Levels of Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and Other Fuels: 10 Highest and 10 Lowest
(Africa = 100)
300
10 Highest
250
10 Lowest
200
150
100
50
3.8. PRICE LEVELS OF
INFRASTRUCTURE
Good infrastructure is a bedrock for development; indeed, the economic growth and development of any country is dependent on solid
infrastructure. Infrastructure in this section
has been defined as constituting the following
components: transportation; communications
& ICT; construction; housing; water & sanitation; and energy (electricity, gas and other fuels). The level of doing business in a country
can also be shown through the price levels of
infrastructure.
PLIs of infrastructure components are shown
in Figure Q. Construction is a component of
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), while
the other three are household consumption
expenditures.
• Transportation includes passenger transportation by railroad, road, air, sea and inland;
Egypt
Guinea
Burundi
Sierra Leone
Kenya
Malawi
Rwanda
Morocco
Gambia
Central Afr. Rep.
Swaziland
Sudan
Equat. Guinea
Cabo Verde
South Africa
Gabon
Angola
Liberia
Botswana
Namibia
0
• Communication includes postal services,
telephone (cellphones and landlines), internet, etc.;
• Construction includes the construction of
residential buildings, non-residential buildings, and civil engineering works;
• Housing includes actual and imputed rentals for housing and maintenance, plus the
cost of repair for dwellings;
• Water includes water supply and miscellaneous services, for example, sanitation and
sewage.
• Electricity includes associated costs, such as
the hire of meters, the reading of meters,
and standing charges.
There is clearly wide variation in these “infrastructure” price levels across Africa. For example, the PLIs for Communication vary from
more than twice the regional average in Gabon
43
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure R: Real per capita Gross Fixed Capital Formation (ZAR): 23 highest and 26 lowest
countries
Figure R1: 23 high-investment countries in ZAR
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Lesotho
Senegal
Comoros
Liberia
Tanzania
Djibouti
São Tomé & Prín.
Swaziland
Zambia
Burkina Faso
Sudan
Egypt
Ghana
Togo
AFRICA
Mauritania
Guinea
Angola
Congo Rep.
Rwanda
Namibia
Tunisia
Morocco
Cabo Verde
South Africa
Gabon
Algeria
Mauritius
Botswana
Seychelles
0
Figure R2: 26 low-investment countries in ZAR
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
and Zambia to a little more than half the regional average in Kenya and the Gambia. Similarly, the PLIs for Housing, Water, and Energy
range from 258 in Namibia to 40 in Egypt. Price
levels for most of these four expenditure categories are high in Angola, Cabo Verde, Congo
Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Gabon whereas they are consistently
44
Burundi
Central Afr. Rep.
Zimbabwe
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Malawi
Guinea-Bissau
Madagascar
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Niger
Côte d’Ivoire
Mali
Benin
Gambia
Nigeria
Kenya
Uganda
Chad
Cameroon
Sierra Leone
0
low in Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Ghana, and
Tanzania. It was earlier noted that there is usually a positive correlation between PLIs and per
capita GDP. However, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo has a very low per capita GDP but
high infrastructure PLIs and the reverse is true
for Egypt and Ghana. They have quite high per
capita GDP but mostly low infrastructure PLIs.
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure R3: Country PLIs at GFCF level, 2011 (Africa=100)
Congo Republic
Chad
Cabo Verde
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Gabon
Seychelles
Central Afr. Rep.
Mozambique
Comoros
Cameroon
Zimbabwe
Benin
South Africa
Rwanda
Senegal
Lesotho
Togo
Angola
Malawi
Niger
Guinea-Bissau
Mauritania
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Mali
Côte d’Ivoire
Guinea
Equat. Guinea
Algeria
Mauritius
Liberia
Namibia
Burundi
AFRICA
Djibouti
São Tomé & Príncipe
Gambia
Madagascar
Zambia
Kenya
Swaziland
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Botswana
Egypt
Sudan
Morocco
Tunisia
Ethiopia
Uganda
Tanzania
0
50
100
150
200
45
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure R4: Nominal GFCF Country Shares
(Africa = 100)
Morocco 8%
Nigeria 6%
Other Countries 40%
3.9
Egypt 10%
Algeria 16%
South Africa 20%
INVESTMENT: GROSS FIXED
CAPITAL FORMATION
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) is a good
measure of investment and key to economic
development. GFCF consists of investment in
residential and other buildings, namely roads,
bridges, railroads, electricity, etc. It is important because it enhances a country’s potential
for future growth. The developed countries
have accumulated large stocks of machinery
and equipment and infrastructure assets like
ports, high-quality roads, power transmission
systems, dwellings, and commercial buildings.
All these assets account for their higher levels of productivity and hence higher incomes.
African countries are still at an early stage of
building up their capital stocks.
46
Figure R5: Real GFCF Country Shares
(Africa = 100)
Morocco 10%
Nigeria 6%
Other Countries 41%
Egypt 11%
Algeria 15%
South Africa 17%
Figure R shows real Gross Fixed Capital Formation per capita – the number of South ­African
Rand (ZARs) invested per person in 2011.
Equatorial Guinea reported an exceptionally
high per capita GFCF of ZAR 63,932 and has
been omitted as an outlier, to avoid distorting
the figure.
Almost all the high-investment countries
in Figure R.1 are also countries with high per
capita GDP. Conversely, the low-investment
countries in Figure R.2 all have lower per capita GDP. This can be seen more clearly in Figure
S, which shows the correlation between per
capita GFCF and per capita GDP. The R² value suggests that about 87% of the variation
in per capita GFCF is explained by per capita
PART 3. Sector Analysis
Figure S: Correlation between per capita GDP and per capita GFCF
30,000
Per capita Gross Fixed Capital Formation
y = 0,2328x - 451,7
R2 = 0,87457
25,000
Botswana
20,000
15,000
Gabon
Cabo Verde
10,000
5,000
Egypt
Swaziland
0
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Per capita Gross Domestic Product
GDP and there are very few outliers: Botswana
and Cabo Verde are investing somewhat more
than expected, given their levels of per capita
GDP, whereas Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan are
investing slightly less.
3.10 COUNTRY PLIs OF GROSS FIXED
CAPITAL FORMATION
The price level indices for Gross Fixed Capital
Formation (GFCF) are shown in Figure R3. The
cost of doing business in Africa is higher above
PLI=1.0 in about 33 countries; with Congo
­Republic being the highest and Tanzania surprisingly the lowest. Figures R4 and R5 show
the percentage shares of GFCF. In both nominal and real GFCF, South Africa has the largest
share, followed by Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and
Nigeria respectively.
3.11 PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT AND PER CAPITA GROSS
FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION
Countries with low per capita GDP cannot generate the savings required to invest for future
growth. They are poor because they cannot invest and they cannot invest because they are
poor – and Figure S demonstrates this basic
dilemma. In the 19th century, the developed
countries were able to break out of this vicious
circle through technological developments
that raised productivity first in the agricultural sector and subsequently in transportation
and manufacturing. Foreign direct investment
(FDI) is another way in which countries can
break the vicious circle.
47
PART 3. Sector Analysis
PART 4.
Consistency between
the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
48
PART 4. Consistency between the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
4.1 INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The ICP aims to compare prices and real expenditures for specific years. It is therefore
important to be cautious in comparing ICP results from successive rounds due to inherent
methodological changes and the dependency
of the results on the number of countries participating in the comparison. Thus, the results
should not be used to compare changes in an
economy’s GDP volume over time; the national
accounts estimates of each individual economy are the best source for this purpose. The
2005 and 2011 ICP rounds are the first two that
include comparable real expenditures for such
a large number of economies. Comparison of
economies’ positions between 2005 and 2011
may be desirable to observe changes over time
and across economies. However, many of the
comparisons will be problematical because
they will be based on two different price levels, and so real expenditure and PLI will not be
directly comparable.
after South Africa in 2005 but by 2011 had
become the largest in terms of real GDP. The
change in the rankings of Egypt and South
Africa is explained by differences in the real
growth of GDP over the six years since 2005:
between 2005 and 2011, real growth of GDP
in Egypt averaged 5.4% per annum compared
with only 3.3% in South Africa.
Nigeria remains the third largest economy and
increased its share of total African GDP from
13% to 14%. Ignoring Algeria, Morocco remains
in fourth position. While Sudan remains in the
fifth position, its real GDP share reduced from
4.29% in 2005 to 4.17% in 2011. It should be
noted that Angola’s share increased significantly from 2.96% in 2005 to 3.95 % in 2011.
In 2011, taking into account all 50 countries
that participated in the program, Algeria
emerges as the fourth largest economy, while
Morocco is in fifth position (see F
­ igure U).
In Africa 48 countries participated in ICP 2005
compared to 50 in 2011 – Seychelles and Algeria were the new additions. Also, improvements were made to methods used to price
comparison-resistant components of the GDP,
especially for the component Construction.
With these limitations in mind, some broad
comparisons are given below.
4.2
GDP SHARES: CONSISTENCY
BETWEEN 2005 AND 2011
Figure T shows the five largest economies in
2005 and 2011. Algeria was the fourth largest
economy in 2011 but did not participate in ICP
2005; therefore in order to have a fair comparison between 2005 and 2011, it had to be excluded in both years.
The most striking feature is the changed position of Egypt, which was the second economy
49
PART 4. Consistency between the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
Figure T: Real GDP country shares (Africa = 100%) with 48 participating countries
(excluding Algeria & Seychelles)
2011
2005
Morocco 6%
Nigeria 13%
Morocco 6%
Sudan 4%
Egypt 20%
Sudan 4%
Other Countries 35%
South Africa 22%
Other Countries 36%
Nigeria 14%
South Africa 17%
Egypt 23%
Figure U: 2011 Real GDP country shares (Africa = 100%) with 50 participating countries
(including Algeria & Seychelles)
Egypt 20.2%
Other countries 35.4%
South Africa 14.9%
Morocco 5.3%
Algeria 11.8%
50
Nigeria 12.4%
PART 4. Consistency between the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
Figure V: Price Level Indices for ten highest and lowest countries: 2005 and 2011 (Africa=1)
2005
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gambia
Malawi
Madagascar
Guinea
10 Lowest
Rwanda
Uganda
Tanzania
Equatorial Guinea
Lesotho
Côte d’Ivoire
Angola
Morocco
Comoros
South Africa
Namibia
Cabo Verde
Zimbabwe
10 Highest
Burundi
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2011
2
10 Highest
1.5
10 Lowest
1
0.5
4.3
PRICE LEVEL CONSISTENCY
BETWEEN 2005 AND 2011
Figure V shows the price levels for the ten
highest and ten lowest countries in 2005 and
2011. Again, the price levels cannot be compared but the ranking is not affected by the
use of AFRICs in 2005 and ZAR in 2011.
Of the ten countries with the highest price levels in 2005, four were no longer in the top ten
Egypt
Ethiopia
Uganda
Madagascar
Burundi
Tanzania
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Kenya
Mauritius
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Cabo Verde
Congo Rep.
Namibia
Equat. Guinea
Gabon
South Africa
Angola
0
in 2011, namely Zimbabwe, Morocco, Lesotho,
and Côte d’Ivoire. They were replaced by Gabon, Congo Republic, Democratic Republic of
Congo, and Mauritius.
Just two of the ten countries with the lowest
price levels in 2005 were no longer in the lowest ten in 2011. Rwanda and Malawi were replaced in 2011 by Kenya and Sierra Leone.
51
PART 4. Consistency between the 2005 and 2011 ICP Results
PART 5.
Comparative Cross-Country Tables
52
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Analytical Table Note
This report of the 2011 ICP round for Africa is
centered on the following two types of tables;
(a) country input data, which relate to national
accounts data as provided by the countries for
the reference year 2011; and (b) actual PPP-generated data using the Gini-Èltetö-Köves-Szulc
(EKS) method. Below is a short description for
each analytical table.
Table 2: Nominal GDP and Main Expenditure
Components in Local Currency Units
(Millions)
The table shows the nominal expenditures on
the analytical categories supplied by the 50
countries. The expenditures are valued at national price levels and expressed in millions of
national currency units. The nominal expenditures are additive and Table 2 contains three
additional analytical categories for completeness: net purchases abroad; changes in inventories and valuables; and balance of exports
and imports. These additional categories are
also included in Table 3.
Table 3: Nominal Main Expenditure
Component Shares by Country (GDP
=100)
The table shows the nominal expenditures
from Table 2 as percentages of GDP. The nominal expenditures at the more detailed basic
heading level (not shown) are the weights
used to calculate PPPs for the analytical categories.
Table 4: Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs)
for GDP and Main Expenditure
Components by Country (ZAF = 1)
The table provides the PPPs for the analytical
categories. The PPPs were calculated using the
EKS method. Their principal features are:
• They are commensurate, meaning that they
do not change when the units of quantity to
which their prices refer are changed: for example, when the price of rice is quoted per
pound rather than per kilogram.
• They are transitive, meaning that every indirect multilateral PPP between a pair of
economies calculated via a third economy
equals the direct multilateral PPP between
the economies.
• They are base-country invariant, meaning
that the relativities between economies are
the same whichever economy or region is
taken as base.
• They provide real expenditures that are free
of the Gerschenkron effect, meaning that
differences in volumes of goods and services between very high-income economies
and very low-income economies are correctly measured.
• Their real expenditures are not additive,
meaning that the real expenditures at higher levels of aggregation are not equal to the
sum of the real expenditures of their components.
The PPPs in the table have South Africa as
base and the South African Rand (ZAR) as
numéraire. But, being base-country invariant,
they can be rebased on an economy or on a region. For example, they can be based on Malawi with the Malawi Kwacha as numéraire by
dividing them by the PPP for Malawi.
53
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 5: Price Level Indices for GDP and Main
Expenditure Components by Country
(Africa=100)
The table gives the PLIs for the analytical categories relative to the average for Africa. A value above 100 indicates that the price level in
the country for the analytical category in question is higher than the African average; a value
below 100 indicates that the country’s price
level for the analytical category is lower than
the African average. The PLIs are base-country
invariant and can be rebased on a single economy. For example, the PLIs in the table were
first calculated with South Africa as base by
dividing the PPPs in Table 4 by the exchange
rates in Summary Table A. They were subsequently rebased on Africa.
Table 6: Real GDP and Main Expenditure
Components by Country in ZAR
(millions)
The table gives the real expenditures on the
analytical categories, which were derived by
dividing the nominal expenditures in Table 2 by
the PPPs in Table 4. The real expenditures are
in South Africa Rand (ZAR) and are free of the
Gerschenkron effect but they are not additive.
They reflect only volume differences between
economies.
Table 7: Real GDP and Main Expenditure
Components Country Shares (Africa =
100)
The table shows the real expenditures of each
country on each analytical category as a percentage share of African real expenditure on
the analytical category. The percentage shares
are based on the real expenditures in Table 6.
At the level of GDP, they measure the relative
size of the countries covered in the table. For
example Algeria’s real GDP amounts to 11.8%
of the total GDP of Africa, whereas Angola’s
GDP was 3.5% of the total.
54
Table 8: Real GDP Per Capita and Main
Expenditure Components in ZAR
The table gives the real expenditures per capita
on the analytical categories. The expenditures
are in ZAR. They were obtained by dividing the
real expenditures in Table 6 by the population
totals in Summary Table A.
Table 9. Real GDP Per Capita and Main
Expenditure Components Relatives
(Africa=100)
The table provides the indices of real expenditures per capita on the analytical categories
with Africa as 100. They are based on the real
expenditures per capita in Table 8. The indices
are base-country invariant and can be rebased
on an economy or a region. At the level of actual individual consumption, they measure the
relative welfare of households in the 50 countries.
For easy reference, Box 6 presents additional
information on analytical categories shown in
Tables 2 to 9, defining terms and showing the
basis of calculations.
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Box 6. Analytical categories shown in Tables 2 to 9
Gross domestic product: Actual individual consumption at purchasers’ prices plus gross
capital formation at purchasers’ prices plus the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and
services less the f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services. Code in the ICP expenditure
classification in Appendix C: 100000
Domestic absorption: Actual individual consumption at purchasers’ prices plus actual
collective consumption at purchasers’ prices plus gross capital formation at purchasers’
prices. Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: not identified in the
classification; it is the sum of 110000 + 120000 + 130000 + 140000 + 150000 + 160000 or
100000 – 170000
Actual individual consumption: The total value of the individual consumption
expenditures of households, NPISHs and general government at purchasers’ prices. Codes
in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: not identified in the classification; it is
the sum of 110000 + 120000 + 130000
Food and non-alcoholic beverages: Household expenditure on food products and nonalcoholic beverages purchased for consumption at home (excludes food products and
non-alcoholic beverages sold for immediate consumption away from home by hotels,
restaurants, cafés, bars, kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, etc.;
cooked dishes prepared by restaurants for consumption off their premises; cooked dishes
prepared by catering contractors whether collected by the customer or delivered to the
customer’s home; and products sold specifically as pet foods). Code in the ICP expenditure
classification in Appendix C: 110100
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics: Household expenditure on alcoholic
beverages purchased for consumption at home (includes low or non-alcoholic beverages
which are generally alcoholic such as non-alcoholic beer; and excludes alcoholic beverages
sold for immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafés, bars,
kiosks, street vendors, automatic vending machines, etc.) and household expenditure on
tobacco (covers all purchases of tobacco including purchases of tobacco in cafés, bars,
restaurants, service stations, etc). Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C:
110200
Clothing and footwear: Household expenditure on clothing materials; garments for men,
women, children and infants; other articles of clothing and clothing accessories; cleaning,
repair, and hire of clothing; all footwear for men, women, children and infants; and repair
and hire of footwear. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 110300
55
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Box 6. Analytical categories shown in Tables 2 to 9 cont.
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels: Household expenditure on actual and
imputed rentals for housing; maintenance and repair of the dwelling; water supply and
services related to the dwellings; and electricity, gas, and other fuels plus expenditure by
NPISHs on housing plus general government expenditure on housing services provided to
individuals. Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 110400 + (120000) +
130100
Furnishings, household equipment and maintenance: Household expenditure on
furniture and furnishings; carpets and other floor coverings; household textiles; household
appliances; glassware, tableware, and household utensils; tools and equipment for house
and garden; and goods and services for routine household maintenance. Code in the ICP
expenditure classification in Appendix C: 110500
Health: Household expenditure on medical products, appliances and equipment,
outpatient services, and hospital services plus expenditure of NPISHs on health plus
general government expenditure on health benefits and reimbursements and the
production of health services. Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C:
110600 + (120000) + 130200
Transport: Household expenditure on purchase of vehicles, operation of personal transport
equipment, and transport services. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C:
110700
Communication: Household expenditure on postal services and on telephone and telefax
equipment and services. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 110800
Recreation and culture: Household expenditure on audiovisual, photographic, and
information-processing equipment; other major durables for recreation and culture; other
recreational items and equipment; gardens and pets; recreational and cultural services;
newspapers, books, and stationery; and package holidays plus expenditure by NPISHs on
recreation and culture plus general government expenditure on recreation and culture.
Corresponding codes in Appendix C: 110900 + (120000) + 130300
Education: Household expenditure on pre-primary, primary, secondary, post-secondary,
and tertiary education plus expenditure of NPISHs on education plus general government
expenditure on education benefits and reimbursements and the production of education
services. Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 111000 + (120000) +
130400
56
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Box 6. Analytical categories shown in Tables 2 to 9 cont.
Restaurants and hotels: Household expenditure on food products and beverages sold for
immediate consumption away from the home by hotels, restaurants, cafés, bars, kiosks,
street vendors, automatic vending machines, etc. (includes cooked dishes prepared by
restaurants for consumption off their premises; cooked dishes prepared by catering
contractors, whether collected by the customer or delivered to the customer’s home)
and household expenditure on accommodation services provided by hotels and similar
establishments. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 111100
Miscellaneous goods and service: Household expenditure on personal care, personal
effects, social protection, insurance, and financial and other services plus expenditure
by NPISHs on social protection and other services plus general government expenditure
on social protection. Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 111200 +
(120000) + 130500
Actual collective consumption: The final consumption expenditure of general government
on collective services. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 140000
Gross fixed capital formation: The total value of acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
by resident institutional units during the accounting period plus the additions to the value
of non-produced assets realized by the productive activity of resident institutional units.
Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 150000
Machinery and equipment: Capital expenditure on fabricated metal products, general
purpose machinery, special purpose machinery, electrical and optical equipment, transport
equipment, and other manufactured goods. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in
Appendix C: 150100
Construction: Capital expenditure on the construction of new structures and the
renovation of existing structures. Structures include residential buildings, non-residential
buildings, and civil engineering works. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix
C: 150200
Other products: Capital expenditure on plantation, orchard and vineyard development;
change in stocks of breeding stock, draught animals, dairy cattle, animals raised for wool
clippings, etc.; computer software that a producer expects to use in production for more
than one year; land improvement including dams and dikes which are part of flood control
and irrigation projects; mineral exploration; acquisition of entertainment, literary or
artistic originals; other intangible fixed assets. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in
Appendix C: 150300
57
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Box 6. Analytical categories shown in Tables 2 to 9 cont.
