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PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES Page 1 The Cardiovascular System: Part 2 Type the question and your answer, in complete sentences, on a separate sheet of paper. Turn in your answers to the Lab Instructor. 8) Blood is composed of fluid components and formed elements (cells). Describe the properties of fluid and cellular components of blood. 9) The ability to prevent blood loss from vessels that have been damaged is an important hemostatic function. Describe in detail the three steps in the process of hemostasis including the compounds involved in those processes. 10) The formation of platelet plugs and blood clots is an important hemostatic (defined by the elimination of bleeding) function of the blood. However, there are mechanisms within vessel a wall that inhibit clot formation and dissolve those clots that have formed. Describe the mechanisms that inhibit clot formation and dissolve clots, including the relevant compounds. 11) While the basic constituents of blood vessels are similar across all vessel types, the proportion of each constituent is quite different. Describe the structure of each class of blood vessel, including the functional significance of that structure. 12) The smaller blood vessels, which include arterioles, capillaries, and venules, have unique functions. Identify the functions of each of the smaller blood vessels. 13) Blood flowing through a vessel is subject to the same physical limitations as fluid flowing through a tube. Describe the physical properties of blood flow and blood pressure. 14) Central venous pressure is an important determinant of venous return and thereby mean arterial pressure. Describe the four factors that can alter central venous pressure. 15) The processes of filtration and absorption across the endothelial cells of capillaries is driven by Starling's forces. List the components of Starling's forces and describe how those forces determine the absorption of water across capillaries, including a discussion of how those forces are altered by standing and tissue injury. 16) Mean arterial pressure is regulated by a negative feedback system that involves the central nervous system. Discuss the afferent limb, the efferent limb, and the integrator of the baroreceptor reflex. 17) The baroreceptors are responsible for detecting changes in mean arterial pressure and initiating responses. Follow the short-term and long-term responses of the baroreceptor reflex to an acute and chronic increase in mean arterial pressure. 18) The regulation of mean arterial pressure involves the interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. While the intrinsic mechanisms can affect mean arterial pressure, they also play an important role in the distribution of cardiac output to individual organs. Discuss the role of the intrinsic mechanisms in the control of organ resistance. MICHELLE A CLEARY PhD, ATC PHYSIOLOGY FOR THE EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES Page 2 19) The chemoreceptors are not involved in the detection of mean arterial pressure. However, changes in blood gases and other compounds can stimulate these receptors and thereby alter mean arterial pressure. Outline the function of the arterial chemoreceptors. 20) In order to provide adequate oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle, a number of changes must occur within the cardiovascular system. Describe the cardiovascular changes that are initiated by exercise and how they facilitate our ability to be active. MICHELLE A CLEARY PhD, ATC