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testes urethra penis = = = production of sperm and of testosterone scrotum = helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm sperm = to transport the sperm to the ducts urethra during ejaculation prostate = Controls release of urine from gland the bladder and secretes a fluid which is a major constituent of semen. The duct by which urine and sperm is conveyed out of the body to remove waste fluids from the body (i.e. urine); to insert sperm into the female body during sexual reproduction. ovaries vagina = = To release egg cells and to produce hormones oviduct = Transmits the egg from the ovary to the uterus uterus = To nourish the developing foetus prior to birth. cervix = To allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina, and direct the sperms into the uterus during intercourse. The vagina is the female sex organ. It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse, provides the passageway for menstrual blood during menstruation, and serves as the birth canal for foetal offspring. COMPARE MALE AND FEMALE GAMETES IN TERMS OF SIZE, NUMBERS AND MOBILITY The egg is a lot bigger than the sperm. The testes produce millions of sperm, whereas the ovaries release 1 egg per month. The sperm move all the way through the cervix and into oviducts, whereas the egg doesn’t move by itself but is moved by follicles (tiny hairs). MENSTRUAL CYCLE At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, one of the ovaries begins to produce an ovum (an egg). At the same time, increasing oestrogen levels prompt the lining of the uterus to thicken. If the ovum becomes fertilised, it will fasten itself to the lining. This nutrient-rich lining will support the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilised, however, the uterus lining will be released (= menstruation) Fertilisation is what happens when a female's ovum joins together with a male's sperm and they form a zygote. Fertilisation is also called conception. The amniotic sac is a membrane inside which the foetus develops after conception (until labour). It contains amniotic fluid. This is a pale yellow fluid that: - serves to cushion the unborn baby from jolts and bumps - provides a stable temperature and assists in maintaining a consistent body temperature for the unborn child - allows the baby to move freely and exercise growing muscles in order to develop a symmetrical musculoskeletal system - helps parts of the baby’s body develop; the baby breathes amniotic fluid in order to strengthen his lungs, swallows the fluid to develop the gastrointestinal tract, and urinates in the fluid which helps to develop the kidneys. The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy that transports nutrients to the foetus and waste away from the foetus. The placenta is attached to the uterus and is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the developing baby. It removes waste products and carbon dioxide from the baby and brings oxygenated blood and nutrients from the mother through the placenta to the baby.