Individual consumption expenditure by households: The total value of actual and
imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by households on individual goods and
services. It also includes expenditure on individual goods and services sold at prices that
are not economically significant. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C:
110000
Individual consumption expenditure by government: The total value of actual and
imputed final consumption expenditures incurred by general government on individual
goods and services. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 130000
Net purchases abroad: Purchases by resident households outside the economic territory of
the economy less purchases by non-residential households in the economic territory of the
economy. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in Appendix C: 111300
Changes in inventories and valuables: The acquisition, less disposals, of stocks of raw
materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods that are held by producer units prior to
their being further processed or sold or otherwise used; and the acquisition, less disposals,
of valuables (produced assets that are not used primarily for production or consumption
but purchased and held as stores of value). Codes in the ICP expenditure classification in
Appendix C: 160000
Balance of exports and imports: The f.o.b. value of exports of goods and services less the
f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services. Code in the ICP expenditure classification in
Appendix C: 170000
58
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
59
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 2: Nominal GDP and Main Expenditure Compon
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
14,481,007.9
6,515,384.5
1,955,539.2
111,939.4
Angola
9,767,611.2
5,929,090.4
2,433,560.3
257,254.1
Benin
3,439,771.2
2,778,986.6
1,339,888.2
80,423.9
102,491.7
56,005.8
9,990.7
4,230.6
Burkina Faso
4,868,468.5
3,294,318.3
1,686,455.2
211,091.9
Burundi
2,599,940.6
2,424,103.6
1,058,179.6
333,982.5
149,003.6
105,325.7
36,572.9
4,965.9
12,545,651.0
9,828,989.4
4,521,688.9
259,172.4
Central Afr, Rep,
1,029,723.6
951,647.3
545,323.9
86,606.4
Chad
5,725,349.8
3,931,639.7
1,890,066.5
182,272.2
95,437.7
94,237.8
48,367.6
251.4
Botswana
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Comoros
Congo Republic
6,982,507.4
1,729,294.7
634,446.0
71,124.3
Congo, Dem. Rep.
23,146,149.4
14,896,166.8
8,177,326.9
429,942.0
Côte d'Ivoire
12,275,478.0
8,766,034.0
3,727,367.0
276,299.0
Djibouti
205,314.4
146,708.3
44,155.9
11,502.4
Egypt
1,371,078.1
1,090,455.5
456,997.4
35,449.9
8,367,319.3
1,076,757.2
408,238.0
24,518.5
506,095.7
409,234.2
151,870.8
9,974.5
8,046,080.1
3,066,505.4
921,356.3
173,305.8
Gambia, The
26,596.4
21,170.9
9,018.6
594.3
Ghana
59,816.3
40,022.3
14,884.9
555.4
Guinea
33,128,317.5
18,673,354.8
10,798,357.9
273,732.0
464,652.9
318,109.1
162,253.3
5,349.3
3,048,866.6
2,669,620.1
913,488.9
129,898.0
18,331.0
20,223.6
5,173.9
534.5
1,147.3
1,298.2
348.8
44.1
20,276,384.1
18,408,766.5
8,046,818.7
559,326.2
Malawi
1,140,842.5
1,125,779.2
549,740.8
54,367.6
Mali
5,024,473.0
3,352,609.6
1,559,385.1
47,293.9
Mauritania
1,309,363.9
766,288.0
461,716.7
7,280.6
322,959.0
255,197.0
73,835.8
21,254.8
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Mauritius
60
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
ents in Local Currency Units (Millions)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
190,061.0
318,126.7
161,464.7
460,794.5
787,289.7
368,962.9
299,507.0
622,273.9
330,769.7
311,419.9
318,162.5
61,062.6
117,925.7
283,034.4
75,115.1
94,663.6
201,981.6
84,127.9
3,440.6
6,237.7
3,320.0
2,881.0
8,984.0
1,379.4
68,910.2
363,983.7
143,495.5
122,879.9
212,925.1
108,689.3
23,505.2
374,320.7
21,589.4
67,878.1
158,855.2
27,449.2
2,896.0
20,790.5
7,499.4
5,744.8
7,321.0
3,594.8
811,481.0
897,084.4
903,809.8
149,662.8
798,913.7
149,080.3
68,357.7
46,670.4
49,093.0
14,541.0
34,218.2
8,221.5
88,449.4
369,815.5
263,339.7
276,088.2
367,653.8
148,201.5
2,857.5
29,296.1
3,619.9
806.7
1,897.8
548.2
46,323.6
227,177.9
59,592.0
135,697.7
140,968.5
89,905.2
695,961.2
1,778,788.0
517,762.5
666,183.7
386,054.8
169,060.5
304,324.0
857,674.6
724,065.0
372,148.7
957,265.0
251,690.0
4,347.0
45,871.0
8,223.0
4,720.7
9,105.8
443.6
65,941.0
142,262.9
52,686.0
99,498.7
64,418.0
27,784.6
32,499.5
152,376.4
40,935.9
101,000.4
86,319.1
40,391.0
21,048.5
66,886.9
39,187.8
33,493.0
6,712.6
1,606.7
155,115.2
439,582.2
139,457.5
210,514.5
257,093.4
136,402.5
1,539.1
1,456.8
545.0
3,201.0
570.8
545.3
5,692.8
4,033.3
2,779.3
1,366.2
2,620.3
613.2
1,286,316.0
1,491,022.3
724,796.3
1,360,584.6
1,024,283.3
30,322.4
25,634.8
43,721.2
22,539.4
7,767.7
22,635.7
1,652.9
65,858.3
208,120.6
120,542.4
193,736.4
271,023.4
81,545.4
2,514.0
2,112.6
1,754.2
876.3
670.8
568.0
165.9
291.8
70.3
24.1
32.4
48.0
1,188,088.6
1,133,484.9
2,458,659.0
324,652.9
2,376,640.8
160,169.3
29,257.9
122,944.6
114,260.7
44,497.4
87,549.5
18,874.7
193,171.7
326,515.8
199,523.9
132,802.5
444,437.5
74,734.9
25,730.1
72,908.3
21,590.1
30,553.9
33,239.4
29,628.9
14,885.4
39,395.6
20,395.0
12,638.1
34,369.4
7,782.6
61
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Morocco
802,607.0
536,639.0
182,915.9
17,067.4
Mozambique
364,736.7
313,231.1
161,479.4
13,637.8
Namibia
90,602.6
64,821.2
12,984.9
2,616.8
Niger
3,025,524.8
2,427,877.8
1,013,406.4
54,227.4
Nigeria
38,016,971.1
24,474,510.7
9,243,133.7
345,142.5
Rwanda
3,814,419.3
3,313,214.5
1,586,918.8
110,988.3
São Tomé & Príncipe
4,375,541.7
5,117,169.6
2,793,703.3
230,887.5
Senegal
6,766,801.2
5,601,003.0
2,744,522.2
72,613.3
13,118.6
7,960.2
3,160.9
219.9
Sierra Leone
12,754,888.7
11,448,199.8
4,530,547.1
353,636.3
South Africa
2,917,538.7
1,992,357.7
353,089.9
87,554.1
186,555.7
130,872.2
67,691.6
888.7
29,699.9
26,762.1
12,221.0
232.5
37,532,961.3
25,647,618.6
16,914,016.1
171,066.1
Seychelles
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
1,739,221.7
1,539,444.1
667,214.6
36,104.7
Tunisia
64,730.5
48,184.3
10,605.4
1,532.8
Uganda
45,944,056.7
41,649,910.4
13,863,598.9
2,427,776.2
Zambia
101,104,813.8
55,895,983.1
32,622,844.5
449,332.5
8,865.4
8,452.3
4,722.7
279.1
Zimbabwe
62
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
21,782.6
74,263.4
24,668.6
33,215.1
47,802.8
32,803.8
15,140.3
22,759.4
8,776.2
8,936.6
26,284.8
3,843.7
3,113.4
12,393.5
4,636.5
7,161.8
2,635.1
518.2
187,290.6
244,976.8
117,232.4
98,583.4
184,040.5
56,486.0
3,537,536.8
2,504,424.0
1,727,068.1
777,339.5
1,628,307.2
381,061.7
109,741.6
546,517.9
107,147.6
86,523.7
213,368.7
40,147.9
200,961.1
483,017.8
172,877.4
201,981.2
500,763.7
64,975.4
194,676.4
1,075,519.5
316,074.9
162,881.6
275,147.9
274,087.9
340.2
1,417.7
339.2
525.0
480.6
150.5
915,872.3
858,597.3
324,404.5
1,826,734.2
351,701.8
324,486.4
85,972.9
271,440.0
122,018.6
220,718.9
257,479.2
51,261.8
5,839.3
19,167.8
8,475.0
1,669.7
10,722.8
2,138.2
1,491.6
3,597.9
2,838.4
1,707.0
2,082.3
347.5
1,708,132.2
1,822,283.5
1,115,678.1
899,859.4
988,996.5
17,928.0
76,541.9
119,776.7
69,321.0
100,163.5
86,029.7
36,104.7
3,325.5
6,801.0
2,938.9
3,405.5
6,893.3
1,697.9
1,204,179.4
7,473,033.9
2,346,324.4
1,150,341.5
2,480,844.3
766,813.7
3,508,359.4
6,652,113.8
851,153.2
2,876,894.7
760,880.6
1,443,880.5
460.5
541.1
246.2
229.3
639.5
12.8
63
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
165,726.6
622,990.3
153,631.1
1,218,858.4
0.0
4,552,708.1
1,962,676.3
Angola
126,815.9
289,847.9
174,312.0
704,104.6
0.0
4,957,541.6
971,548.9
Benin
41,838.7
142,597.2
258,947.7
85,382.7
-26,940.0
2,631,387.0
147,599.6
1,516.8
7,117.3
2,223.2
4,684.5
0.0
48,629.1
7,376.7
Burkina Faso
76,904.3
97,472.1
109,556.0
93,235.3
-1,280.3
3,168,956.7
125,361.6
Burundi
25,184.8
134,107.1
100,239.5
57,423.3
41,389.0
2,244,599.9
179,503.7
1,001.5
8,587.0
12,897.2
6,586.9
-13,132.3
93,029.5
12,296.2
151,371.2
223,990.3
658,606.0
223,259.5
80,869.0
9,519,147.0
309,842.4
16,131.4
28,116.9
18,415.7
35,951.3
0.0
925,559.0
26,088.2
90,557.6
55,748.7
29,506.2
86,163.4
83,777.1
3,811,452.7
120,187.0
971.3
2,335.1
16.1
2,999.4
270.7
93,627.2
610.7
Congo Rep.
47,170.9
129,439.1
129,850.7
51,379.6
-33,780.9
1,552,652.2
176,642.5
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
193,798.7
635,246.4
898,870.9
347,171.1
0.0
14,337,326.9
558,840.0
Côte d'Ivoire
304,433.2
375,218.5
125,698.0
395,797.0
94,054.0
8,294,774.0
471,260.0
1,693.9
9,500.3
1,448.0
3,416.9
2,279.8
136,164.7
10,543.5
Egypt
32,395.7
72,193.4
34,297.7
77,232.8
-70,702.4
1,036,100.0
54,355.5
Equat. Guinea
19,934.5
52,559.2
36,851.4
58,957.0
22,176.5
1,004,440.4
72,316.9
1,938.2
14,018.9
19,306.0
43,190.0
0.0
397,602.2
11,631.9
69,784.5
160,430.9
141,218.2
99,118.7
163,125.6
2,812,983.5
253,521.9
Gambia, The
661.3
1,843.5
236.8
958.4
0.0
20,205.7
965.2
Ghana
423.2
5,520.0
17.5
1,510.8
5.4
36,756.5
3,265.9
Guinea
152,124.3
594,426.2
264,256.6
466,769.1
206,364.0
18,424,663.0
248,691.8
13,772.2
6,000.0
1,502.6
5,280.1
0.0
310,966.9
7,142.2
90,860.2
385,196.9
165,661.9
185,933.4
-142,245.5
2,304,873.7
364,746.4
698.5
1,911.3
270.7
1,210.3
1,928.5
17,787.9
2,435.7
22.5
151.4
8.6
90.3
0.0
1,291.6
6.6
773,678.9
649,617.8
603,042.3
289,201.8
-154,614.7
17,830,725.6
578,040.9
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Cent. Afr. Rep.
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
64
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption by
Government
Education
Botswana
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other ­Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of
­Imports &
Exports
1,337,768.1
4,617,702.8
1,952,670.3
2,403,554.1
261,478.4
494,243.0
1,515,909.5
2,560,071.9
1,669,218.1
519,127.0
1,073,651.9
76,439.2
26,996.2
-417,765.5
252,439.7
712,864.1
244,944.7
459,962.4
7,956.9
29,531.8
-334,050.9
12,032.5
33,640.6
13,870.1
19,364.4
406.1
6,855.8
-6,043.0
741,388.2
802,628.2
329,615.0
407,806.7
65,206.4
375,831.3
-345,697.5
333,238.9
492,265.6
215,507.2
249,485.4
27,273.0
18,267.5
-667,935.0
15,104.7
69,807.6
25,227.3
41,806.1
2,774.3
1,383.4
-42,617.9
1,147,371.6
2,582,649.0
1,202,761.5
1,319,523.0
60,364.5
965.0
-1,014,324.0
46,734.2
157,749.6
45,167.6
85,447.2
27,134.8
0.0
-126,407.5
249,112.1
1,637,919.0
661,214.7
787,955.0
188,749.3
68,222.0
-161,543.0
21,916.0
12,815.1
5,729.9
6,441.0
644.1
3,589.8
-37,121.0
335,373.7
2,406,479.0
390,804.4
1,993,352.5
22,322.1
0.0
2,511,360.0
2,675,682.5
5,460,500.0
2,002,840.4
3,258,640.7
199,018.8
21,200.0
92,600.0
966,118.0
1,373,710.0
487,394.0
820,040.0
66,276.0
-804,757.0
1,974,373.0
40,704.9
54,115.7
17,864.0
35,972.8
278.9
9,054.5
-45,269.0
102,605.6
229,100.0
106,478.2
116,390.6
6,231.1
5,400.0
-56,483.0
152,232.8
2,765,011.0
1,416,004.5
902,805.1
446,201.4
0.2
4,373,318.0
32,014.2
130,972.3
48,626.7
59,332.2
23,013.5
10,410.3
-76,535.4
762,178.8
1,528,365.2
447,126.2
450,466.0
630,773.1
3,058.8
2,685,971.9
1,873.7
7,141.2
4,547.1
2,236.5
357.6
0.0
-3,589.4
6,689.4
15,317.2
8,682.7
5,701.0
933.5
1,124.8
-3,337.5
1,518,128.9
7,898,991.2
5,023,536.5
2,604,357.1
271,097.6
641,692.5
4,396,150.1
81,888.1
59,680.8
26,376.8
30,966.9
2,337.1
5,012.3
-37.4
256,169.4
610,781.3
335,284.2
273,685.2
1,811.9
16,228.4
-503,932.7
3,857.9
4,861.2
1,258.9
3,379.7
222.6
225.2
-10,836.9
140.8
146.6
129.1
17.4
0.1
74.8
-513.0
1,463,263.9
3,527,808.6
1,567,196.3
1,791,924.5
168,687.8
0.0
-3,123,454.9
65
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Malawi
26,262.9
56,741.7
28,128.7
25,966.2
-32,813.4
1,062,258.3
63,520.9
Mali
133,332.1
146,600.8
61,126.2
85,258.0
-51,572.7
3,180,762.5
171,847.1
Mauritania
7,396.3
57,091.1
5,214.9
13,880.0
57.7
678,679.0
87,609.0
Mauritius
16,606.2
20,375.9
8,782.9
16,022.6
-31,147.3
237,167.1
18,029.9
Morocco
23,574.7
61,335.5
30,961.0
35,092.1
-48,844.0
472,938.0
63,701.0
Mozambique
8,223.6
21,605.8
2,942.6
15,775.4
3,825.5
290,647.5
22,583.6
Namibia
2,558.8
9,096.0
3,913.2
5,651.8
-2,458.8
55,914.2
8,907.0
133,128.7
79,396.9
119,752.6
142,972.3
-3,616.1
2,342,312.2
85,565.6
Nigeria
262,898.5
3,121,988.1
10,898.7
924,815.0
9,896.8
22,840,832.7
1,633,678.1
Rwanda
55,018.0
173,309.9
102,920.9
118,784.8
61,826.3
3,181,393.6
131,820.9
São Tomé &
Príncipe
74,395.3
198,117.8
65,134.8
95,983.3
34,370.8
4,919,927.9
197,241.7
72,171.2
297,245.8
50,553.2
215,190.1
-149,681.0
5,312,060.3
288,942.6
194.4
833.5
55.4
242.9
0.0
6,929.0
1,031.2
Sierra Leone
396,438.2
871,947.4
140,896.1
552,950.2
-11.9
11,163,127.9
285,071.9
South Africa
81,315.4
213,044.9
41,367.7
226,874.4
-19,780.0
1,731,659.7
260,698.0
Sudan
3,049.9
4,276.8
2,902.7
3,381.7
668.1
129,852.8
1,019.4
1,136.7
2,244.1
167.9
426.2
-1,731.1
25,104.6
1,657.5
274,552.8
1,230,243.5
3,492.2
501,370.3
0.0
24,815,657.9
831,960.8
Togo
19,821.4
103,192.9
125,644.3
164,250.7
-64,722.0
1,474,248.3
65,195.8
Tunisia
1,583.0
3,814.8
4,572.9
3,016.9
-2,003.7
42,489.6
5,694.7
Uganda
2,506,235.3
4,477,015.1
1,187,663.9
1,766,083.9
0.0
37,758,886.1
3,891,024.3
Zambia
387,189.0
3,471,459.9
149,692.4
2,722,182.5
0.0
52,484,737.3
3,411,245.8
178.3
605.6
50.2
420.3
66.8
7,752.2
700.2
Senegal
Seychelles
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
66
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption by
Government
Education
Niger
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other ­Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of
­Imports &
Exports
78,437.5
189,554.9
140,231.5
37,659.5
11,663.9
-37,356.7
-215,572.3
604,323.5
1,114,243.2
479,558.5
583,659.7
51,025.0
43,788.8
-90,492.2
199,284.0
752,058.0
370,106.3
315,552.8
66,398.9
-313,423.0
-94,843.1
25,675.0
77,565.0
23,282.6
50,730.4
3,552.0
6,286.0
-41,764.0
82,631.0
246,394.0
105,733.3
127,247.9
13,412.8
42,168.0
-105,225.0
26,312.2
64,949.9
21,936.5
42,834.2
179.1
7,697.8
-47,454.2
14,018.4
19,291.4
7,065.8
11,561.0
664.6
-1,128.3
-6,400.2
301,939.0
1,120,936.0
493,032.0
601,651.0
26,253.0
2,039.0
-827,267.0
3,346,226.2
3,908,280.3
2,215,444.4
1,454,650.7
238,185.2
2,308.8
6,285,645.0
346,024.9
817,903.6
178,645.5
601,803.5
37,454.6
0.0
-662,723.7
336,730.5
861,538.0
647,002.9
153,563.9
60,971.3
6,662.0
-1,946,558.3
670,791.8
1,611,426.9
615,006.9
981,484.6
14,935.4
98,035.9
-1,214,456.4
2,666.5
4,450.7
1,831.2
2,431.7
187.8
764.8
-2,723.6
1,004,063.7
5,315,874.1
3,776,813.5
1,477,283.2
61,777.5
49,958.0
-5,063,206.9
374,321.0
553,313.0
262,965.0
265,009.9
25,338.1
15,562.0
-18,015.0
11,722.6
41,615.2
21,747.5
19,865.5
2.2
4,867.6
-2,521.8
2,757.1
2,759.7
1,065.5
1,288.3
405.9
0.0
-2,579.0
5,313,689.1
13,534,065.9
5,821,414.2
7,409,860.0
302,791.6
228,000.0
-7,190,412.3
140,953.8
307,719.1
93,623.4
199,957.3
14,138.4
30,805.3
-279,700.6
6,217.9
14,015.6
4,581.9
8,904.6
529.1
1,127.4
-4,814.7
756,444.3
11,341,479.2
3,281,101.7
7,541,012.5
519,365.0
144,380.1
-7,948,157.3
15,796,454.7
21,902,244.5
6,629,599.6
14,269,666.5
1,002,978.5
1,435,877.9
6,074,253.6
782.0
987.6
333.5
651.3
2.7
409.5
-1,766.0
67
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 3: Nominal Main Expenditure Component Shares
Part A
Country
Actual Consumption Expenditures by
Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
45.0
13.5
0.8
1.3
Angola
60.7
24.9
2.6
3.1
Benin
80.8
39.0
2.3
3.4
Botswana
54.6
9.7
4.1
3.4
Burkina Faso
67.7
34.6
4.3
1.4
Burundi
93.2
40.7
12.8
0.9
Cabo Verde
70.7
24.5
3.3
1.9
Cameroon
78.3
36.0
2.1
6.5
Central Afr. Rep.
92.4
53.0
8.4
6.6
Chad
68.7
33.0
3.2
1.5
Comoros
98.7
50.7
0.3
3.0
Congo Rep.
24.8
9.1
1.0
0.7
Congo, Dem. Rep.
64.4
35.3
1.9
3.0
Côte d'Ivoire
71.4
30.4
2.3
2.5
Djibouti
71.5
21.5
5.6
2.1
Egypt
79.5
33.3
2.6
4.8
Equat. Guinea
12.9
4.9
0.3
0.4
80.9
30.0
2.0
4.2
Gabon
38.1
11.5
2.2
1.9
Gambia, The
79.6
33.9
2.2
5.8
Ghana
66.9
24.9
0.9
9.5
Guinea
56.4
32.6
0.8
3.9
Guinea-Bissau
68.5
34.9
1.2
5.5
Kenya
87.6
30.0
4.3
2.2
Lesotho
110.3
28.2
2.9
13.7
Liberia
113.2
30.4
3.8
14.5
Madagascar
90.8
39.7
2.8
5.9
Malawi
98.7
48.2
4.8
2.6
Mali
66.7
31.0
0.9
3.8
Mauritania
58.5
35.3
0.6
2.0
Mauritius
79.0
22.9
6.6
4.6
Ethiopia
68
Clothing &
Footwear
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
by Country (GDP = 100)
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & Other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
­Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
2.2
1.1
3.2
5.4
6.4
3.4
3.2
8.2
2.2
6.1
Communication
Recreation & Culture
Education
2.5
1.1
4.3
3.3
0.6
1.3
3.0
2.8
5.9
2.4
1.2
4.1
3.2
2.8
8.8
1.3
1.5
6.9
7.5
2.9
2.5
4.4
2.2
1.6
2.0
14.4
0.8
2.6
6.1
1.1
1.0
5.2
14.0
5.0
3.9
4.9
2.4
0.7
5.8
7.2
7.2
1.2
6.4
1.2
1.2
1.8
4.5
4.8
1.4
3.3
0.8
1.6
2.7
6.5
4.6
4.8
6.4
2.6
1.6
1.0
30.7
3.8
0.8
2.0
0.6
1.0
2.4
3.3
0.9
1.9
2.0
1.3
0.7
1.9
7.7
2.2
2.9
1.7
0.7
0.8
2.7
7.0
5.9
3.0
7.8
2.1
2.5
3.1
22.3
4.0
2.3
4.4
0.2
0.8
4.6
10.4
3.8
7.3
4.7
2.0
2.4
5.3
1.8
0.5
1.2
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.6
13.2
7.7
6.6
1.3
0.3
0.4
2.8
5.5
1.7
2.6
3.2
1.7
0.9
2.0
5.5
2.0
12.0
2.1
2.1
2.5
6.9
6.7
4.6
2.3
4.4
1.0
0.7
9.2
4.5
2.2
4.1
3.1
0.1
0.5
1.8
9.4
4.9
1.7
4.9
0.4
3.0
1.3
6.8
4.0
6.4
8.9
2.7
3.0
12.6
11.5
9.6
4.8
3.7
3.1
3.8
10.4
25.4
6.1
2.1
2.8
4.2
2.0
13.2
5.6
12.1
1.6
11.7
0.8
3.8
3.2
10.8
10.0
3.9
7.7
1.7
2.3
5.0
6.5
4.0
2.6
8.8
1.5
2.7
2.9
5.6
1.6
2.3
2.5
2.3
0.6
4.4
12.2
6.3
3.9
10.6
2.4
5.1
6.3
69
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
Actual Consumption Expenditures by
Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Morocco
66.9
22.8
2.1
2.7
Mozambique
85.9
44.3
3.7
4.2
Namibia
71.5
14.3
2.9
3.4
80.2
33.5
1.8
6.2
Nigeria
64.4
24.3
0.9
9.3
Rwanda
86.9
41.6
2.9
2.9
São Tomé & Príncipe
116.9
63.8
5.3
4.6
Senegal
82.8
40.6
1.1
2.9
Seychelles
60.7
24.1
1.7
2.6
Sierra Leone
89.8
35.5
2.8
7.2
South Africa
68.3
12.1
3.0
2.9
Sudan
70.2
36.3
0.5
3.1
Swaziland
90.1
41.1
0.8
5.0
Tanzania
68.3
45.1
0.5
4.6
Togo
88.5
38.4
2.1
4.4
Tunisia
74.4
16.4
2.4
5.1
Uganda
90.7
30.2
5.3
2.6
Zambia
55.3
32.3
0.4
3.5
Zimbabwe
95.3
53.3
3.1
5.2
Niger
70
Clothing &
Footwear
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & Other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
­Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
9.3
3.1
4.1
6.0
6.2
2.4
2.5
13.7
5.1
8.1
Communication
Recreation & Culture
Education
4.1
2.9
7.6
7.2
1.1
2.3
5.9
7.9
2.9
0.6
2.8
10.0
3.9
3.3
6.1
1.9
4.4
2.6
6.6
4.5
2.0
4.3
1.0
0.7
8.2
14.3
2.8
2.3
5.6
1.1
1.4
4.5
11.0
4.0
4.6
11.4
1.5
1.7
4.5
15.9
4.7
2.4
4.1
4.1
1.1
4.4
10.8
2.6
4.0
3.7
1.1
1.5
6.4
6.7
2.5
14.3
2.8
2.5
3.1
6.8
9.3
4.2
7.6
8.8
1.8
2.8
7.3
10.3
4.5
0.9
5.7
1.1
1.6
2.3
12.1
9.6
5.7
7.0
1.2
3.8
7.6
4.9
3.0
2.4
2.6
0.0
0.7
3.3
6.9
4.0
5.8
4.9
2.1
1.1
5.9
10.5
4.5
5.3
10.6
2.6
2.4
5.9
16.3
5.1
2.5
5.4
1.7
5.5
9.7
6.6
0.8
2.8
0.8
1.4
0.4
3.4
6.1
2.8
2.6
7.2
0.1
2.0
6.8
71
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Restaurants &
Hotels
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases
abroad
Individual Consumption
­Expenditures By Households
Algeria
1.1
8.4
0.0
31.4
13.6
Angola
1.8
7.2
0.0
50.8
9.9
Benin
7.5
2.5
-0.8
76.5
4.3
Botswana
2.2
4.6
0.0
47.4
7.2
Burkina Faso
2.3
1.9
0.0
65.1
2.6
Burundi
3.9
2.2
1.6
86.3
6.9
Cabo Verde
8.7
4.4
-8.8
62.4
8.3
Cameroon
5.2
1.8
0.6
75.9
2.5
Cent. Afr. Rep.
1.8
3.5
0.0
89.9
2.5
Chad
0.5
1.5
1.5
66.6
2.1
Comoros
0.0
3.1
0.3
98.1
0.6
Congo Rep.
1.9
0.7
-0.5
22.2
2.5
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
3.9
1.5
0.0
61.9
2.4
Côte d'Ivoire
1.0
3.2
0.8
67.6
3.8
Djibouti
0.7
1.7
1.1
66.3
5.1
Egypt
2.5
5.6
-5.2
75.6
4.0
Equat. Guinea
0.4
0.7
0.3
12.0
0.9
Ethiopia
3.8
8.5
0.0
78.6
2.3
Gabon
1.8
1.2
2.0
35.0
3.2
Gambia, The
0.9
3.6
0.0
76.0
3.6
Ghana
0.0
2.5
0.0
61.4
5.5
Guinea
0.8
1.4
0.6
55.6
0.8
Guinea-Bissau
0.3
1.1
0.0
66.9
1.5
Kenya
5.4
6.1
-4.7
75.6
12.0
Lesotho
1.5
6.6
10.5
97.0
13.3
Liberia
0.8
7.9
0.0
112.6
0.6
Madagascar
3.0
1.4
-0.8
87.9
2.9
Malawi
2.5
2.3
-2.9
93.1
5.6
Country
72
Individual Consumption
by Government
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective Consumption by Government
Gross Fixed Capital Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other
Products
Changes in Inventories & Valuables
Balance of
­Imports & Exports
9.2
31.9
13.5
16.6
1.8
3.4
10.5
26.2
17.1
5.3
11.0
0.8
0.3
-4.3
7.3
20.7
7.1
13.4
0.2
0.9
-9.7
11.7
32.8
13.5
18.9
0.4
6.7
-5.9
15.2
16.5
6.8
8.4
1.3
7.7
-7.1
12.8
18.9
8.3
9.6
1.0
0.7
-25.7
10.1
46.8
16.9
28.1
1.9
0.9
-28.6
9.1
20.6
9.6
10.5
0.5
0.0
-8.1
4.5
15.3
4.4
8.3
2.6
0.0
-12.3
4.4
28.6
11.5
13.8
3.3
1.2
-2.8
23.0
13.4
6.0
6.7
0.7
3.8
-38.9
4.8
34.5
5.6
28.5
0.3
0.0
36.0
11.6
23.6
8.7
14.1
0.9
0.1
0.4
7.9
11.2
4.0
6.7
0.5
-6.6
16.1
19.8
26.4
8.7
17.5
0.1
4.4
-22.0
7.5
16.7
7.8
8.5
0.5
0.4
-4.1
1.8
33.0
16.9
10.8
5.3
0.0
52.3
6.3
25.9
9.6
11.7
4.5
2.1
-15.1
9.5
19.0
5.6
5.6
7.8
0.0
33.4
7.0
26.9
17.1
8.4
1.3
0.0
-13.5
11.2
25.6
14.5
9.5
1.6
1.9
-5.6
4.6
23.8
15.2
7.9
0.8
1.9
13.3
17.6
12.8
5.7
6.7
0.5
1.1
0.0
8.4
20.0
11.0
9.0
0.1
0.5
-16.5
21.0
26.5
6.9
18.4
1.2
1.2
-59.1
12.3
12.8
11.3
1.5
0.0
6.5
-44.7
7.2
17.4
7.7
8.8
0.8
0.0
-15.4
6.9
16.6
12.3
3.3
1.0
-3.3
-18.9
73
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Restaurants &
Hotels
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases
abroad
Individual Consumption
­Expenditures By Households
Mali
1.2
1.7
-1.0
63.3
3.4
Mauritania
0.4
1.1
0.0
51.8
6.7
Mauritius
2.7
5.0
-9.6
73.4
5.6
Morocco
3.9
4.4
-6.1
58.9
7.9
Mozambique
0.8
4.3
1.0
79.7
6.2
Namibia
4.3
6.2
-2.7
61.7
9.8
Niger
4.0
4.7
-0.1
77.4
2.8
Nigeria
0.0
2.4
0.0
60.1
4.3
Rwanda
2.7
3.1
1.6
83.4
3.5
São Tomé &
Príncipe
1.5
2.2
0.8
112.4
4.5
Senegal
0.7
3.2
-2.2
78.5
4.3
Seychelles
0.4
1.9
0.0
52.8
7.9
Sierra Leone
1.1
4.3
0.0
87.5
2.2
South Africa
1.4
7.8
-0.7
59.4
8.9
Sudan
1.6
1.8
0.4
69.6
0.5
Swaziland
0.6
1.4
-5.8
84.5
5.6
Tanzania
0.0
1.3
0.0
66.1
2.2
Togo
7.2
9.4
-3.7
84.8
3.7
Tunisia
7.1
4.7
-3.1
65.6
8.8
Uganda
2.6
3.8
0.0
82.2
8.5
Zambia
0.1
2.7
0.0
51.9
3.4
Zimbabwe
0.6
4.7
0.8
87.4
7.9
Country
74
Individual Consumption
by Government
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective Consumption by Government
Gross Fixed Capital Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other
Products
Changes in Inventories & Valuables
Balance of
­Imports & Exports
12.0
22.2
9.5
11.6
1.0
0.9
-1.8
15.2
57.4
28.3
24.1
5.1
-23.9
-7.2
7.9
24.0
7.2
15.7
1.1
1.9
-12.9
10.3
30.7
13.2
15.9
1.7
5.3
-13.1
7.2
17.8
6.0
11.7
0.0
2.1
-13.0
15.5
21.3
7.8
12.8
0.7
-1.2
-7.1
10.0
37.0
16.3
19.9
0.9
0.1
-27.3
8.8
10.3
5.8
3.8
0.6
0.0
16.5
9.1
21.4
4.7
15.8
1.0
0.0
-17.4
7.7
19.7
14.8
3.5
1.4
0.2
-44.5
9.9
23.8
9.1
14.5
0.2
1.4
-17.9
20.3
33.9
14.0
18.5
1.4
5.8
-20.8
7.9
41.7
29.6
11.6
0.5
0.4
-39.7
12.8
19.0
9.0
9.1
0.9
0.5
-0.6
6.3
22.3
11.7
10.6
0.0
2.6
-1.4
9.3
9.3
3.6
4.3
1.4
0.0
-8.7
14.2
36.1
15.5
19.7
0.8
0.6
-19.2
8.1
17.7
5.4
11.5
0.8
1.8
-16.1
9.6
21.7
7.1
13.8
0.8
1.7
-7.4
1.6
24.7
7.1
16.4
1.1
0.3
-17.3
15.6
21.7
6.6
14.1
1.0
1.4
6.0
8.8
11.1
3.8
7.3
0.0
4.6
-19.9
75
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 4: Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for GDP and
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
6.2
5.8
7.6
9.1
Angola
14.3
14.6
17.8
9.1
Benin
44.9
43.6
55.8
39.2
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Burkina Faso
44.8
42.9
58.0
42.7
Burundi
88.9
91.5
122.2
147.0
Cabo Verde
10.2
9.3
11.0
10.1
Cameroon
47.5
44.8
53.1
47.7
Central Afr. Rep.
53.6
51.4
73.8
54.2
Chad
52.5
48.6
61.1
54.7
Comoros
43.5
42.3
53.6
63.4
Congo Rep.
60.7
58.1
82.1
53.8
109.2
103.3
150.1
124.0
Côte d'Ivoire
47.9
46.2
58.0
47.9
Djibouti
19.7
19.8
23.0
20.5
Egypt
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
61.8
64.1
88.8
46.5
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
66.7
70.2
98.8
44.9
2.1
2.1
3.0
2.1
Botswana
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia. The
Ghana
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
Guinea
526.7
487.3
806.4
516.5
46.2
46.6
60.3
50.5
7.2
7.0
8.6
9.1
Lesotho
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
Liberia
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Madagascar
141.3
136.6
176.1
156.4
Malawi
16.0
15.4
21.0
16.2
Mali
44.1
42.5
50.9
39.7
Mauritania
24.3
21.8
28.2
23.7
Mauritius
3.3
3.5
4.0
5.3
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
76
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Main Expenditure Components by Country (ZAF = 1)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
7.8
5.8
5.3
3.7
4.8
8.6
15.7
13.2
13.7
13.8
12.2
21.0
38.1
44.0
39.6
34.4
37.4
58.5
0.7
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
34.5
36.2
38.1
33.6
45.7
60.1
76.7
59.2
93.0
47.4
144.4
193.6
10.4
10.2
7.4
7.3
10.1
8.9
50.6
36.6
48.2
43.8
46.9
89.2
41.3
30.4
51.5
35.7
52.6
97.8
41.8
49.7
47.4
34.4
49.3
86.7
40.9
35.9
51.1
30.3
42.6
84.4
56.0
38.9
51.2
40.9
62.4
100.0
93.6
66.6
83.1
68.5
108.6
157.8
49.8
37.8
38.8
30.7
48.7
81.7
18.6
18.2
16.5
18.2
20.0
20.8
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.5
55.7
53.0
66.3
46.9
60.1
73.6
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.3
65.3
65.6
54.0
56.6
52.3
117.4
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
397.3
188.5
404.4
335.2
502.8
815.8
48.3
42.3
47.1
28.5
50.7
66.1
5.5
5.2
6.0
4.9
9.2
6.3
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
98.4
147.2
113.5
83.7
183.3
270.3
11.5
7.9
15.0
8.5
24.3
20.7
39.6
44.2
41.8
26.3
53.5
63.4
16.0
19.2
18.9
16.0
21.4
34.0
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.4
4.7
3.4
77
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Morocco
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.6
Mozambique
3.4
3.1
3.9
3.1
Namibia
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
46.4
44.2
60.9
49.9
Niger
Nigeria
15.6
15.3
22.2
13.9
Rwanda
54.7
49.4
59.5
64.3
1,786.8
1,909.4
2,570.7
2,044.9
49.5
47.9
61.0
53.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
3.2
Sierra Leone
325.6
336.3
498.8
316.5
South Africa
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Sudan
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
Swaziland
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
109.8
113.4
143.0
153.0
45.1
44.1
60.6
44.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
São Tomé & Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
174.5
183.0
213.8
233.3
Zambia
498.9
490.6
589.8
634.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Zimbabwe
78
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.3
2.6
2.2
3.2
2.7
3.1
4.5
0.7
1.3
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
29.0
41.4
30.9
35.4
45.1
85.9
11.8
14.1
9.9
9.0
13.3
21.1
52.6
37.7
35.4
33.8
69.8
66.5
1,836.4
1,794.2
1,811.6
1,128.8
1,956.5
2,623.3
38.8
42.8
36.5
35.9
53.1
70.7
1.6
1.1
1.4
0.9
1.7
1.8
219.9
217.9
278.8
200.4
405.1
645.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.9
90.2
126.9
96.1
58.6
118.6
127.0
36.8
35.7
39.3
30.7
58.7
94.9
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
177.1
190.8
169.3
129.5
231.3
242.0
441.1
410.0
477.9
317.9
683.5
1,205.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
79
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
5.2
3.0
5.1
5.0
10.0
6.3
3.6
Angola
18.3
11.2
18.3
14.5
12.9
14.6
14.2
Benin
48.7
32.9
42.8
34.1
65.0
44.4
39.0
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
Burkina Faso
53.7
23.0
33.3
42.6
65.0
43.9
36.4
Burundi
116.7
38.5
89.5
95.5
173.7
96.2
54.5
Cabo Verde
10.0
7.4
7.0
8.8
10.9
9.4
8.7
Cameroon
54.2
28.5
45.9
41.3
65.0
45.5
41.5
Cent. Afr. Rep.
57.8
22.1
46.1
52.3
65.0
52.9
36.4
Chad
45.7
22.8
52.8
43.2
65.0
49.6
41.8
Comoros
53.3
24.2
38.4
49.2
48.7
43.5
32.1
Congo Rep.
65.1
41.1
51.1
45.0
65.0
58.5
55.7
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
97.9
46.4
118.0
110.9
126.6
106.2
78.9
Côte d'Ivoire
60.6
40.3
37.8
41.6
65.0
46.5
47.8
Djibouti
24.0
15.5
20.7
21.3
24.5
20.0
18.9
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.4
0.2
81.8
37.8
57.1
65.9
65.0
63.5
69.5
1.0
0.4
0.7
0.9
2.3
1.1
0.7
60.1
62.7
64.7
63.2
65.0
70.9
66.5
Gambia, The
2.0
1.4
2.6
1.9
4.1
2.1
1.3
Ghana
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
Guinea
522.0
202.0
567.5
493.5
911.8
507.9
256.0
60.7
14.9
51.5
44.7
65.0
49.0
21.4
Kenya
7.6
6.8
6.2
6.1
12.2
7.0
6.8
Lesotho
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.8
0.8
Liberia
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
127.5
76.0
77.4
123.6
278.9
139.3
124.4
Egypt
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea-Bissau
Madagascar
80
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Botswana
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery & Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
3.7
9.1
10.2
8.2
10.2
7.4
10.0
12.7
12.4
14.0
10.9
13.9
15.3
12.9
31.7
65.3
65.3
62.7
65.2
52.7
65.0
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
38.8
61.4
69.2
54.5
69.3
54.1
65.0
57.2
151.0
168.2
135.5
167.9
123.3
173.7
9.0
12.8
11.7
13.4
11.7
10.8
10.9
41.9
68.3
63.1
73.6
63.2
53.0
65.0
47.2
70.9
70.5
70.2
70.2
61.9
65.0
42.3
76.8
70.7
84.0
70.6
58.5
65.0
35.2
51.3
52.9
49.8
52.1
50.5
48.7
54.1
84.7
70.6
85.5
70.5
64.2
65.0
94.0
145.9
138.2
147.9
137.9
131.9
126.6
44.2
61.0
69.8
53.1
69.6
55.0
65.0
17.7
20.8
24.3
17.8
24.4
22.4
24.5
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.8
91.6
60.1
71.3
50.1
71.1
70.7
65.0
0.8
1.6
2.4
1.0
2.4
1.5
2.3
61.8
74.2
70.2
85.9
70.0
73.6
65.0
1.4
3.3
4.4
2.4
4.4
2.9
4.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
301.5
852.5
964.1
759.4
954.5
706.8
911.8
30.9
61.9
71.0
54.0
70.8
57.8
65.0
7.4
9.8
11.7
8.2
11.7
8.7
12.2
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
133.9
230.1
289.0
183.6
294.3
189.7
278.9
81
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Malawi
20.4
13.9
18.3
14.7
21.5
15.4
16.9
Mali
43.9
27.8
48.6
37.9
65.0
43.8
32.2
Mauritania
23.1
15.2
25.8
21.7
39.3
22.3
17.6
Mauritius
3.2
2.6
4.3
3.4
4.0
3.6
2.1
Morocco
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.7
3.1
3.5
2.3
2.6
4.0
3.1
3.9
0.9
0.6
1.1
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.9
Niger
51.0
19.6
42.1
41.9
65.0
45.2
38.7
Nigeria
14.9
11.8
14.1
11.6
21.2
15.7
11.9
Rwanda
58.8
49.7
44.9
51.2
82.9
48.7
67.0
2,321.7
885.9
1,827.7
1,515.5
2,427.0
2,012.4
933.5
48.4
35.8
48.7
44.4
65.0
48.6
45.5
1.5
0.9
3.1
1.5
1.7
1.6
0.8
Sierra Leone
333.6
245.6
311.3
308.8
597.2
349.0
214.0
South Africa
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Sudan
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
Swaziland
0.8
1.0
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.9
122.7
89.0
93.5
99.6
216.5
115.6
95.5
Togo
61.2
19.9
44.2
35.0
65.0
45.8
28.5
Tunisia
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
Uganda
196.8
112.3
162.7
166.4
347.4
187.0
150.4
Zambia
520.8
517.0
399.1
374.7
669.4
494.6
496.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Namibia
São Tomé &
Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
82
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Mozambique
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery & Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
15.3
20.5
23.5
17.8
23.5
18.9
21.5
34.5
61.1
66.7
55.7
66.7
51.0
65.0
19.3
37.5
43.3
32.4
43.2
28.9
39.3
2.3
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.8
3.7
4.0
0.7
0.8
1.1
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.2
4.1
3.6
4.0
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.0
43.5
62.0
57.0
65.8
56.5
52.8
65.0
12.4
20.0
23.0
17.4
23.0
18.1
21.2
78.4
81.2
82.6
75.6
82.2
62.5
82.9
908.7
2,010.6
2,645.2
1,347.2
2,638.1
2,334.8
2,427.0
42.4
63.6
67.1
59.0
68.6
57.3
65.0
0.8
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
238.6
460.5
602.2
330.8
601.4
446.1
597.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
1.1
0.9
1.0
117.8
128.3
213.7
80.2
214.4
142.9
216.5
35.0
63.0
74.0
53.8
73.4
56.0
65.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
147.2
215.7
376.3
137.2
375.4
230.4
347.4
499.2
544.4
683.8
442.8
683.8
558.6
669.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
83
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 5. Price Level Indices for GDP and Main Expen Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco
Algeria
89.7
85.5
89.1
108.6
Angola
159.6
168.2
161.4
84.8
Benin
99.6
99.6
100.6
72.5
Botswana
120.7
134.3
121.6
140.2
Burkina Faso
99.5
98.0
104.5
78.8
Burundi
73.9
78.2
82.4
101.6
Cabo Verde
135.6
127.2
119.0
111.9
Cameroon
105.4
102.3
95.6
88.1
Central Afr. Rep.
119.1
117.4
133.0
100.1
Chad
116.5
110.9
110.1
101.1
Comoros
128.8
128.8
128.7
156.2
Congo Rep.
134.7
132.8
147.9
99.5
Congo, Dem. Rep.
124.4
121.1
138.7
117.5
Côte d'Ivoire
106.3
105.6
104.5
88.5
Djibouti
116.2
120.1
110.0
100.4
Egypt
61.3
62.2
74.6
83.2
Equat. Guinea
137.1
146.3
159.9
85.8
Ethiopia
64.0
66.2
67.2
63.7
Gabon
148.1
160.5
178.0
82.9
74.1
75.2
85.5
62.4
Ghana
101.6
107.2
133.0
97.5
Guinea
83.3
79.3
103.5
68.0
Guinea-Bissau
102.5
106.5
108.6
93.3
Kenya
84.9
84.8
82.4
89.5
Lesotho
118.7
114.0
104.2
112.6
Liberia
113.8
118.0
124.8
109.4
73.1
72.7
73.9
67.3
107.3
106.7
114.8
90.7
Mali
97.9
97.2
91.7
73.4
Mauritania
89.1
82.2
84.0
72.4
Mauritius
121.5
129.6
118.6
160.5
Gambia. The
Madagascar
Malawi
84
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
diture Components by Country (Africa = 100)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
126.7
118.2
85.3
71.4
68.3
98.5
197.3
208.6
173.1
209.5
136.4
187.3
95.3
138.5
99.0
103.8
83.1
103.7
116.3
233.2
150.2
132.9
109.0
95.4
86.3
113.9
95.4
101.4
101.5
106.4
71.7
69.6
87.0
53.5
120.0
128.3
155.6
191.2
110.7
131.6
134.7
93.9
126.4
115.2
120.5
132.0
104.1
158.0
103.3
95.7
128.8
107.8
116.8
173.2
104.3
156.4
118.7
103.6
109.4
153.5
136.2
150.7
170.6
121.9
126.0
199.3
139.9
122.5
128.0
123.4
138.6
177.0
120.0
107.6
106.7
106.1
123.7
143.4
124.3
118.9
97.1
92.6
108.2
144.6
123.7
152.1
109.8
146.2
117.8
97.8
76.0
40.1
77.7
58.8
58.2
69.0
139.1
166.7
165.7
141.4
133.6
130.3
75.8
96.8
70.9
57.0
70.7
62.7
163.1
206.3
135.2
170.8
116.2
207.9
50.3
94.5
69.3
60.0
69.1
54.5
99.7
109.4
99.4
75.8
75.6
95.5
70.8
42.3
72.1
72.1
79.6
102.9
120.6
133.2
117.9
86.0
112.6
117.0
73.5
87.7
79.2
78.1
108.4
59.7
111.9
129.4
123.3
112.6
114.3
118.1
98.1
209.0
91.6
89.6
108.0
133.6
57.3
107.8
66.2
58.8
94.9
111.5
87.3
75.1
113.8
77.4
163.6
111.0
98.9
139.1
104.6
79.5
118.9
112.2
65.9
100.0
78.3
79.7
78.5
99.5
109.0
144.4
128.3
117.6
170.6
99.6
85
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco
Morocco
99.9
107.8
106.8
171.2
Mozambique
121.3
115.1
114.4
93.4
Namibia
141.1
149.2
142.9
117.0
Niger
103.0
101.1
109.7
92.3
Nigeria
106.2
106.9
122.3
78.6
Rwanda
95.3
88.4
84.1
93.2
São Tomé & Príncipe
106.2
116.8
124.0
101.1
Senegal
109.9
109.5
109.8
98.4
Seychelles
118.0
126.3
123.8
226.4
Sierra Leone
78.7
83.6
97.8
63.6
South Africa
144.3
148.5
117.1
120.0
Sudan
102.0
112.7
116.9
156.5
Swaziland
118.0
119.2
105.3
112.6
Tanzania
73.2
77.8
77.3
84.8
Togo
100.1
100.7
109.2
81.4
Tunisia
92.4
100.1
97.2
122.0
Uganda
72.5
78.2
72.0
80.6
Zambia
107.5
108.8
103.1
113.8
Zimbabwe
110.9
111.5
105.6
75.9
AFRICA
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
86
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
116.7
90.9
103.6
146.9
104.2
131.1
106.4
111.0
130.4
133.3
112.8
128.7
112.2
256.9
112.8
170.1
133.6
110.5
72.4
130.3
77.2
106.8
100.2
152.1
90.3
135.8
75.9
83.2
90.4
114.5
103.0
93.0
69.4
79.9
121.6
92.4
122.9
151.1
121.3
91.2
116.4
124.4
97.1
134.7
91.3
108.3
117.9
125.2
150.6
128.3
134.5
99.8
147.0
118.8
59.8
74.6
75.9
65.8
97.9
124.3
162.4
204.4
162.5
196.0
144.3
115.1
70.6
169.9
95.8
84.6
127.6
100.4
129.1
162.1
114.3
107.9
119.5
103.4
67.7
119.8
72.1
53.1
79.1
67.5
91.9
112.3
98.2
92.6
130.3
168.0
160.1
116.9
100.8
109.0
93.3
63.1
82.8
112.3
79.2
73.0
96.1
80.1
107.0
125.2
116.0
93.1
147.4
207.2
125.8
139.7
143.5
107.0
132.6
129.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
74.2
59.0
83.3
78.5
100.0
90.6
67.1
Angola
202.4
170.3
232.3
177.0
100.0
163.9
205.0
Benin
107.0
99.3
107.6
82.9
100.0
99.2
111.8
Botswana
129.4
122.7
161.4
134.1
100.0
135.0
130.5
Burkina Faso
118.0
69.4
83.8
103.6
100.0
98.1
104.1
Burundi
96.0
43.6
84.2
86.8
100.0
80.4
58.4
Cabo Verde
131.5
133.2
105.5
127.3
100.0
125.5
149.7
Cameroon
119.1
86.2
115.4
100.4
100.0
101.6
118.7
Cent. Afr. Rep.
127.0
66.7
115.8
127.1
100.0
118.2
104.3
Chad
100.4
68.8
132.9
104.9
100.0
110.9
119.8
Comoros
156.3
97.6
128.7
159.3
100.0
129.7
122.6
Congo Rep.
143.1
124.2
128.6
109.4
100.0
130.8
159.5
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
110.4
71.9
152.3
138.3
100.0
121.7
115.9
Côte d'Ivoire
133.2
121.8
95.2
101.0
100.0
104.0
136.8
Djibouti
140.2
124.0
137.9
137.4
100.0
118.8
143.7
Egypt
60.3
56.8
68.6
62.6
100.0
63.7
46.3
Equat. Guinea
179.8
114.3
143.5
160.2
100.0
141.8
199.1
Ethiopia
59.4
36.0
49.7
60.1
100.0
67.0
56.5
Gabon
132.1
189.4
162.7
153.4
100.0
158.4
190.4
Gambia, The
68.8
66.2
106.5
72.0
100.0
76.5
59.3
Ghana
109.2
84.6
137.2
97.0
100.0
108.5
97.8
Guinea
81.8
43.5
101.7
85.4
100.0
80.9
52.2
Guinea-Bissau
133.3
45.2
129.6
108.6
100.0
109.5
61.2
Kenya
89.0
109.8
83.2
78.9
100.0
83.1
103.8
Lesotho
102.3
150.1
142.0
110.1
100.0
110.8
153.3
Liberia
102.8
74.5
106.2
113.1
100.0
118.4
124.7
65.3
53.5
45.4
70.0
100.0
72.5
83.0
88
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Madagascar
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery
& Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
63.1
106.2
99.4
116.1
98.5
90.5
100.0
166.2
112.0
106.5
120.1
104.6
144.4
100.0
82.4
117.2
98.7
136.9
97.2
99.2
100.0
130.3
88.4
95.3
85.3
93.4
116.1
100.0
100.9
110.2
104.7
118.9
103.3
101.8
100.0
55.7
101.5
95.2
110.6
93.7
86.7
100.0
139.6
137.3
105.9
174.5
104.2
121.1
100.0
109.1
122.7
95.5
160.6
94.2
99.7
100.0
122.9
127.4
106.7
153.3
104.6
116.4
100.0
110.1
137.9
107.0
183.3
105.2
110.0
100.0
122.2
122.8
106.7
144.9
103.5
126.7
100.0
140.7
152.2
106.8
186.7
105.1
120.8
100.0
125.6
134.4
107.3
165.7
105.5
127.3
100.0
115.1
109.5
105.6
115.9
103.8
103.5
100.0
122.7
99.0
97.5
103.0
96.7
111.7
100.0
44.5
87.0
98.0
80.1
96.8
72.9
100.0
238.4
107.8
107.8
109.3
106.1
133.0
100.0
56.1
79.2
102.5
61.3
100.5
77.4
100.0
160.8
133.2
106.2
187.4
104.3
138.5
100.0
57.3
96.3
107.4
83.4
105.6
87.2
100.0
101.0
88.7
113.3
66.8
111.4
114.0
100.0
55.9
109.1
104.0
118.1
101.4
94.7
100.0
80.5
111.2
107.4
117.8
105.6
108.7
100.0
101.9
93.6
94.3
94.9
92.9
86.7
100.0
142.6
113.7
107.5
121.8
105.7
108.1
100.0
107.7
104.5
106.8
98.1
105.0
116.1
100.0
81.2
96.3
101.9
93.4
102.2
83.2
100.0
89
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
135.9
127.7
139.2
108.3
100.0
104.3
146.9
Mali
96.4
83.9
122.2
92.1
100.0
97.9
92.1
Mauritania
84.0
76.2
107.4
87.0
100.0
82.2
83.2
Mauritius
117.4
128.0
179.6
134.4
100.0
132.5
101.1
Morocco
105.8
121.0
115.9
112.8
100.0
107.8
110.9
Mozambique
110.2
172.4
94.8
102.9
100.0
111.3
181.3
Namibia
135.3
125.2
174.6
123.0
100.0
147.0
173.6
112.1
59.3
105.9
101.7
100.0
100.9
110.9
Nigeria
100.3
109.4
109.0
86.7
100.0
107.6
104.6
Rwanda
101.3
117.7
88.5
97.5
100.0
85.4
150.5
São Tomé &
Príncipe
136.7
71.7
123.1
98.6
100.0
120.4
71.6
Senegal
106.4
108.3
122.4
107.8
100.0
108.6
130.2
Seychelles
126.1
101.9
295.5
138.6
100.0
132.6
86.1
Sierra Leone
79.8
80.8
85.2
81.6
100.0
84.8
66.7
South Africa
142.9
196.4
163.4
157.9
100.0
145.2
186.1
Sudan
100.0
95.5
85.0
111.5
100.0
114.4
78.8
Swaziland
118.9
186.6
120.5
135.6
100.0
116.1
168.4
Tanzania
81.0
80.7
70.6
72.6
100.0
77.5
82.1
134.4
60.2
111.1
85.0
100.0
102.4
81.5
Tunisia
111.5
75.1
104.9
99.7
100.0
102.9
80.9
Uganda
80.9
63.5
76.5
75.6
100.0
78.1
80.5
Zambia
111.2
151.7
97.4
88.4
100.0
107.3
138.0
Zimbabwe
113.7
105.6
130.0
99.8
100.0
111.6
115.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Niger
Togo
AFRICA
90
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Malawi
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery
& Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
120.7
111.6
107.9
117.9
106.1
107.6
100.0
89.7
109.6
100.9
121.6
99.4
95.9
100.0
83.1
111.2
108.2
116.9
106.5
89.9
100.0
97.6
104.8
94.2
116.5
92.9
113.5
100.0
111.8
80.6
92.9
72.4
92.0
105.6
100.0
187.0
124.5
99.7
150.5
98.1
109.5
100.0
151.0
104.3
105.6
106.2
103.8
124.9
100.0
113.2
111.3
86.2
143.6
84.2
99.3
100.0
99.1
110.2
106.9
116.7
105.1
104.1
100.0
160.0
114.3
98.0
129.4
96.1
92.2
100.0
63.3
96.7
107.2
78.7
105.3
117.6
100.0
110.4
114.1
101.5
128.8
102.2
107.7
100.0
74.5
130.8
106.4
161.9
104.5
121.6
100.0
67.6
90.0
99.2
78.6
97.6
91.3
100.0
169.2
116.7
98.3
141.8
96.9
122.2
100.0
72.9
84.6
95.4
76.3
94.6
107.5
100.0
153.3
92.7
106.9
81.8
105.1
106.7
100.0
92.1
69.1
97.0
52.6
96.0
80.7
100.0
91.0
113.2
111.9
117.5
109.4
105.3
100.0
79.7
80.0
106.2
66.5
104.3
103.8
100.0
71.7
72.5
106.5
56.0
104.7
81.0
100.0
126.2
94.9
100.4
93.8
99.0
102.0
100.0
103.5
121.9
106.5
138.4
104.7
104.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 6. Real GDP and Main Expenditure Components
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco
Algeria
2,319,975.7
1,126,581.1
255,800.8
12,316.8
Angola
684,143.1
405,508.7
136,711.1
28,200.7
76,637.1
63,716.1
23,995.7
2,049.9
Botswana
130,050.4
65,767.7
10,211.1
3,845.5
Burkina Faso
108,633.6
76,775.7
29,082.5
4,948.0
Burundi
29,240.3
26,502.8
8,656.3
2,271.8
Cabo Verde
14,589.6
11,316.8
3,312.7
490.5
Cameroon
264,150.5
219,496.5
85,199.7
5,436.9
Benin
Central Afr. Rep.
19,197.0
18,526.2
7,385.1
1,598.6
109,134.8
80,977.5
30,933.4
3,330.9
2,193.0
2,228.4
902.7
4.0
Congo Rep.
115,076.0
29,755.2
7,727.2
1,320.8
Congo, Dem. Rep.
211,957.3
144,250.3
54,494.6
3,468.0
256,441.2
189,596.4
64,265.2
5,763.9
10,419.5
7,411.6
1,919.3
561.7
3,952,422.2
3,183,952.6
877,758.6
62,622.9
Equatorial Guinea
135,447.4
16,811.0
4,597.4
527.7
Ethiopia
490,517.1
394,089.2
113,639.4
8,082.1
120,640.2
43,662.4
9,323.3
3,860.4
12,762.8
10,306.5
3,041.3
281.7
Ghana
407,906.4
266,224.1
62,907.2
3,284.4
Guinea
62,895.0
38,323.2
13,390.2
530.0
10,067.9
6,827.0
2,691.5
105.9
423,484.3
382,131.7
106,058.1
14,244.9
Lesotho
22,279.7
26,338.7
5,811.4
569.6
Liberia
10,559.7
11,857.5
2,376.0
351.1
143,514.3
134,779.4
45,702.9
3,577.3
71,524.9
73,049.8
26,135.2
3,352.3
Mali
113,969.9
78,813.0
30,638.6
1,189.8
Mauritania
53,903.0
35,185.2
16,370.7
307.1
Mauritius
96,987.6
73,955.3
18,440.3
4,020.5
Chad
Comoros
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Gabon
Gambia, The
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
92
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
by Country (ZAR millions)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
24,252.8
54,770.0
30,638.7
125,963.6
165,589.7
42,925.9
19,096.4
47,235.2
24,059.8
22,572.7
26,081.1
2,905.5
3,093.8
6,426.1
1,897.0
2,751.9
5,400.4
1,437.2
5,102.3
5,806.6
3,814.5
4,512.4
12,632.3
1,767.5
1,996.4
10,050.3
3,763.2
3,654.6
4,657.4
1,809.4
306.3
6,326.2
232.3
1,430.7
1,100.5
141.8
278.2
2,045.4
1,013.4
787.9
721.9
405.6
16,043.7
24,494.1
18,764.0
3,419.5
17,049.9
1,670.6
1,653.5
1,534.5
953.0
406.9
650.7
84.1
2,118.3
7,437.8
5,550.9
8,037.5
7,464.3
1,710.0
69.9
815.1
70.8
26.6
44.6
6.5
827.7
5,835.3
1,164.0
3,316.2
2,258.8
899.2
7,436.2
26,690.8
6,228.6
9,719.8
3,556.5
1,071.5
6,116.3
22,690.8
18,650.3
12,121.5
19,658.1
3,082.2
233.2
2,517.9
497.4
258.7
455.9
21.3
172,508.9
886,804.9
134,908.0
405,789.4
195,422.7
56,694.4
583.7
2,875.1
617.8
2,154.2
1,435.2
549.0
19,372.8
60,676.4
38,601.9
49,487.7
5,884.8
1,266.5
2,376.4
6,702.2
2,580.5
3,717.8
4,912.5
1,161.5
1,224.1
776.8
314.9
2,578.1
293.8
283.9
44,551.5
36,189.6
21,823.3
16,972.9
24,036.8
3,548.1
3,238.0
7,909.5
1,792.4
4,059.0
2,037.3
37.2
531.0
1,032.8
478.3
272.5
446.6
25.0
11,897.5
39,676.9
20,226.7
39,741.8
29,509.4
12,855.4
3,647.9
3,337.2
2,312.8
1,525.9
847.5
553.4
1,993.1
2,071.7
906.4
383.0
314.7
300.4
12,077.5
7,702.5
21,658.9
3,878.1
12,966.3
592.6
2,537.0
15,596.8
7,608.2
5,253.4
3,600.5
911.9
4,881.6
7,384.2
4,769.8
5,041.9
8,302.0
1,179.5
1,612.6
3,790.6
1,139.7
1,912.2
1,554.7
871.7
5,611.5
14,101.4
6,533.2
5,330.6
7,355.7
2,274.2
93
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco
1,040,298.5
663,465.4
179,987.1
10,741.1
Mozambique
108,347.6
100,903.7
41,288.0
4,380.8
Namibia
92,642.6
64,499.1
10,639.0
2,685.8
Niger
65,210.4
54,889.2
16,644.4
1,085.7
2,437,744.1
1,603,029.3
417,267.6
24,869.5
69,694.3
67,128.8
26,657.4
1,725.1
2,448.9
2,680.0
1,086.7
112.9
136,658.9
116,811.1
45,011.3
1,362.7
9,410.6
5,485.9
1,752.6
68.4
Sierra Leone
39,170.0
34,038.3
9,082.3
1,117.5
South Africa
2,917,538.7
1,992,357.7
353,089.9
87,554.1
718,809.1
469,534.0
184,630.9
1,856.2
36,311.9
33,319.7
13,583.8
247.8
341,899.6
226,102.7
118,294.3
1,118.2
Togo
38,566.5
34,916.1
11,005.4
818.9
Tunisia
521,364.2
368,793.8
65,888.4
7,780.0
Uganda
263,337.0
227,590.2
64,832.6
10,405.1
Zambia
202,665.9
113,925.4
55,308.9
708.1
83,766.5
81,759.4
38,013.6
3,204.3
19,606,606.7
13,505,947.4
3,713,543.8
344,357.5
Morocco
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé & Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
AFRICA
94
GDP
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
27,204.2
149,956.8
34,731.7
39,779.7
59,456.3
25,852.8
5,770.1
10,467.3
2,732.3
3,283.3
8,398.7
858.7
4,504.9
9,860.6
6,682.6
8,253.9
2,847.0
539.7
6,466.3
5,915.4
3,796.1
2,784.1
4,081.2
657.6
300,192.6
177,855.0
174,530.2
86,449.3
122,727.2
18,072.5
2,086.8
14,494.8
3,029.4
2,561.0
3,055.1
603.4
109.4
269.2
95.4
178.9
255.9
24.8
5,011.1
25,117.5
8,662.7
4,535.2
5,183.6
3,877.6
215.1
1,324.2
240.4
604.9
276.8
85.5
4,165.0
3,939.6
1,163.6
9,117.3
868.1
502.9
85,972.9
271,440.0
122,018.6
220,718.9
257,479.2
51,261.8
36,549.2
62,792.4
39,144.6
10,534.1
33,020.9
6,674.0
1,876.6
4,538.1
4,036.2
3,101.0
2,515.4
386.9
18,933.6
14,361.3
11,608.4
15,348.9
8,337.8
141.2
2,081.2
3,354.8
1,765.8
3,263.2
1,466.0
380.6
17,403.2
61,346.2
24,442.1
31,598.3
55,007.9
15,972.2
6,799.9
39,157.3
13,862.2
8,886.4
10,725.5
3,169.2
7,952.9
16,225.1
1,780.9
9,049.9
1,113.2
1,197.9
4,315.4
5,749.2
2,024.2
3,050.7
5,053.6
82.6
914,880.6
2,199,469.6
839,918.0
1,210,178.1
1,148,112.1
273,384.8
95
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
31,767.9
206,500.0
30,019.3
243,880.9
0.0
726,110.0
542,177.0
Angola
6,934.4
25,889.6
9,499.5
48,642.5
0.0
340,163.8
68,305.6
859.7
4,338.7
6,054.9
2,501.8
-414.6
59,254.2
3,779.8
Botswana
1,778.4
12,090.0
2,390.7
5,854.2
0.0
55,556.2
11,169.9
Burkina Faso
1,432.5
4,244.7
3,287.5
2,186.7
-19.7
72,209.7
3,447.7
Burundi
215.8
3,480.9
1,119.6
601.2
238.3
23,325.5
3,295.5
Cabo Verde
100.2
1,165.3
1,838.9
751.7
-1,208.8
9,910.1
1,406.4
2,794.8
7,856.0
14,353.5
5,402.9
1,244.4
209,265.7
7,470.6
279.3
1,273.2
399.8
687.0
0.0
17,492.9
716.2
1,982.5
2,447.7
558.4
1,995.0
1,289.2
76,792.2
2,872.5
18.2
96.4
0.4
61.0
5.6
2,149.9
19.0
724.6
3,148.4
2,539.3
1,140.8
-519.8
26,519.3
3,171.7
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
1,980.4
13,701.5
7,618.0
3,129.8
0.0
135,025.5
7,083.7
Côte d'Ivoire
5,024.2
9,309.6
3,321.0
9,516.8
1,447.3
178,252.5
9,859.3
70.5
614.6
70.1
160.4
93.1
6,797.5
557.8
94,010.3
305,603.7
100,039.1
238,247.3
-86,532.0
2,892,508.0
267,308.7
243.7
1,389.0
645.9
894.3
341.3
15,822.0
1,039.9
2,003.7
32,823.1
27,253.6
48,761.2
0.0
370,116.3
16,472.3
Gabon
1,161.5
2,559.3
2,183.1
1,569.3
2,510.2
39,678.4
3,812.2
Gambia, The
338.4
1,348.1
89.5
517.6
0.0
9,450.9
746.1
Ghana
2,658.0
61,549.1
100.3
11,803.9
26.1
236,264.9
29,848.3
Guinea
291.4
2,942.9
465.6
945.9
226.3
36,274.4
971.5
Guinea-Bissau
227.0
401.4
29.2
118.1
0.0
6,344.3
333.9
11,925.2
56,315.4
26,594.8
30,428.6
-11,629.9
329,440.8
53,432.2
Lesotho
975.8
2,499.8
311.7
1,735.3
1,928.5
23,318.4
2,956.2
Liberia
227.4
2,895.6
96.3
914.8
0.0
11,500.7
71.5
6,067.4
8,542.8
7,791.1
2,340.0
-554.4
128,044.5
4,648.2
Cameroon
Cent. Afr. Rep.
Chad
Comoros
Congo Rep.
Djibouti
Egypt
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
96
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Benin
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures by
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery & Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories & Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
356,975.6
505,061.5
192,226.4
292,453.2
25,603.1
66,463.5
150,912.1
201,842.0
134,652.2
37,122.6
98,260.7
5,481.8
1,769.8
-32,360.1
7,974.5
10,919.9
3,753.2
7,332.7
122.0
560.0
-5,140.4
16,583.8
47,149.0
15,197.5
34,173.7
447.3
7,662.5
-6,416.7
19,126.9
13,074.1
4,763.2
7,487.1
940.8
6,942.6
-5,319.6
5,823.2
3,259.9
1,281.0
1,841.7
162.4
148.2
-3,845.9
1,685.2
5,462.6
2,155.0
3,127.9
237.5
128.5
-3,922.8
27,391.6
37,806.4
19,052.5
17,928.5
955.5
18.2
-15,608.5
989.9
2,223.5
640.8
1,216.7
386.6
0.0
-1,945.2
5,888.3
21,329.0
9,347.2
9,381.8
2,674.0
1,166.4
-2,485.8
622.4
249.8
108.3
129.4
12.4
71.1
-761.6
6,203.7
28,396.2
5,534.2
23,300.7
316.7
0.0
38,645.1
28,461.4
37,429.3
14,492.4
22,030.5
1,443.0
160.8
731.3
21,859.7
22,516.8
6,981.2
15,441.8
951.7
-14,623.9
30,381.9
2,293.5
2,607.0
736.0
2,024.1
11.4
404.7
-1,849.5
476,921.2
375,982.4
130,771.0
252,375.3
7,634.7
11,086.2
-69,129.0
1,662.2
46,044.4
19,868.7
18,030.5
6,272.6
0.0
67,297.1
41,457.1
82,954.1
20,035.1
59,034.5
9,533.8
7,062.5
-32,885.1
12,341.7
20,596.1
6,368.0
5,246.8
9,017.3
41.5
41,332.0
1,363.0
2,133.3
1,025.7
937.2
80.8
0.0
-884.6
53,813.0
96,748.8
36,195.2
58,111.7
3,897.9
5,789.9
-16,029.3
5,034.8
9,266.0
5,210.4
3,429.6
284.0
907.8
4,821.3
2,649.5
963.8
371.7
573.9
33.0
86.8
-0.6
34,763.3
62,244.6
28,569.2
33,450.5
154.5
1,870.3
-41,201.3
4,576.8
4,987.1
1,151.6
3,936.2
204.0
254.5
-10,836.9
1,605.5
1,189.2
862.9
182.2
0.9
571.6
-3,725.2
10,930.8
15,332.2
5,422.2
9,762.1
573.1
0.0
-11,199.2
97
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
1,287.3
4,068.3
1,539.8
1,763.9
-1,529.5
68,900.0
3,749.1
3,040.2
5,282.5
1,258.3
2,247.5
-793.6
72,608.0
5,343.5
Mauritania
319.8
3,743.8
201.9
640.6
1.5
30,474.5
4,981.4
Mauritius
5,111.3
7,904.7
2,021.9
4,758.8
-7,878.7
65,733.8
8,392.2
28,572.9
89,360.8
39,192.8
44,062.3
-43,840.2
571,933.2
95,961.5
Mozambique
2,662.8
6,145.7
1,267.5
6,045.0
955.6
94,725.3
5,789.0
Namibia
2,702.7
14,260.4
3,663.6
7,255.7
-2,458.8
55,221.3
9,548.6
Niger
2,611.7
4,044.8
2,844.6
3,413.9
-55.6
51,843.5
2,209.9
17,666.7
264,413.4
771.1
79,481.0
466.9
1,454,693.9
137,075.1
936.2
3,487.3
2,293.2
2,320.0
745.9
65,259.8
1,966.2
32.0
223.6
35.6
63.3
14.2
2,444.7
211.3
1,491.7
8,291.9
1,039.1
4,847.6
-2,303.3
109,327.5
6,351.4
129.2
942.2
18.0
162.3
0.0
4,448.1
1,306.6
Sierra Leone
1,188.3
3,549.7
452.5
1,790.8
0.0
31,989.7
1,332.2
South Africa
81,315.4
213,044.9
41,367.7
226,874.4
-19,780.0
1,731,659.7
260,698.0
Sudan
11,859.9
23,931.8
15,197.8
13,035.6
1,819.1
448,572.1
6,556.2
Swaziland
1,365.3
2,361.5
227.7
496.1
-1,731.1
31,408.5
1,830.8
Tanzania
2,237.8
13,826.0
37.3
5,036.0
0.0
214,623.3
8,710.4
324.1
5,178.5
2,844.2
4,695.3
-995.9
32,153.9
2,291.4
Tunisia
10,457.2
51,420.0
36,734.3
24,629.7
-10,334.5
309,098.5
67,565.2
Uganda
12,735.1
39,857.0
7,300.3
10,614.1
0.0
201,958.8
25,878.8
Zambia
743.4
6,714.5
375.1
7,265.8
0.0
106,115.9
6,868.8
1,626.4
8,174.0
458.3
4,825.8
484.9
73,233.0
8,212.3
366,510.7
1,555,253.8
409,813.6
1,121,114.3
-178,742.1
11,866,015.8
1,719,803.3
Mali
Morocco
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé &
Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Togo
Zimbabwe
AFRICA
98
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Malawi
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures by
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery & Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories & Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
5,124.7
9,234.7
5,955.9
2,112.1
496.3
-1,978.8
-10,048.4
17,541.8
18,247.8
7,189.1
10,478.3
765.2
858.7
-1,392.5
10,314.0
20,081.7
8,551.2
9,740.1
1,537.1
-10,834.7
-2,412.4
11,252.8
21,843.4
6,147.9
15,620.2
937.2
1,713.0
-10,564.1
112,218.9
320,341.5
100,479.0
223,840.4
12,678.5
43,813.9
-94,445.4
5,947.2
15,206.2
5,404.4
10,083.7
44.2
2,145.9
-11,854.1
15,704.7
21,583.8
6,579.2
15,434.3
620.4
-1,103.9
-6,400.2
6,943.0
18,089.2
8,649.0
9,143.4
464.9
38.6
-12,730.1
269,539.1
195,176.7
96,173.5
83,439.9
10,360.8
127.9
296,556.1
4,413.6
10,077.6
2,163.3
7,960.8
455.4
0.0
-7,995.8
370.6
428.5
244.6
114.0
23.1
2.9
-802.0
15,813.0
25,350.0
9,163.9
16,633.9
217.8
1,711.4
-18,688.2
3,551.5
2,328.1
992.8
1,249.2
102.1
450.8
-1,597.3
4,207.3
11,544.0
6,271.6
4,466.2
102.7
112.0
-8,478.7
374,321.0
553,313.0
262,965.0
265,009.9
25,338.1
15,562.0
-18,015.0
74,047.4
156,369.7
61,025.7
100,560.1
6.1
15,063.9
-6,866.8
3,042.3
3,474.6
979.7
2,235.0
374.0
0.0
-2,579.0
45,106.5
105,500.9
27,244.4
92,352.4
1,412.0
1,595.0
-33,210.3
4,031.8
4,883.1
1,265.8
3,715.6
192.7
550.1
-4,304.1
68,101.7
105,451.8
21,882.7
98,008.7
2,534.7
6,847.6
-24,833.4
5,140.0
52,571.7
8,719.3
54,949.1
1,383.4
626.7
-22,876.9
31,640.9
40,234.5
9,695.7
32,225.7
1,466.8
2,570.6
9,074.0
9,285.9
6,863.3
2,235.6
4,845.6
18.3
3,470.4
-12,823.1
2,448,500.5
3,308,774.8
1,229,222.5
2,045,419.5
138,964.9
181,887.7
61,285.8
99
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 7. Real GDP and Main Expenditure Components
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
11.8
8.3
6.9
3.6
Angola
3.5
3.0
3.7
8.2
Benin
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
Botswana
0.7
0.5
0.3
1.1
Burkina Faso
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.4
Burundi
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.7
Cabo Verde
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Cameroon
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.6
Central Afr. Rep.
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
Chad
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.0
Comoros
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Congo Rep.
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
Congo, Dem. Rep.
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.0
Côte d'Ivoire
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.7
Djibouti
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
20.2
23.6
23.6
18.2
Equat. Guinea
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
Ethiopia
2.5
2.9
3.1
2.3
Gabon
0.6
0.3
0.3
1.1
Gambia, The
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Egypt
Ghana
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.0
Guinea
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
Guinea-Bissau
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
Kenya
2.2
2.8
2.9
4.1
Lesotho
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
Liberia
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Madagascar
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.0
Malawi
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
Mali
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.3
Mauritania
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.1
Mauritius
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.2
100
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Country Shares (Africa = 100)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
2.7
2.5
3.6
10.4
14.4
15.7
2.1
2.1
2.9
1.9
2.3
1.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.4
1.1
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.8
1.1
2.2
0.3
1.5
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.8
1.2
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.7
1.0
2.2
1.0
1.7
1.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
18.9
40.3
16.1
33.5
17.0
20.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.1
2.8
4.6
4.1
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
4.9
1.6
2.6
1.4
2.1
1.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.8
2.4
3.3
2.6
4.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
0.4
2.6
0.3
1.1
0.2
0.3
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
101
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Morocco
5.3
4.9
4.8
3.1
Mozambique
0.6
0.7
1.1
1.3
Namibia
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.8
Niger
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
Nigeria
12.4
11.9
11.2
7.2
Rwanda
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.5
São Tomé & Príncipe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Senegal
0.7
0.9
1.2
0.4
Seychelles
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sierra Leone
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
South Africa
14.9
14.8
9.5
25.4
Sudan
3.7
3.5
5.0
0.5
Swaziland
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
Tanzania
1.7
1.7
3.2
0.3
Togo
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
Tunisia
2.7
2.7
1.8
2.3
Uganda
1.3
1.7
1.7
3.0
Zambia
1.0
0.8
1.5
0.2
Zimbabwe
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
AFRICA
102
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
3.0
6.8
4.1
3.3
5.2
9.5
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.2
32.8
8.1
20.8
7.1
10.7
6.6
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.1
1.0
0.4
0.5
1.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.1
0.2
9.4
12.3
14.5
18.2
22.4
18.8
4.0
2.9
4.7
0.9
2.9
2.4
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.1
0.7
1.4
1.3
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
1.9
2.8
2.9
2.6
4.8
5.8
0.7
1.8
1.7
0.7
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
103
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Algeria
8.7
13.3
7.3
21.8
0.0
6.1
31.5
Angola
1.9
1.7
2.3
4.3
0.0
2.9
4.0
Benin
0.2
0.3
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
Botswana
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.6
Burkina Faso
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.2
Burundi
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
-0.1
0.2
0.2
Cabo Verde
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.1
Cameroon
0.8
0.5
3.5
0.5
-0.7
1.8
0.4
Cent. Afr. Rep.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
Chad
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
-0.7
0.6
0.2
Comoros
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Congo Rep.
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
0.5
0.9
1.9
0.3
0.0
1.1
0.4
Côte d'Ivoire
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
-0.8
1.5
0.6
Djibouti
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.1
0.1
0.0
Egypt
25.7
19.6
24.4
21.3
48.4
24.4
15.5
Equat. Guinea
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
-0.2
0.1
0.1
Ethiopia
0.5
2.1
6.7
4.3
0.0
3.1
1.0
Gabon
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
-1.4
0.3
0.2
Gambia, The
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
Ghana
0.7
4.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
2.0
1.7
Guinea
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
-0.1
0.3
0.1
Guinea-Bissau
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
Kenya
3.3
3.6
6.5
2.7
6.5
2.8
3.1
Lesotho
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
-1.1
0.2
0.2
Liberia
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
Madagascar
1.7
0.5
1.9
0.2
0.3
1.1
0.3
104
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
14.6
15.3
15.6
14.3
18.4
36.5
246.2
8.2
4.1
3.0
4.8
3.9
1.0
-52.8
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.3
-8.4
0.7
1.4
1.2
1.7
0.3
4.2
-10.5
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
3.8
-8.7
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
-6.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
-6.4
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.9
0.7
0.0
-25.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
-3.2
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.5
1.9
0.6
-4.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-1.2
0.3
0.9
0.5
1.1
0.2
0.0
63.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.1
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
-8.0
49.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
-3.0
19.5
11.4
10.6
12.3
5.5
6.1
-112.8
0.1
1.4
1.6
0.9
4.5
0.0
109.8
1.7
2.5
1.6
2.9
6.9
3.9
-53.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.3
6.5
0.0
67.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
-1.4
2.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
3.2
-26.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.5
7.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.9
2.3
1.6
0.1
1.0
-67.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
-17.7
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
-6.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.0
-18.3
105
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Malawi
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.2
Mali
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
Mauritania
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.3
Mauritius
1.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
4.4
0.6
0.5
Morocco
7.8
5.7
9.6
3.9
24.5
4.8
5.6
Mozambique
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.5
-0.5
0.8
0.3
Namibia
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.6
1.4
0.5
0.6
Niger
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.1
Nigeria
4.8
17.0
0.2
7.1
-0.3
12.3
8.0
Rwanda
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.2
-0.4
0.5
0.1
São Tomé &
Príncipe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Senegal
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
1.3
0.9
0.4
Seychelles
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Sierra Leone
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.1
South Africa
22.2
13.7
10.1
20.2
11.1
14.6
15.2
Sudan
3.2
1.5
3.7
1.2
-1.0
3.8
0.4
Swaziland
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.3
0.1
Tanzania
0.6
0.9
0.0
0.4
0.0
1.8
0.5
Togo
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.1
Tunisia
2.9
3.3
9.0
2.2
5.8
2.6
3.9
Uganda
3.5
2.6
1.8
0.9
0.0
1.7
1.5
Zambia
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.0
0.9
0.4
Zimbabwe
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.4
-0.3
0.6
0.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
106
Misc. Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
AFRICA
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.4
-1.1
-16.4
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
-2.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
1.1
-6.0
-3.9
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.9
-17.2
4.6
9.7
8.2
10.9
9.1
24.1
-154.1
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.0
1.2
-19.3
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.4
-0.6
-10.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.0
-20.8
11.0
5.9
7.8
4.1
7.5
0.1
483.9
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.0
-13.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-1.3
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.9
-30.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
-2.6
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
-13.8
15.3
16.7
21.4
13.0
18.2
8.6
-29.4
3.0
4.7
5.0
4.9
0.0
8.3
-11.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.0
-4.2
1.8
3.2
2.2
4.5
1.0
0.9
-54.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
-7.0
2.8
3.2
1.8
4.8
1.8
3.8
-40.5
0.2
1.6
0.7
2.7
1.0
0.3
-37.3
1.3
1.2
0.8
1.6
1.1
1.4
14.8
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
1.9
-20.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 8. Real GDP Per Capita and Main Expenditure
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
64,479.2
31,311.1
7,109.5
342.3
Angola
34,872.5
20,669.8
6,968.5
1,437.5
8,421.7
7,001.8
2,636.9
225.3
64,041.0
32,386.1
5,028.3
1,893.6
Burkina Faso
6,402.3
4,524.8
1,714.0
291.6
Burundi
3,409.9
3,090.6
1,009.5
264.9
Cabo Verde
29,145.0
22,607.2
6,617.7
979.8
Cameroon
13,187.5
10,958.2
4,253.5
271.4
Benin
Botswana
Central Afr. Rep.
4,278.5
4,129.0
1,646.0
356.3
Chad
9,469.0
7,025.9
2,683.9
289.0
Comoros
2,908.7
2,955.7
1,197.4
5.3
Congo Rep.
27,797.8
7,187.7
1,866.6
319.1
3,128.2
2,128.9
804.3
51.2
Côte d'Ivoire
12,724.8
9,407.9
3,188.9
286.0
Djibouti
11,506.1
8,184.5
2,119.5
620.2
49,642.6
39,990.6
11,024.7
786.5
188,065.8
23,341.7
6,383.3
732.7
5,788.9
4,650.9
1,341.1
95.4
78,630.8
28,458.2
6,076.7
2,516.1
7,185.8
5,802.9
1,712.4
158.6
Ghana
16,338.6
10,663.5
2,519.7
131.6
Guinea
6,153.0
3,749.2
1,310.0
51.8
Guinea-Bissau
6,507.7
4,412.9
1,739.7
68.4
Kenya
10,177.5
9,183.7
2,548.9
342.3
Lesotho
10,155.6
12,005.7
2,649.0
259.6
Liberia
2,557.7
2,872.0
575.5
85.0
Madagascar
6,733.0
6,323.2
2,144.2
167.8
Malawi
4,650.2
4,749.4
1,699.2
218.0
7,195.3
4,975.7
1,934.3
75.1
Mauritania
15,220.2
9,935.0
4,622.5
86.7
Mauritius
74,229.4
56,601.6
14,113.3
3,077.1
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Egypt
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Mali
108
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Components (ZAR)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
674.1
1,522.2
851.5
3,500.9
4,602.2
1,193.0
973.4
2,407.7
1,226.4
1,150.6
1,329.4
148.1
340.0
706.2
208.5
302.4
593.5
157.9
2,512.5
2,859.4
1,878.4
2,222.0
6,220.6
870.4
117.7
592.3
221.8
215.4
274.5
106.6
35.7
737.7
27.1
166.8
128.3
16.5
555.7
4,086.1
2,024.3
1,574.0
1,442.1
810.3
801.0
1,222.8
936.8
170.7
851.2
83.4
368.5
342.0
212.4
90.7
145.0
18.7
183.8
645.3
481.6
697.4
647.6
148.4
92.7
1,081.1
93.9
35.3
59.1
8.6
199.9
1,409.6
281.2
801.1
545.6
217.2
109.7
393.9
91.9
143.4
52.5
15.8
303.5
1,125.9
925.4
601.5
975.5
152.9
257.5
2,780.5
549.3
285.7
503.5
23.5
2,166.7
11,138.3
1,694.5
5,096.7
2,454.5
712.1
810.4
3,992.0
857.8
2,991.1
1,992.7
762.3
228.6
716.1
455.6
584.0
69.5
14.9
1,548.9
4,368.4
1,681.9
2,423.2
3,201.9
757.0
689.2
437.4
177.3
1,451.6
165.4
159.8
1,784.5
1,449.6
874.1
679.8
962.8
142.1
316.8
773.8
175.4
397.1
199.3
3.6
343.2
667.6
309.2
176.1
288.7
16.2
285.9
953.5
486.1
955.1
709.2
309.0
1,662.8
1,521.2
1,054.2
695.6
386.3
252.2
482.8
501.8
219.5
92.8
76.2
72.8
566.6
361.4
1,016.1
181.9
608.3
27.8
164.9
1,014.0
494.7
341.6
234.1
59.3
308.2
466.2
301.1
318.3
524.1
74.5
455.3
1,070.3
321.8
539.9
439.0
246.1
4,294.7
10,792.5
5,000.2
4,079.7
5,629.7
1,740.6
109
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
Actual Consumption Expenditures By Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
32,234.4
20,557.9
5,577.0
332.8
4,527.7
4,216.7
1,725.4
183.1
39,863.4
27,753.4
4,577.9
1,155.7
4,058.2
3,415.8
1,035.8
67.6
Nigeria
15,004.2
9,866.6
2,568.3
153.1
Rwanda
6,368.9
6,134.4
2,436.0
157.6
São Tomé & Príncipe
14,531.1
15,902.5
6,448.5
670.0
10,703.6
9,149.1
3,525.4
106.7
108,318.8
63,143.7
20,172.5
787.2
Sierra Leone
6,531.1
5,675.4
1,514.3
186.3
South Africa
57,818.9
39,483.9
6,997.4
1,735.1
Sudan
17,014.5
11,114.1
4,370.3
43.9
Swaziland
30,176.2
27,689.6
11,288.5
206.0
Tanzania
7,397.5
4,892.0
2,559.5
24.2
Togo
6,266.1
5,673.0
1,788.1
133.1
49,212.9
34,811.4
6,219.4
734.4
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Senegal
Seychelles
Tunisia
GDP
Uganda
7,630.9
6,595.1
1,878.7
301.5
Zambia
15,040.2
8,454.6
4,104.6
52.5
6,567.7
6,410.3
2,980.4
251.2
19,267.4
13,272.3
3,649.3
338.4
Zimbabwe
AFRICA
110
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
842.9
4,646.5
1,076.2
1,232.6
1,842.3
801.1
241.1
437.4
114.2
137.2
351.0
35.9
1,938.4
4,242.9
2,875.5
3,551.6
1,225.0
232.2
402.4
368.1
236.2
173.3
254.0
40.9
1,847.7
1,094.7
1,074.2
532.1
755.4
111.2
190.7
1,324.6
276.8
234.0
279.2
55.1
649.4
1,597.4
566.2
1,061.8
1,518.7
147.0
392.5
1,967.3
678.5
355.2
406.0
303.7
2,475.8
15,242.3
2,766.9
6,962.3
3,186.1
984.1
694.4
656.9
194.0
1,520.2
144.7
83.9
1,703.8
5,379.3
2,418.1
4,374.1
5,102.6
1,015.9
865.1
1,486.3
926.6
249.3
781.6
158.0
1,559.5
3,771.3
3,354.2
2,577.0
2,090.4
321.6
409.7
310.7
251.2
332.1
180.4
3.1
338.1
545.1
286.9
530.2
238.2
61.8
1,642.7
5,790.6
2,307.2
2,982.6
5,192.3
1,507.7
197.0
1,134.7
401.7
257.5
310.8
91.8
590.2
1,204.1
132.2
671.6
82.6
88.9
338.3
450.8
158.7
239.2
396.2
6.5
899.1
2,161.4
825.4
1,189.2
1,128.3
268.7
111
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
882.9
5,739.3
834.3
6,778.2
0.0
20,180.8
15,068.8
Angola
353.5
1,319.7
484.2
2,479.4
0.0
17,339.0
3,481.7
Benin
94.5
476.8
665.4
274.9
-45.6
6,511.5
415.4
875.7
5,953.5
1,177.3
2,882.8
0.0
27,357.7
5,500.4
Burkina Faso
84.4
250.2
193.8
128.9
-1.2
4,255.7
203.2
Burundi
25.2
405.9
130.6
70.1
27.8
2,720.1
384.3
Cabo Verde
200.1
2,327.9
3,673.6
1,501.6
-2,414.7
19,797.0
2,809.6
Cameroon
139.5
392.2
716.6
269.7
62.1
10,447.4
373.0
62.3
283.8
89.1
153.1
0.0
3,898.7
159.6
172.0
212.4
48.4
173.1
111.9
6,662.8
249.2
24.2
127.8
0.6
80.9
7.4
2,851.6
25.2
Congo Rep.
175.0
760.5
613.4
275.6
-125.6
6,406.0
766.2
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
29.2
202.2
112.4
46.2
0.0
1,992.8
104.5
Côte d'Ivoire
249.3
461.9
164.8
472.2
71.8
8,845.0
489.2
77.9
678.6
77.4
177.2
102.9
7,506.4
615.9
1,180.8
3,838.4
1,256.5
2,992.4
-1,086.8
36,330.0
3,357.4
338.3
1,928.6
896.8
1,241.6
473.8
21,968.5
1,443.9
Ethiopia
23.6
387.4
321.6
575.5
0.0
4,368.0
194.4
Gabon
757.1
1,668.1
1,422.9
1,022.8
1,636.1
25,861.6
2,484.7
Gambia, The
190.5
759.0
50.4
291.4
0.0
5,321.2
420.1
Ghana
106.5
2,465.3
4.0
472.8
1.0
9,463.5
1,195.6
Guinea
28.5
287.9
45.6
92.5
22.1
3,548.7
95.0
Guinea-Bissau
146.8
259.4
18.8
76.4
0.0
4,100.9
215.8
Kenya
286.6
1,353.4
639.1
731.3
-279.5
7,917.4
1,284.1
Lesotho
444.8
1,139.5
142.1
791.0
879.1
10,629.0
1,347.5
55.1
701.4
23.3
221.6
0.0
2,785.6
17.3
284.7
400.8
365.5
109.8
-26.0
6,007.2
218.1
Cent. Afr. Rep.
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Equat. Guinea
Liberia
Madagascar
112
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Botswana
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures by
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
9,921.4
14,037.2
5,342.6
8,128.2
711.6
1,847.2
4,194.3
10,288.4
6,863.6
1,892.2
5,008.6
279.4
90.2
-1,649.5
876.3
1,200.0
412.4
805.8
13.4
61.5
-564.9
8,166.4
23,217.7
7,483.7
16,828.2
220.2
3,773.3
-3,159.8
1,127.2
770.5
280.7
441.3
55.4
409.2
-313.5
679.1
380.2
149.4
214.8
18.9
17.3
-448.5
3,366.6
10,912.4
4,305.1
6,248.4
474.5
256.7
-7,836.5
1,367.5
1,887.5
951.2
895.1
47.7
0.9
-779.2
220.6
495.6
142.8
271.2
86.2
0.0
-433.5
510.9
1,850.6
811.0
814.0
232.0
101.2
-215.7
825.5
331.3
143.6
171.6
16.4
94.3
-1,010.2
1,498.6
6,859.4
1,336.8
5,628.5
76.5
0.0
9,335.1
420.0
552.4
213.9
325.1
21.3
2.4
10.8
1,084.7
1,117.3
346.4
766.2
47.2
-725.6
1,507.6
2,532.7
2,878.8
812.8
2,235.2
12.6
447.0
-2,042.4
5,990.2
4,722.4
1,642.5
3,169.8
95.9
139.2
-868.3
2,307.9
63,931.6
27,587.2
25,035.0
8,709.4
0.0
93,440.5
489.3
979.0
236.4
696.7
112.5
83.3
-388.1
8,044.1
13,424.1
4,150.5
3,419.8
5,877.3
27.1
26,939.3
767.4
1,201.1
577.5
527.7
45.5
0.0
-498.1
2,155.5
3,875.3
1,449.8
2,327.7
156.1
231.9
-642.1
492.6
906.5
509.7
335.5
27.8
88.8
471.7
1,712.6
623.0
240.2
371.0
21.3
56.1
-0.4
835.5
1,495.9
686.6
803.9
3.7
44.9
-990.2
2,086.2
2,273.2
524.9
1,794.2
93.0
116.0
-4,939.7
388.9
288.0
209.0
44.1
0.2
138.5
-902.3
512.8
719.3
254.4
458.0
26.9
0.0
-525.4
113
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Malawi
83.7
264.5
100.1
114.7
-99.4
4,479.6
243.7
Mali
191.9
333.5
79.4
141.9
-50.1
4,584.0
337.4
Mauritania
90.3
1,057.1
57.0
180.9
0.4
8,604.9
1,406.6
Mauritius
3,911.9
6,049.8
1,547.4
3,642.2
-6,029.9
50,309.3
6,423.0
Morocco
885.4
2,768.9
1,214.4
1,365.3
-1,358.4
17,721.7
2,973.4
111.3
256.8
53.0
252.6
39.9
3,958.5
241.9
1,162.9
6,136.2
1,576.4
3,122.1
-1,058.0
23,761.3
4,108.7
Niger
162.5
251.7
177.0
212.5
-3.5
3,226.3
137.5
Nigeria
108.7
1,627.5
4.7
489.2
2.9
8,953.6
843.7
Rwanda
85.6
318.7
209.6
212.0
68.2
5,963.6
179.7
São Tomé &
Príncipe
190.1
1,327.0
211.5
375.8
84.0
14,506.7
1,253.8
Senegal
116.8
649.5
81.4
379.7
-180.4
8,562.9
497.5
1,487.0
10,844.6
207.0
1,868.0
0.0
51,199.2
15,039.7
Sierra Leone
198.1
591.9
75.5
298.6
0.0
5,333.8
222.1
South Africa
1,611.5
4,222.1
819.8
4,496.1
-392.0
34,317.5
5,166.4
Sudan
280.7
566.5
359.7
308.6
43.1
10,617.9
155.2
1,134.6
1,962.4
189.2
412.3
-1,438.6
26,101.3
1,521.4
Tanzania
48.4
299.1
0.8
109.0
0.0
4,643.7
188.5
Togo
52.7
841.4
462.1
762.9
-161.8
5,224.2
372.3
Tunisia
987.1
4,853.7
3,467.4
2,324.9
-975.5
29,176.6
6,377.6
Uganda
369.0
1,155.0
211.5
307.6
0.0
5,852.3
749.9
Zambia
55.2
498.3
27.8
539.2
0.0
7,875.0
509.7
Zimbabwe
127.5
640.9
35.9
378.4
38.0
5,741.8
643.9
360.2
1,528.3
402.7
1,101.7
-175.6
11,660.7
1,690.1
Namibia
Seychelles
Swaziland
AFRICA
114
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Mozambique
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures by
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
333.2
600.4
387.2
137.3
32.3
-128.7
-653.3
1,107.5
1,152.0
453.9
661.5
48.3
54.2
-87.9
2,912.3
5,670.3
2,414.5
2,750.2
434.0
-3,059.3
-681.2
8,612.3
16,717.8
4,705.3
11,954.9
717.3
1,311.0
-8,085.3
3,477.2
9,926.0
3,113.4
6,935.8
392.9
1,357.6
-2,926.5
248.5
635.5
225.8
421.4
1.8
89.7
-495.4
6,757.6
9,287.3
2,831.0
6,641.2
267.0
-475.0
-2,754.0
432.1
1,125.7
538.2
569.0
28.9
2.4
-792.2
1,659.0
1,201.3
591.9
513.6
63.8
0.8
1,825.3
403.3
920.9
197.7
727.5
41.6
0.0
-730.7
2,198.9
2,542.7
1,451.4
676.4
137.1
16.9
-4,759.1
1,238.5
1,985.5
717.7
1,302.8
17.1
134.0
-1,463.7
40,878.2
26,797.2
11,427.8
14,378.6
1,175.4
5,188.6
-18,385.5
701.5
1,924.8
1,045.7
744.7
17.1
18.7
-1,413.7
7,418.2
10,965.4
5,211.4
5,251.9
502.1
308.4
-357.0
1,752.7
3,701.3
1,444.5
2,380.3
0.1
356.6
-162.5
2,528.2
2,887.5
814.2
1,857.3
310.8
0.0
-2,143.3
975.9
2,282.7
589.5
1,998.2
30.6
34.5
-718.6
655.1
793.4
205.7
603.7
31.3
89.4
-699.3
6,428.3
9,953.9
2,065.6
9,251.3
239.3
646.4
-2,344.1
148.9
1,523.4
252.7
1,592.3
40.1
18.2
-662.9
2,348.1
2,985.9
719.5
2,391.5
108.9
190.8
673.4
728.1
538.1
175.3
379.9
1.4
272.1
-1,005.4
2,406.1
3,251.5
1,208.0
2,010.0
136.6
178.7
60.2
115
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Table 9. Real GDP Per capita and Main Expenditure
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures by Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Algeria
334.7
235.9
194.8
101.2
Angola
181.0
155.7
191.0
424.8
Benin
43.7
52.8
72.3
66.6
332.4
244.0
137.8
559.6
33.2
34.1
47.0
86.2
17.7
23.3
27.7
78.3
Cameroon
68.4
82.6
116.6
80.2
Cabo Verde
151.3
170.3
181.3
289.5
Central Afr. Rep.
22.2
31.1
45.1
105.3
Chad
49.1
52.9
73.5
85.4
Comoros
15.1
22.3
32.8
1.6
144.3
54.2
51.1
94.3
Congo, Dem. Rep.
16.2
16.0
22.0
15.1
Côte d'Ivoire
66.0
70.9
87.4
84.5
Djibouti
59.7
61.7
58.1
183.3
Egypt
257.7
301.3
302.1
232.4
Equatorial Guinea
976.1
175.9
174.9
216.5
Ethiopia
30.0
35.0
36.8
28.2
408.1
214.4
166.5
743.5
37.3
43.7
46.9
46.9
Ghana
84.8
80.3
69.0
38.9
Guinea
31.9
28.2
35.9
15.3
Guinea-Bissau
33.8
33.2
47.7
20.2
Kenya
52.8
69.2
69.8
101.2
Lesotho
52.7
90.5
72.6
76.7
Liberia
13.3
21.6
15.8
25.1
Madagascar
34.9
47.6
58.8
49.6
Malawi
24.1
35.8
46.6
64.4
Mali
37.3
37.5
53.0
22.2
Mauritania
79.0
74.9
126.7
25.6
Mauritius
385.3
426.5
386.7
909.3
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Congo Rep.
Gabon
Gambia, The
116
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Components Relatives (Africa = 100)
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
75.0
70.4
103.2
294.4
407.9
444.1
108.3
111.4
148.6
96.7
117.8
55.1
37.8
32.7
25.3
25.4
52.6
58.8
279.5
132.3
227.6
186.8
551.3
324.0
13.1
27.4
26.9
18.1
24.3
39.7
4.0
34.1
3.3
14.0
11.4
6.2
89.1
56.6
113.5
14.4
75.4
31.0
61.8
189.0
245.3
132.4
127.8
301.6
41.0
15.8
25.7
7.6
12.9
7.0
20.4
29.9
58.4
58.6
57.4
55.2
10.3
50.0
11.4
3.0
5.2
3.2
22.2
65.2
34.1
67.4
48.4
80.9
12.2
18.2
11.1
12.1
4.7
5.9
33.8
52.1
112.1
50.6
86.5
56.9
28.6
128.6
66.6
24.0
44.6
8.8
241.0
515.3
205.3
428.6
217.6
265.1
90.1
184.7
103.9
251.5
176.6
283.7
25.4
33.1
55.2
49.1
6.2
5.6
172.3
202.1
203.8
203.8
283.8
281.8
76.7
20.2
21.5
122.1
14.7
59.5
198.5
67.1
105.9
57.2
85.3
52.9
35.2
35.8
21.2
33.4
17.7
1.4
38.2
30.9
37.5
14.8
25.6
6.0
31.8
44.1
58.9
80.3
62.9
115.0
185.0
70.4
127.7
58.5
34.2
93.9
53.7
23.2
26.6
7.8
6.8
27.1
63.0
16.7
123.1
15.3
53.9
10.3
18.3
46.9
59.9
28.7
20.7
22.1
34.3
21.6
36.5
26.8
46.5
27.7
50.6
49.5
39.0
45.4
38.9
91.6
477.7
499.3
605.8
343.1
499.0
647.9
117
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part A
Country
GDP
Actual Consumption Expenditures by Households
Food & Non Alcoholic
Beverages
Alcoholic Beverages &
Tobacco
Morocco
167.3
154.9
152.8
98.4
Mozambique
23.5
31.8
47.3
54.1
206.9
209.1
125.4
341.5
Niger
21.1
25.7
28.4
20.0
Nigeria
77.9
74.3
70.4
45.2
Rwanda
33.1
46.2
66.8
46.6
São Tomé & Príncipe
75.4
119.8
176.7
198.0
Senegal
55.6
68.9
96.6
31.5
562.2
475.8
552.8
232.6
Sierra Leone
33.9
42.8
41.5
55.1
South Africa
300.1
297.5
191.7
512.7
Sudan
88.3
83.7
119.8
13.0
Swaziland
156.6
208.6
309.3
60.9
Tanzania
38.4
36.9
70.1
7.1
Togo
32.5
42.7
49.0
39.3
Tunisia
255.4
262.3
170.4
217.0
Uganda
39.6
49.7
51.5
89.1
Zambia
78.1
63.7
112.5
15.5
Zimbabwe
34.1
48.3
81.7
74.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Namibia
Seychelles
AFRICA
118
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Clothing &
Footwear
Housing, Water, Electricity,
Gas & other Fuels
Furnishings, Household
Equipment & Maintenance
Health
Transport
Communication
93.8
215.0
130.4
103.6
163.3
298.2
26.8
20.2
13.8
11.5
31.1
13.4
215.6
196.3
348.4
298.6
108.6
86.4
44.8
17.0
28.6
14.6
22.5
15.2
205.5
50.6
130.1
44.7
67.0
41.4
21.2
61.3
33.5
19.7
24.7
20.5
72.2
73.9
68.6
89.3
134.6
54.7
43.7
91.0
82.2
29.9
36.0
113.0
275.4
705.2
335.2
585.4
282.4
366.3
77.2
30.4
23.5
127.8
12.8
31.2
189.5
248.9
293.0
367.8
452.3
378.1
96.2
68.8
112.3
21.0
69.3
58.8
173.5
174.5
406.4
216.7
185.3
119.7
45.6
14.4
30.4
27.9
16.0
1.1
37.6
25.2
34.8
44.6
21.1
23.0
182.7
267.9
279.5
250.8
460.2
561.2
21.9
52.5
48.7
21.7
27.5
34.2
65.6
55.7
16.0
56.5
7.3
33.1
37.6
20.9
19.2
20.1
35.1
2.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
119
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Algeria
245.1
375.5
207.2
615.2
0.0
173.1
891.6
Angola
98.1
86.3
120.2
225.1
0.0
148.7
206.0
Benin
26.2
31.2
165.2
25.0
25.9
55.8
24.6
Botswana
243.1
389.5
292.3
261.7
0.0
234.6
325.5
Burkina Faso
23.4
16.4
48.1
11.7
0.7
36.5
12.0
7.0
26.6
32.4
6.4
-15.8
23.3
22.7
Cabo Verde
38.7
25.7
177.9
24.5
-35.4
89.6
22.1
Cameroon
55.6
152.3
912.2
136.3
1.374.7
169.8
166.2
Cent. Afr. Rep.
17.3
18.6
22.1
13.9
0.0
33.4
9.4
Chad
47.8
13.9
12.0
15.7
-63.7
57.1
14.7
6.7
8.4
0.1
7.3
-4.2
24.5
1.5
48.6
49.8
152.3
25.0
71.5
54.9
45.3
Congo, Dem.
Rep.
8.1
13.2
27.9
4.2
0.0
17.1
6.2
Côte d'Ivoire
69.2
30.2
40.9
42.9
-40.9
75.9
28.9
Djibouti
21.6
44.4
19.2
16.1
-58.6
64.4
36.4
327.8
251.1
312.0
271.6
618.8
311.6
198.7
93.9
126.2
222.7
112.7
-269.8
188.4
85.4
6.6
25.3
79.9
52.2
0.0
37.5
11.5
210.2
109.1
353.3
92.8
-931.5
221.8
147.0
Gambia, The
52.9
49.7
12.5
26.4
0.0
45.6
24.9
Ghana
29.6
161.3
1.0
42.9
-0.6
81.2
70.7
Guinea
7.9
18.8
11.3
8.4
-12.6
30.4
5.6
Guinea-Bissau
40.7
17.0
4.7
6.9
0.0
35.2
12.8
Kenya
79.6
88.6
158.7
66.4
159.1
67.9
76.0
Lesotho
123.5
74.6
35.3
71.8
-500.5
91.2
79.7
Liberia
15.3
45.9
5.8
20.1
0.0
23.9
1.0
Madagascar
79.0
26.2
90.8
10.0
14.8
51.5
12.9
Comoros
Congo Rep.
Egypt
Equat. Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
120
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Burundi
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
412.3
431.7
442.3
404.4
521.1
1,033.5
6,964.3
427.6
211.1
156.6
249.2
204.6
50.5
-2,738.8
36.4
36.9
34.1
40.1
9.8
34.4
-937.9
339.4
714.1
619.5
837.2
161.3
2,111.0
-5,246.6
46.8
23.7
23.2
22.0
40.6
228.9
-520.6
28.2
11.7
12.4
10.7
13.9
9.7
-744.7
56.8
58.0
78.7
44.5
34.9
0.5
-1,293.9
139.9
335.6
356.4
310.9
347.5
143.6
-13,011.9
9.2
15.2
11.8
13.5
63.1
0.0
-719.8
21.2
56.9
67.1
40.5
169.9
56.6
-358.1
34.3
10.2
11.9
8.5
12.0
52.7
-1,677.4
62.3
211.0
110.7
280.0
56.0
0.0
15,500.3
17.5
17.0
17.7
16.2
15.6
1.3
17.9
45.1
34.4
28.7
38.1
34.6
-406.0
2,503.2
105.3
88.5
67.3
111.2
9.2
250.1
-3,391.3
249.0
145.2
136.0
157.7
70.2
77.9
-1,441.7
95.9
1,966.2
2,283.8
1,245.5
6,377.7
0.0
155,150.9
20.3
30.1
19.6
34.7
82.4
46.6
-644.4
334.3
412.9
343.6
170.1
4,303.8
15.1
44,730.8
31.9
36.9
47.8
26.3
33.3
0.0
-827.0
89.6
119.2
120.0
115.8
114.3
129.7
-1,066.1
20.5
27.9
42.2
16.7
20.3
49.7
783.2
71.2
19.2
19.9
18.5
15.6
31.4
-0.6
34.7
46.0
56.8
40.0
2.7
25.1
-1,644.1
86.7
69.9
43.5
89.3
68.1
64.9
-8,201.9
16.2
8.9
17.3
2.2
0.2
77.5
-1,498.2
21.3
22.1
21.1
22.8
19.7
0.0
-872.4
121
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Part B
Country
Malawi
23.2
17.3
24.9
10.4
56.6
38.4
14.4
Mali
53.3
21.8
19.7
12.9
28.5
39.3
20.0
Mauritania
25.1
69.2
14.2
16.4
-0.2
73.8
83.2
Mauritius
1,086.1
395.8
384.2
330.6
3,432.9
431.4
380.0
Morocco
245.8
181.2
301.6
123.9
773.4
152.0
175.9
30.9
16.8
13.2
22.9
-22.7
33.9
14.3
322.9
401.5
391.4
283.4
602.3
203.8
243.1
Niger
45.1
16.5
44.0
19.3
2.0
27.7
8.1
Nigeria
30.2
106.5
1.2
44.4
-1.6
76.8
49.9
Rwanda
23.8
20.9
52.0
19.2
-38.8
51.1
10.6
São Tomé &
Príncipe
52.8
86.8
52.5
34.1
-47.8
124.4
74.2
Senegal
32.4
42.5
20.2
34.5
102.7
73.4
29.4
412.9
709.6
51.4
169.6
0.0
439.1
889.9
Sierra Leone
55.0
38.7
18.7
27.1
0.0
45.7
13.1
South Africa
447.4
276.2
203.6
408.1
223.2
294.3
305.7
77.9
37.1
89.3
28.0
-24.5
91.1
9.2
Swaziland
315.0
128.4
47.0
37.4
819.0
223.8
90.0
Tanzania
13.4
19.6
0.2
9.9
0.0
39.8
11.2
Togo
14.6
55.1
114.7
69.2
92.1
44.8
22.0
Tunisia
274.1
317.6
861.0
211.0
555.4
250.2
377.4
Uganda
102.5
75.6
52.5
27.9
0.0
50.2
44.4
Zambia
15.3
32.6
6.9
48.9
0.0
67.5
30.2
Zimbabwe
35.4
41.9
8.9
34.3
-21.6
49.2
38.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Namibia
Seychelles
Sudan
AFRICA
122
Misc, Goods & Services
Net Purchases abroad
Individual
Consumption
by Government
Education
Mozambique
Restaurants
& Hotels
Individual
Consumption
Expenditures By
Households
Recreation &
Culture
PART 5. Comparative Cross-Country Tables
Collective
Consumption by
Government
Gross Fixed Capital
Formation
Machinery &
Equipment
Construction
Other Products
Changes in
Inventories &
Valuables
Balance of Imports & Exports
13.8
18.5
32.1
6.8
23.6
-72.0
-1,084.8
46.0
35.4
37.6
32.9
35.4
30.3
-146.0
121.0
174.4
199.9
136.8
317.8
-1,711.6
-1,131.0
357.9
514.2
389.5
594.8
525.2
733.5
-13,425.0
144.5
305.3
257.7
345.1
287.7
759.5
-4,859.2
10.3
19.5
18.7
21.0
1.4
50.2
-822.5
280.8
285.6
234.4
330.4
195.5
-265.7
-4,572.7
18.0
34.6
44.6
28.3
21.2
1.3
-1,315.4
68.9
36.9
49.0
25.6
46.7
0.4
3,030.8
16.8
28.3
16.4
36.2
30.5
0.0
-1,213.2
91.4
78.2
120.2
33.7
100.4
9.5
-7,902.2
51.5
61.1
59.4
64.8
12.5
75.0
-2,430.4
1,698.9
824.1
946.0
715.3
860.7
2,902.9
-30,527.8
29.2
59.2
86.6
37.0
12.5
10.4
-2,347.3
308.3
337.2
431.4
261.3
367.7
172.5
-592.8
72.8
113.8
119.6
118.4
0.1
199.5
-269.9
105.1
88.8
67.4
92.4
227.6
0.0
-3,558.7
40.6
70.2
48.8
99.4
22.4
19.3
-1,193.1
27.2
24.4
17.0
30.0
22.9
50.0
-1,161.1
267.2
306.1
171.0
460.3
175.2
361.6
-3,892.2
6.2
46.9
20.9
79.2
29.4
10.2
-1,100.7
97.6
91.8
59.6
119.0
79.7
106.7
1,118.1
30.3
16.5
14.5
18.9
1.1
152.2
-1,669.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
123
Glossary
Glossary*
Accounting period. The period to which the
estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
refer. Usually a calendar year or a quarter. For
international price and volume comparisons of
GDP, the accounting period is generally a calendar year.
Actual Individual Consumption. The total value of the individual consumption expenditures
of households, NPISHs and general government. It is a measure of the goods and services
that households actually consume, as opposed
to what they purchase.
Additivity. The values of the national accounts
aggregates of economies participating in a
comparison are equal to the sum of the values
of their components when both aggregates
and components are valued at current national price levels. Additivity requires this identity
to be preserved when the values of the aggregates and their components are valued at a
uniform price level. An aggregation method is
additive if, for each economy being compared,
it provides real values for aggregates that are
equal to sum of the real values of their constituent basic headings. An additive aggregation
method provides volumes that satisfy the average test for volumes, but are subject to the
Gerschenkron effect.
Aggregate. A set of transactions relating to a
specified flow of goods and services in a given
accounting period, such as the total purchases
of consumer goods and services made by resident households or the total expenditure on
*
List of terminology used in this Report. Use of italic refers the
reader to a separate Glossary entry.
124
collective services by government or the total
value of Gross Fixed Capital Formation.
Aggregation. The procedure of computing Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) above the basic
heading level. The process of weighting and
averaging basic heading PPPs to obtain PPPs
for each level of aggregation up to GDP.
Analytical categories. GDP, the main aggregates, the expenditure categories, the expenditure groups, and expenditure classes for which
the results of a comparison are published.
Average test for volumes. A test that requires
the volume index for an aggregate to lie between the smallest and the largest of its component volume indices.
Base-country invariance. The property whereby the relativities between the PPPs, the Price
Level Indices (PLIs) and the volume indices
of economies are not affected by either the
choice of national currency as numéraire or the
choice of reference economy.
Basic heading. The lowest aggregation level
in the expenditure classification. In theory, a
basic heading is defined as a group of similar
well-defined goods or services. In practice, it is
defined by the lowest level of final expenditure
for which explicit expenditure weights can be
estimated. Thus, an actual basic heading can
cover a broader range of products than is theoretically desirable, as well as including both
goods and services. It is at the level of the basic heading that expenditures are defined and
estimated, products are selected for pricing,
prices are collected and validated, and PPPs
are first calculated and averaged.
Glossary
Basic price. The amount received by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of good or
service produced as output. It includes subsidies on products and other taxes on production. It excludes taxes on products, other
subsidies on production, supplier’s retail and
wholesale margins, and separately invoiced
transport and insurance charges. Basic prices are the prices most relevant for decision-­
making by suppliers (producers).
Bias. A systematic error in a PPP or volume
index. Bias can arise for a number of reasons
including failure to respect either importance,
comparability or consistency, the price collection and measurement procedures followed,
and the calculation and aggregation formula
employed.
Bilateral or binary comparison. A price or volume comparison between two economies that
draws upon data only for those two economies.
Bilateral or binary PPP. A PPP between two
economies calculated using only the prices and
weights for those two economies.
Bridge country. An economy that provides
the link or bridge between two or more separate comparisons involving different groups
of economies. The bridge country participates
in all comparisons and by doing so enables the
economies in one comparison to be compared
with the economies in the other comparisons
and vice versa.
CAR (Country Approach with Redistribution) procedure. A means of obtaining for
a specified aggregate global volumes and
PPPs for economies within each region that
retain the relativities established between
the economies in the regional comparison.
In other words, each region’s results for the
aggregate remain fixed when linked with the
results of other regions. The procedure is as
follows. The global basic heading PPPs for all
economies in the comparison are aggregated
to the level of the aggregate. The global PPPs
for the aggregate are used to calculate global real expenditures for each economy with
which the total global real expenditure on the
aggregate for each region can be determined.
The total global real expenditure of each region is redistributed across the economies in
the region, in line with the distribution of the
real expenditures in the regional comparison.
Global PPPs for economies are calculated indirectly with the redistributed global real expenditure.
Change in inventories. The acquisition, less
disposals, of stocks of raw materials, semi-­
finished goods and finished goods that are
held by producer units prior to their being
further processed or sold or otherwise used.
Semi-finished goods cover work-in-progress
(partially completed products whose production process will be continued by the same
producer in a subsequent accounting period)
including the natural growth of agricultural
crops prior to harvest and the natural growth
in livestock raised for slaughter. Inventories
also cover all raw materials and goods stored
by government as strategic reserves.
Change in valuables. The acquisition, less disposals, of valuables (produced assets, such as
non-monetary gold, precious stones, antiques,
paintings, sculptures and other art objects,
that are not used primarily for production or
consumption, that are expected to appreciate
or at least not decline in real value, that do not
deteriorate over time in normal conditions,
and that are acquired and held primarily as
stores of value).
125
Glossary
Characteristics. The physical and economic
attributes of a product that serve to identify it and enable it to be located under some
heading of a product classification. The technical parameters and price-determining properties of a product listed in a product specification.
C.i.f. (cost, insurance and freight) value. The
price of a good delivered at the customs frontier of the importing economy or the price of a
service delivered to a resident. It includes any
insurance and freight charges incurred to that
point. It excludes any import duties or other
taxes on imports and trade and transport margins within the importing economy.
COFOG (Classification Of the Functions of
Government). Classifies transactions by general government – including outlays on final
consumption expenditure, intermediate consumption, Gross Fixed Capital Formation and
capital and current transfers – to be classified by function or purpose. A major use of
COFOG is to identify which final consumption
expenditures of general government benefit households individually and which benefit
households collectively.
COICOP (Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose). Classifies
the individual consumption expenditures
of three institutional sectors – households,
NPISHs, and general government – by the
ends that they wish to achieve through these
expenditures. Individual consumption expenditures are those which are made for the
benefit of individual households. All final
consumption expenditures by households and
NPISHs are defined as individual, but only the
final consumption expenditures by general
government on individual services are treated
as individual.
126
Collective consumption expenditure by government. See government final collective consumption expenditure.
Collective services. Services provided by general government that benefit the community
as a whole: general public services, defense,
public order and safety, economic affairs, environment protection, and housing and community amenities. They also include the overall policy-making, planning, budgetary and
coordinating responsibilities of government
ministries overseeing individual services and
government research and development for
individual services. These activities cannot be
identified with specific individual households
and are considered to benefit households collectively.
Comparability. The requirement that economies price products that are identical or, if not
identical, equivalent. Products are said to be
comparable if they have identical or equivalent
technical parameters and price-determining
properties. Equivalent means that they meet
the same needs with equal efficiency so that
purchasers are indifferent between them and
are not prepared to pay more for one than for
the other. The pricing of comparable products
ensures that the differences in prices between
economies for a product reflect actual price
differences and are not affected by differences in quality. If differences in quality are not
avoided or corrected, they can be mistaken for
apparent price differences leading to an under­
estimation or overestimation in price levels
and in volume levels.
Comparison resistant. A term first used to describe non-market services, which are difficult
to compare across economies because of the
following factors: they have no economically
significant prices with which to value outputs,
Glossary
their units of output cannot be otherwise defined and measured, the institutional arrangements for their provision and the conditions
of payment differ from economy to economy,
and their quality varies between economies
but the differences cannot be identified and
quantified. Increasingly, the term is being used
to describe construction and market services
such as telecommunications, whose complexity, variation and economy specificity make
it difficult for them to be priced comparably
across economies.
Compensation of employees. All payments
in cash and in kind made by employers to employees in return for work done by them during
the accounting period. These payments comprise: gross wages and salaries in cash and in
kind, employers’ actual social contributions,
and imputed social contributions.
Component. A subset of goods and/or services
that make up some defined aggregate.
Consistency. The requirement that the prices
collected by economies are consistent with
the prices underlying their estimates of GDP
and its component expenditures. In most cases, this means that they should be national
annual purchasers’ prices for actual market
transactions. As the basis of a comparison is
the identity expenditure = price x volume and
volumes are obtained by dividing expenditures
by prices, using prices that do not correspond
to those used to derive the expenditures will
result in the volumes being either underestimated or overestimated.
Consumption of fixed capital. The reduction
in the value of the fixed assets used in production during the accounting period resulting
from physical deterioration, normal obsolescence, or normal accidental damage.
CPD (Country-Product-Dummy) method. The
multilateral method used by the ICP to obtain transitive PPPs at the basic heading level through regression analysis. It treats the
calculation of PPPs as a matter of statistical
inference, an estimation problem rather than
an index number problem. The underlying hypothesis is that, apart from random disturbance, the PPPs for individual products within
a basic heading are all constant between any
given pair of economies. In other words, it is
assumed that the pattern of relative prices
of the different products within a given basic
heading is the same in all economies. It is also
assumed that each economy has its own overall price level for the basic heading and it is that
which fixes the levels of absolute prices of the
products in the basic heading for the economy.
By treating the prices observed in the economies for the basic heading as random samples,
the PPPs between each pair of economies and
the common pattern of relative prices can be
estimated using classical least square methods. The method allows sampling errors to be
estimated for the PPPs. (See also Weighted
CPD method.)
CPI (Consumer Price Index). A monthly or
quarterly price index compiled and published
by an official statistical agency that measures the changes in the prices of consumption
goods and services acquired or used by households. Its exact definition may vary from economy to economy.
CPRD (Country-Product-Representativity-
Dummy) method. A variant of the CPD method, which has an additional dummy variable to
denote whether or not the product has importance. The assumption is that the ratio of price
levels for important and less important products is the same for all products within a basic heading. In theory, the ratio should be less
127
Glossary
than 1 because less important products are expected to be more expensive than important
products.
Core product. A product that appears on the
product lists of two or more separate groups
of economies for the purpose of combining
the groups in a single multilateral comparison. The use of core products is an alternative
to linking groups of economies through bridge
countries.
Deflation. The division of the current value of
an aggregate by a price index – the deflator – in
order to value its volumes at the prices of the
price reference period.
Dikhanov editing procedure. The iterative
inter-country validation procedure developed
by Yuri Dikhanov to edit the average survey
prices reported by economies. It can be seen
either as an alternative or as a complement to
the Quaranta editing procedure. Both procedures provide similar measures of price variation for products and economies employing
either basic heading PPPs for editing basic
headings individually or PPPs for an aggregate
for editing across the basic headings constituting the aggregate. In practice, the Quaranta procedure is employed to edit prices within
basic headings and the Dikhanov procedure
is used to edit prices within aggregates. The
Dikhanov procedure is specific to the CPDbased methods of calculating PPPs, whereas
the Quaranta table has a broader application
that includes GEKS-based methods as well as
the CPD-based methods.
Dikhanov table. The inter-country validation
table generated by the Dikhanov editing procedure.
Direct price comparison. See price approach.
128
Direct volume comparison. See quantity approach.
Economically significant price. A price that
has a significant influence on the amounts
producers are willing to supply and on the
amounts purchasers wish to buy. This is the
basic price for producers and the purchasers’
price for purchasers.
Economic territory. The geographical territory
of an economy plus any territorial enclaves in
the rest of the world. By convention, it includes
embassies, military bases, and ships and aircraft abroad. The economic territory does not
include extra-territorial enclaves – that is, the
parts of the economy’s own geographical territory used by general government agencies
of other economies or by international organizations under international treaties or agreements between states.
Editing. The first step of validation: scrutinizing data reported for errors. The process of
checking survey prices for non-sampling errors
by identifying those prices that have extreme
values – that is, prices whose value is determined to be either too high or too low vis-à-vis
the average according to given criteria. The price
may score a value for a given test that exceeds
a pre-determined critical value; or its value may
fall outside some pre-specified range of acceptable values. Both are standard ways of detecting errors in survey data and both are employed
by the ICP. Prices with extreme values are not
necessarily wrong. But the fact that their values are considered extreme suggests that they
could be wrong. They are possible errors and, as
such, they need to be investigated to establish
whether or not they are actual errors.
EKS – Èltetö-Köves-Szulc. A multilateral
method that commutes the nth root of the
Glossary
product of all possible Fisher indexes between
n countries. It is used at the detailed heading level to obtain heading parities, and also
at the GDP level. EKS has the properties of
base-country invariance and transitivity.
Employers’ actual social contributions. Payments actually made by employers to social
security funds, insurance enterprises or autonomous pension funds for the benefit of their
employees.
Error. See bias; price error; product error.
Exhaustiveness. The extent to which an economy’s estimate of GDP covers all economic activity in its economic territory.
Expenditure weights. The shares of expenditure components (basic headings) in currentprice GDP.
Final consumption expenditure. The expenditure on goods and services consumed by individual households or the community to satisfy
their individual or collective needs or wants.
Final expenditure. Comprises final consumption expenditure and Gross Capital Formation.
Fisher type PPP. The PPP for a basic heading or an aggregate between two economies
that is defined as the geometric mean of the
Laspeyres type PPP and the Paasche type PPP
for the basic heading or the aggregate. Their
formulation depends on whether they are being used to calculate basic heading PPPs or to
aggregate basic heading PPPs.
FISIM (Financial Intermediation Services
Indirectly Measured). An indirect measure
of the value of the financial intermediation
services that financial institutions provide
clients, but for which they do not charge explicitly.
Fixity. The convention whereby the relativities
between a group of economies that were established in a comparison covering just that
group of economies remain unchanged, or
fixed, when the economies of the group are
included in comparisons with a wider group
of economies. For example, the price and volume relativities of the ICP regions and Eurostat-OECD remain unchanged in the global
comparison. If fixity were not observed, there
would be two sets or relativities for participating economies which would not necessarily be
in agreement as the relativities and ranking
of economies can change as the composition
of the group of economies being compared
changes. Fixity ensures that participating
economies have only one set of results to explain to users.
F.o.b. (free on board) value. The price of a
good delivered at the customs frontier of the
exporting economy. It includes the freight and
insurance charges incurred to that point and
any export duties or other taxes on exports
levied by the exporting economy.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Expenditure-based GDP is defined as the total value of
the final consumption expenditures of households, NPISHs and general government plus
Gross Capital Formation plus the balance of
exports and imports.
GEKS (Gini-Èltetö-Köves-Szulc) method.
Originally called the EKS (Èltetö-Köves-Szulc)
method after the three individuals who independently advocated its use in the mid-1960s.
The formula, however, was actually proposed
by Gini some thirty years earlier in a paper
on circularity and this is recognized in recent
129
Glossary
literature by calling the EKS method the GEKS
method.
The GEKS is a method to calculate PPPs for basic headings and/or to aggregate basic heading
PPPs to obtain PPPs for each level of aggregation up to and including GDP. Strictly speaking, the GEKS is a procedure whereby any set
of intransitive binary index numbers are made
transitive and multilateral while respecting
characteristicity (the property that the resulting multilateral indices differ as little as
possible from the original binary indices). The
procedure is independent of the method used
to calculate the intransitive binary indices. But
as used in current literature, GEKS covers both
the way the intransitive binary PPPs are calculated and the procedure to make them transitive and multilateral. (See also transitivity and
multilateral comparison).
whether they are being used to calculate basic
heading PPPs or to aggregate basic heading
PPPs.
Note that there are two versions of the GEKS
at the basic heading level: one that takes account of the importance of the products priced
and one that does not. The version that takes
the importance of products into consideration
is referred to as GEKS in the literature.
General government or government. The institutional sector that consists of federal,
central, regional, state, and local government
units together with social security funds imposed and controlled by those units. It includes
non-profit institutions engaged in non-market
production that are controlled and mainly financed by government units or social security
funds.
The intransitive binary PPPs for a basic heading or an aggregate are obtained by calculating first a matrix of Laspeyres type PPPs, then
a matrix of Paasche type PPPs and finally, by
taking the geometric mean of the two, a matrix of Fisher type PPPs. The Fisher type PPPs
are made transitive and multilateral by applying the GEKS procedure, which involves replacing the Fisher type PPP between each pair of
economies by the geometric mean of itself
squared and all the corresponding indirect
Fisher type PPPs between the pair obtained
using the other economies as bridges. The resulting GEKS PPPs provide real expenditures
that are not subject to the Gerschenkron effect but nor are they additive. GEKS results are
considered to be better suited to comparisons
across economies of the price and volume levels of individual basic headings or aggregates.
Gerschenkron effect. Applicable only to aggregation methods that use either a reference price structure, whereby each economy’s
quantities are valued by a uniform set of prices to obtain volumes, or a reference volume
structure, whereby each economy’s prices are
used to value a uniform set of quantities to
obtain PPPs. For methods employing a reference price structure, an economy’s share of
total GDP – that is, the total for the group of
economies being compared – will rise as the
reference price structure becomes less characteristic of its own price structure. For methods
employing a reference volume structure, an
economy’s share of total GDP will fall as the
reference volume structure becomes less characteristic of its own volume structure. The Gerschenkron effect arises because of the negative correlation between prices and volumes.
See also Laspeyres type PPP and Paasche type
PPP because their formulation depends on
GK (Geary-Khamis) method. An average price
aggregation method to compute PPPs and
130
Glossary
real expenditures above the basic heading. It
entails valuing a matrix of quantities using
a vector of international prices. The vector is
obtained by averaging national prices across
participating economies after they have been
converted to a common currency with PPPs
and weighted by economy quantity shares.
The economy PPPs are obtained by averaging
the ratios of national and international prices
weighted by economy expenditure shares. The
international prices and the PPPs are defined
by a system of interrelated linear equations
that require solving simultaneously. The GK
method produces PPPs that are transitive and
real expenditures that are additive (see also
transitivity and additivity). It has a number of
disadvantages. One is that a change in the
composition of the group can change significantly the international prices as well as the
relationships between economies. Another is
that the real expenditures are subject to the
Gerschenkron effect, which can be large. GK results are considered to be better suited to the
analysis of price and volume structures across
economies.
Goods. Physical objects for which a demand
exists, over which ownership rights can be established and whose ownership can be transferred from one institutional unit to another
by engaging in transactions on the market.
They are in demand because they may be used
to satisfy the needs or wants of households
or the community, or used to produce other
goods or services.
Global core products. Products priced for the
specific purpose of providing links or overlaps
between regional comparisons at the basic
heading level in order to combine them in a
single world comparison. For ICP 2011, lists of
global core products were compiled for consumer goods and services, government services, and capital goods by the Global Office
in consultation with regions, participating
economies, and subject matter experts. Regions selected products from the global core
product lists and added them to their regional
product lists in line with product availability
and importance in their region. The global core
products priced by regions were included in
the regional comparisons as well as the world
comparison.
Gross capital formation. The total value of
Gross Fixed Capital Formation, changes in inventories, and acquisitions less disposals of
valuables.
Government final consumption expenditure.
The actual and imputed final consumption expenditure incurred by general government on
individual goods and services and collective services. The total value of individual consumption expenditure and collective consumption
expenditure by general government.
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). The total value of acquisitions less disposals of fixed
assets by resident institutional units during
the accounting period plus the additions to
the value of non-produced assets realized by
the productive activity of resident institutional
units.
Gross operating surplus. The surplus or deficit accruing from production before taking any
account of: (a) consumption of fixed capital; (b)
any interest, rent, or similar charges payable
on financial or tangible non-produced assets
borrowed or rented by the enterprise; or (c)
any interest, rent, or similar charges receivable
on financial or tangible non-produced assets
owned by the enterprise.
Gross wages and salaries. The wages and salaries in cash and in kind paid by enterprises to
131
Glossary
employees before the deduction of taxes and
social contributions payable by employees.
Household. A small group of persons who
share the same living accommodation, who
pool some, or all, of their income and wealth
and who consume certain types of goods and
services collectively, mainly food and housing.
A household may consist of only one person.
Iklé method. An average price aggregation
method similar to the GK method. It was used
in the 2005 ICP regional comparison for Africa. Like the GK method, it derives a vector of
international prices by averaging national prices across participating economies after the
prices have been converted to a common currency with PPPs and weighted. The GK method uses quantity shares as weights. The Iklé
method uses expenditure shares as weights.
In addition, GK international prices are arithmetic means while Iklé international prices are
harmonic means. The Iklé method is designed
to prevent prices in economies with large expenditures dominating the average prices. Because the sum of expenditure shares in each
economy is equal to one, the Iklé method can
be regarded as being equi-representative of
all economies. The Iklé method produces PPPs
that are transitive and real expenditures that
are additive. Compared to the GK method, the
Iklé method minimizes the Gerschenkron effect.
Importance. A concept that is defined in terms
of a specific economy within a basic heading. A
product is either important or less important
in the economy for the given basic heading.
An important product is one that accounts for
a significant share of the expenditure on the
basic heading in the economy in question. Formerly, important products were referred to as
“representative products.”
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Imputed expenditure. Some transactions
which it is desirable to include in GDP do not
take place in monetary terms and so cannot
be measured directly. Expenditures on these
non-monetary transactions are obtained by
imputing a value to them. The values to be imputed are defined by national accounting conventions. These vary from case to case and are
described in the SNA.
Imputed rent. Owner-occupiers use the dwelling they own and occupy to produce housing
services for themselves. They are in effect
renting the dwelling to themselves and the
value of the rent needs to be imputed. The
imputed rent should be valued at the estimated rent that a tenant pays for a dwelling
of the same size and quality in a comparable
location with similar neighborhood amenities.
When markets for rented accommodation are
virtually non-existent or unrepresentative, the
value of the imputed rent has to be derived by
some other objective procedure, such as the
user-cost method.
Imputed social contributions. The imputations that need to be made when employers
provide social benefits themselves directly
to their employees, former employees, or dependants out of their own resources without
involving an insurance enterprise or autonomous pension fund, and without creating a
special fund or segregated reserve for the purpose.
Indirect binary comparison. A price or volume
comparison between two economies made
through a third economy. For example, in the
case of economies A, B, and C, the PPP between A and C is obtained by dividing the PPP
between A and B by the PPP between C and B
as follows: PPPA/C = PPPA/B / PPPC/B.
Glossary
Individual consumption expenditure by government. The actual and imputed final consumption expenditure incurred by general government on individual goods and services.
Individual consumption expenditure by
households. The actual and imputed final consumption expenditure incurred by households
on individual goods and services. By definition,
all final consumption expenditures of households are for the benefit of individual households and are individual.
Individual consumption expenditure by
NPISHs. The actual and imputed final consumption expenditure incurred by NPISHs on
individual goods and services. As most final
consumption expenditures of NPISHs are individual, all final consumption expenditures of
NPISHs are treated by convention as individual.
Individual good or service. A consumption
good or service acquired by a household and
used to satisfy the needs and wants of members of that household.
Individual services. A term used to describe
the services (and goods) provided to individual households by NPISHs and general government. Such services include housing, health,
recreation and culture, education and social
protection. They do not include the overall
policy-making, planning, budgetary and coordinating responsibilities of government ministries overseeing individual services. Nor do
they include government research and development for individual services. These activities cannot be identified with specific individual households and are considered to benefit
households collectively. They are classified under collective services.
Input price approach. The approach used to
obtain PPPs for non-market services. Because
there are no economically significant prices
with which to value the outputs of these services, national accountants follow the convention of estimating the expenditures on
non-market services by summing the costs of
the inputs required to produce them. PPPs for
non-market services are calculated with input
prices, as these are the prices that are consistent with the prices underlying the estimated
expenditures. In practice, prices are only collected for labor, which is by far the largest and
most important input.
Institutional sector. The System of National
Accounts (SNA) identifies five institutional
sectors: non-financial corporations, financial
corporations, general government, households,
and NPISHs.
Inter-country validation. The validation that
takes place after participating economies have
completed their intra-country validation and
submitted their survey prices to the regional
coordinator. It is an iterative process consisting of several rounds of questions and answers
between the regional coordinator and participating economies. It involves editing and verifying the average survey prices reported by
participating economies for a basic heading
and assessing the reliability of the PPPs they
produce for the basic heading. The objective
is to establish that the average survey prices
are for comparable products, that the products
have been accurately priced, and that the allocation of importance indicators is correct. In
other words, to ascertain whether economies
have interpreted the product specifications
in the same way and whether their price collectors have priced them without error. The
Quaranta and Dikhanov editing methods are
employed for this purpose. Both procedures
133
Glossary
entail detecting outliers among the average
survey prices by identifying outliers among the
corresponding price ratios. Economies verify
the identified outliers to ascertain whether or
the not they are valid observations. If they are
not, the economy either corrects or suppresses
them.
Intermediate consumption. The value of the
goods and services, other than fixed assets,
that are used or consumed as inputs by a process of production.
International prices. A term used in association with additive aggregation methods.
In the course of expressing the expenditures
in a common currency and at a uniform price
level, additive aggregation methods value the
expenditures at international prices, where an
international price is defined as the average
of the national prices prevailing in participating economies. The average may be weighted
or unweighted, PPP adjusted or unadjusted.
It may be an average of prices or an average
of price structures. In the GK method, for example, the average is defined as a quantity-­
weighted arithmetic average of the national
prices adjusted by the global PPPs across all
economies. Theoretically, prices for products
should be used to calculate the international
prices, but in practice notional prices for basic
headings are used instead.
Intra-country validation. The validation that
precedes inter-country validation. It is undertaken by participating economies prior to
submitting their survey prices to the regional
coordinator. Each economy undertakes the editing and verification of its own prices without
reference to the price data of other economies.
Validation is carried out at the product level.
The objective is to establish that price collectors within the economy have priced items
134
that match the product specifications and that
the prices they have reported are accurate.
This entails the economy searching for outliers
– first among the individual prices that have
been collected for each product it has chosen
to survey, and then among the average prices
for these products. Subsequently, the economy verifies the identified outliers to ascertain
whether or the not they are valid observations.
If they are not, the economy either corrects or
suppresses them.
Item. A good or service defined by an item
specification and included on an item list.
Economies select the items they price from
among the items included on the item list.
Laspeyres type PPP. A PPP for a basic heading or an aggregate between two economies,
economy B and economy A, where the reference economy is economy A and the weights
are those of economy A. At the basic heading
level, the PPP is defined as a quasi-weighted
geometric average of the price relatives between economy B and economy A for the important products of economy A. At an aggregate level, the PPP is defined as the weighted
arithmetic average of the PPPs between economy B and economy A for the basic headings
covered by the aggregate with the expenditure
shares of economy A being used as weights.
Market price. The amount of money a willing
buyer pays to acquire a good or service from a
willing seller. The actual price for a transaction
agreed on by the transactors. The net price inclusive of all discounts, surcharges and rebates
applied to the transaction. Also referred to as
transaction price.
Material well-being. The volume of goods and
services that households consume to satisfy
their individual needs.
Glossary
MORES (Model Report on Expenditure Statistics). A set of worksheets designed to help
economies participating in a comparison break
down their expenditure on GDP for the reference year to the basic heading level and, at the
same time, document how each basic heading
expenditure was estimated.
Multilateral comparison. A price or volume
comparison of more than two economies simultaneously that is made with price and expenditure data from all economies covered and
which produces consistent relations among all
pairs of participating economies – that is, one
that satisfies the transitivity requirement.
National annual price. A price that has been
averaged over all localities of an economy so as
to take account of regional variations in prices and over the whole of the reference year to
allow for seasonal variations in prices as well
as general inflation and changes in price structures.
Net taxes on production. Taxes less subsidies
on production.
Nominal expenditures or nominal values.
GDP expenditures that are valued at national
price levels. They can be expressed in national
currencies or in a common currency to which
they have been converted with exchange rates.
They reflect both volume and price differences
between economies.
Non-market service. A service that is provided to households free or at a price that is not
economically significant by NPISHs and/or by
general government.
Non-observed economy. Activities that
are hidden either because they are illegal,
or because they are legal but carried out
clandestinely, or because they are undertaken
by households for their own use. Also includes
activities that are missed because of deficiencies in the statistical system. Such deficiencies
include out-of-date survey registers, surveys
having too-high reporting thresholds or high
rates of non-response, poor survey editing
procedures, no surveying of informal activities
such as street trading, etc.
NPISHs (Non-Profit Institutions Serving
Households). Non-profit institutions that are
not predominantly financed and controlled by
government, whose main resources are voluntary contributions by households and which
provide goods or services to households free
or at prices that are not economically significant.
Numéraire currency. The currency unit selected to be the common currency in which PPPs
and real and nominal expenditures are expressed.
Observation. An individual price, or one of a
number of individual prices, collected for an
item at an outlet.
Outlet. A shop, market, service establishment,
internet site, mail order service or other place
from where goods and/or services can be purchased and from where the purchasers’ or list
prices of the products sold can be obtained.
Outlier. A term that is generally used to describe any extreme value in a set of survey
data. Can also mean an extreme value that has
been verified as being correct.
Paasche-Laspeyres spread. The ratio of the
Paasche type index to the Laspeyres type index
in a binary comparison. Usually the Paasche index is lower than the Laspeyres index. In other
135
Glossary
words, the Paasche – Laspeyres spread should
be less than one.
Paasche type PPP. A PPP for a basic heading or
an aggregate between two economies, economy B and economy A, where the reference
economy is economy A and the weights are
those of economy B. At the basic heading level, the PPP is defined as a quasi-weighted geometric average of the price relatives between
economy B and economy A for the important
products of economy B. At an aggregate level,
the PPP is defined as the weighted harmonic
average of the PPPs between economy B and
economy A for the basic headings covered by
the aggregate with the expenditure shares of
economy B being used as weights.
Penn effect. The overstatement of the economic size of high-income economies and
the understatement of the economic size
of low-income economies that results when
exchange rate-converted GDPs are used to
establish the relative sizes of economies.
The Penn effect arises because price levels
are usually higher in high-income economies
than they are in low-income economies and
exchange rates do not take account of price
level differences between economies when
used to convert their GDPs into a common
currency.
PLI (Price Level Index). PLIs are the ratios of
PPPs to exchange rates. They provide a measure of the differences in price levels between
economies by indicating for a given aggregation level or analytical category the number of
units of the common currency needed to buy
the same volume of the aggregation level or
analytical category in each economy. At the
level of GDP, they provide a measure of the
differences in the general price levels of economies.
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PPPs (Purchasing Power Parities). A price
relative that majors the number of units of a
country B’s currency that are needed in country B to purchase the same quantity of an individual good or service as one unit of country
A’s currency will purchase in country A. PPPs
are calculated in three stages: first for individual products, then for groups of products or
basic headings and, finally, for groups of basic
headings or aggregates. PPPs for individual
products are ratios of national prices in national currencies for the same good or service.
The PPPs for basic headings are unweighted
averages of the PPPs for individual products.
The PPPs for aggregates are weighted averages of the PPPs for basic headings. The weights
that are used are the expenditures on the
­basic headings.
At all stages, PPPs are price relatives. They
show how many units of currency A need to
be spent in economy A to obtain the same
volume of a product or a basic heading or
an aggregate that X units of currency B purchases in economy B. In the case of a single
product, the same volume means identical
volume. But in the case of the complex assortment of goods and services that make up
an aggregate such as GDP, the same volume
does not mean an identical basket of goods
and services. The composition of the basket
will vary between economies according to
their economic, social, and cultural differences, but each basket will provide equivalent
satisfaction or utility.
Price approach. The approach whereby the
price comparison between two or more economies is made by comparing the prices for a
representative sample of comparable products. PPPs are generally derived using the price
approach. Also referred to as a direct price
comparison.
Glossary
Price error. A price error occurs when price collectors price products that match the product
specification but record the price incorrectly
or they record the price correctly and error is
introduced afterwards in the process of reporting and transmitting the price. Price error
can also arise because the quantity priced is
recorded wrongly (or error is introduced later
during processing). Hence, when the price collected is standardized and adjusted to a reference quantity, it will not be correct.
Price measures. PPPs and the price level indices (PLIs) to which they give rise.
Price relative. The ratio of the price of an individual product in one economy to the price
of the same product in some other economy.
It shows how many units of currency A need
to be spent in economy A to obtain the same
quantity and quality – that is, the same volume – of the product that X units of currency B
purchase in economy B.
Product. A good or service that is the result of
production. Products are exchanged and used
for various purposes: as inputs in the production of other goods and services, as final consumption or for investment.
Product error. A product error occurs when
price collectors price products that do not
match the product specification and neglect
to report having done so. This can be because
they are not aware of the mismatch, such as
when the product specification is too loose,
or because they price a substitute product, as
required by the pricing guidelines, but do not
mention this on the price reporting form.
Product list. The common list of well-defined
goods and services from which economies participating in a comparison make a selection of
products to price for the purpose of compiling
PPPs.
Product specification. A description or list of
the physical and economic characteristics that
can be used to identify a product selected for
pricing. Its purpose is to ensure that economies
price comparable items. A product specification can either be (a) brand and model specific
– that is, a specification in which a particular
brand and model, or (b) a cluster of comparable
brands (and possibly models), or (c) generic –
that is, a specification where only the relevant
price determining and technical characteristics
are given and no brand, or cluster of brands, is
designated.
Productivity adjustment. An adjustment
made to the prices paid by non-market producers for labor, capital, and intermediate inputs
so that they correspond to a common level of
multi-factor productivity. In practice, an adjustment made to the prices (compensation of
employees) paid by non-market producers for
labor, so that they represent the same level of
labor productivity.
Purchaser’s price. The amount paid by the
purchaser in order to take delivery of a unit of a
good or service at the time and place required
by the purchaser. It excludes any VAT (or similar deductible tax on products) which the purchaser can deduct from his own VAT liability in
respect of VAT invoiced to his customers. It includes supplier’s retail and wholesale margins,
separately invoiced transport and insurance
charges, and any VAT (or similar deductible tax
on products) which the purchaser cannot deduct from his own VAT liability. In the case of
equipment goods, it will also include installation costs if applicable. Purchaser’s prices are
the prices most relevant for decision-making
by buyers.
137
Glossary
Quality adjustment. An adjustment to the
prices of a product whose characteristics are
broadly similar but not the same in all economies pricing it. The aim of the adjustment is
to remove from the price differences observed
between economies that part of the difference
that is due to the difference in the characteristics of the product priced. The adjustment is
made so that the price differences between
economies reflect only pure price differences.
Quantity approach. The approach whereby
a volume comparison between two or more
economies is made by comparing the volumes
of a representative sample of comparable
products. Volume comparisons are not usually
made directly, but indirectly by dividing the expenditure ratios between economies by their
corresponding price ratios. Also referred to as
a direct volume comparison.
Quaranta editing procedure. The iterative
inter-­country validation procedure proposed by
Vincenzo Quaranta, which is used to edit the
average survey prices reported by economies
for a basic heading. For each basic heading covered by a price survey, the procedure screens
the average survey prices for possible errors
and evaluates the reliability of the price ratios
they provide. It does this by comparing the average survey prices for the same product across
economies (the average survey prices having
been expressed in the same currency unit for
this purpose) and by analyzing the dispersion
of the price ratios across economies and across
products (the price ratios having been standardized for this purpose). It is thus both an editing tool and an analytical tool. As an editing
tool, it identifies outliers among the average
survey prices that need to be returned to participating economies for verification. As an analytical tool, it provides a range of variation coefficients – at the product, economy, and basic
138
heading levels – that can be used to assess the
reliability of completed price surveys and assist
the planning of future price surveys.
Quaranta table. The inter-country validation
table generated by the Quaranta editing procedure.
Real expenditures or real values. GDP expenditures that have been converted to a
common currency and valued at a uniform
price level with PPPs. They reflect only volume
differences between economies.
Reference country. The economy, or group of
economies, for which the value of the PPP is
set at 1.00 and the value of the price level index and of the volume index is set at 100.
Reference quantity. The quantity to which
the prices collected for a product have to be
rebased to ensure that they refer to the same
quantity when being compared.
Reference year. The calendar year to which the
results of the comparison refer.
Reference PPPs. PPPs that are used for basic headings for which no prices are collected.
They are based on prices collected for other basic headings. Reference PPPs serve as proxies
for the missing PPPs.
Resident population. The average number of
people present in the economic territory of an
economy during the reference year.
Seasonal products. Products for which both
prices and the quantities sold vary significantly throughout the year. Typically, the patterns
of variation are repeated from one year to the
next. Seasonal products vary from economy to
economy.
Glossary
Services. Outputs produced to order and which
cannot be traded separately from their production. Ownership rights cannot be established
over services and by the time their production
is completed, they must have been provided to
the consumers. An exception to this rule is a
group of industries, generally classified as service industries, some of whose outputs have
characteristics of goods. These industries are
those concerned with the provision, storage,
communication and dissemination of information, advice and entertainment in the broadest
sense of those terms. The products of these
industries, where ownership rights can be established, may be classified either as goods or
services, depending on the medium by which
these outputs are supplied.
by identifying the parameters that need to
be specified for different products, SPDs provide a framework within which economies can
present their proposals for new products.
SNA (System of National Accounts). A coherent, consistent, and integrated set of macro­
economic accounts, balance sheets and tables based on a set of internationally agreed
concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting rules.
Symmetric index. An index that treats the
two economies being compared symmetrically by giving equal importance to the price
and expenditure data of both economies. The
price and expenditure data for both economies
enter into the index number formula in a balanced or symmetric way.
Social transfers in kind. Individual goods and
services provided as transfers in kind to individual households by government units (including social security funds) and NPISHs. The
goods and services can be purchased on the
market or produced as non-market output by
government units or NPISHs.
SPD (Structured Product Description). SPDs
are designed to standardize the product specifications for different types of products so that
all product specifications for a particular type
of product are defined in the same way and
specify the same parameters. Standardizing
product specifications helps to improve their
precision, making it easier for price collectors
to determine whether or not a product in an
outlet matches the product specified. Also,
Subsidies on production. Subsidies on goods
and services produced as outputs by resident
enterprises that become payable as a result
of the production of these goods or services –
that is, subsidies payable per unit of good or
service produced plus subsidies that resident
enterprises may receive as a consequence of
engaging in production – for example, subsidies to reduce pollution or to increase employment. The former are called “subsidies on
products.” The latter are called “other subsidies on production.”
Taxes on production. Taxes on the goods
and services produced as outputs by resident
enterprises that become payable as a result
of the production of these goods or services – that is, taxes payable per unit of good
or service produced such as excise duties and
non-deductible VAT – plus taxes that resident
enterprises may pay as a consequence of engaging in production – taxes such as payroll
taxes and taxes on motor vehicles. The former
are called “taxes on products.” The latter are
called “other taxes on production.”
Transitivity. The property whereby the direct
PPP between any two economies yields the
same result as an indirect comparison via any
other economy. For example, in the case of the
139
Glossary
three economies A, B, and C, the ratio of the
PPP between A and B and the PPP between C
and B is equal to the PPP between economies
A and C as follows: PPPA/C = PPPA/B / PPPC/B.
User-cost method. The method of estimating
the value of imputed rentals by summing the
relevant cost items: intermediate consumption
(current maintenance and repairs, insurance),
consumption of fixed capital, other taxes on
production, and net operating surplus (nominal rate of return on the capital invested in the
dwelling and land).
Validation. See inter-country validation; intra-country validation; verification.
VAT (value added tax). A tax on products
collected in stages by enterprises. It is a
wide-ranging tax usually designed to cover
most or all goods and services. Producers are
obliged to pay to government only the difference between the VAT on their sales and the
VAT on their purchases for intermediate consumption or capital formation. VAT is not usually levied on exports.
Verification. The second step of validation: investigating the possible errors detected during
the editing of survey prices to establish whether or not they are actual errors and, if they are
actual errors, correcting of suppressing them.
In many cases, verification will require revisiting the outlets where the prices were collected
140
to see whether what was priced matches the
product description and whether the correct
price and quantity were recorded. Price observations that are found to be incorrect should
be either eliminated or replaced by the correct
observation.
Volume index. A weighted average of the relative levels in the quantities of a specified set
of goods and services between two economies.
The quantities have to be homogeneous while
the relative levels for the different goods and
services must be weighted by their economic
importance, as measured by their values in one
or other or both economies.
Volume measures. Real expenditures and real
expenditures per capita and the volume indices
to which they give rise.
Weighted CPD method. A variant of the CPD
method in which products that are considered
to be of greater importance receive a higher
weight in the calculation than less important
products. For example, important products
could have the weight of 2 or 3 and less important products a weight of 1. The choice of
weights is arbitrary as it is with the GEKS.
However, the weights of 1 for an important
product and 0 for a less important product
used in the GEKS cannot be used in a weighted CDP because the assignment of 0 to prices
of less important products will remove them
from the calculation.
Bibliography
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