Download Cumulative Book Final Chapters 10

Chapter 10 Questions
1. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called _________.
2. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
3. Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-yearolds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds at the same time. What type of research design is Professor Grant
using?
4. The _______ theory of aging suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells, increasing
with age.
5. ________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.
6. Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with
another family after a “mix up” at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys “ran into each other” at a football game and
noticed how they appeared to be “mirror images of each other.” After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the
families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball
but does not take school seriously and has F’s in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball
and makes straight A’s as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you
think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?
7. Carol Gilligan’s critique of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development focuses primarily on
8. What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s actions?
9. Genetics is defined as ___________.
10. Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism?
11. A(n) ____________________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines.
12. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as ____________.
13. A trait controlled by a dominant gene ________.
14. A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene is called ___________.
15. What is the cause of Down syndrome?
16. Monozygotic twins ______________.
17. Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord
are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?
18. Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called ______.
19. Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring
about a birth defect?
20. Which of the following is not a common effect of a mother’s alcohol abuse on a developing child during the prenatal
period.
21. The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as
volunteering or developing a hobby, is called _________.
22. Infant reflexes are ___________________________________.
23. Which sense is the most functional at birth?
24. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.
25. Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
26. Which is the correct order of motor development according to research? (*Note that crawling doesn’t happen for all
infants)
27. Which is NOT a potential cause of ADHD according to the research?
28. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _________________.
29. Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He
begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s stages is your brother likely to be in?
30. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ______.
31. Which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of
theories?
32. Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s interaction with objects,
Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to ________.
33. A baby’s language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______.
34. Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess
would describe Shelby as being a(n) _________ child.
35. Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _______________.
36. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called _________.
37. ____________ babies in Ainsworth’s study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger
regardless of the mother’s presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed
reactions upon mother’s return.
38. Between the ages of 5 and 12, children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort.
Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
39. A culture’s expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as __________.
40. According to research, infant girls who were exposed to androgens were found to be more likely to ____________.
41. Which of the following perspectives of psychology would best describe the existence of gender-related occurances
such as homosexuality and transgender identification.
42. Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
43. Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he describes his
experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced
such ecstasy before. Todd’s writings most clearly reflect ______.
44. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always “on stage” and that they are the center of everyone else’s world,
just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ___________.
45. Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________.
46. Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of ______.
47. Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when
establishing an attachment to their mothers?
48. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called ____________.
49. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care,
while still maintaining one’s sense of self, is called ________.
50. Erikson’s theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the
major challenge of ______.
Chapter 11 Questions
1. The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________.
2. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?
3. Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives?
4. Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and
personality.
5. The conscious mind can be compared to ______________.
6. For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in
the ______ mind.
7. “What did you have for lunch an hour ago?” Before I asked you that question, the information was in your
_______________.
8. In Sigmund Freud’s theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.
9. What is Freud’s term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an
individual’s desires?
10. Which element in Freud’s personality theory contains the conscience?
11. Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority all people share?
12. The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ____ stage.
13. In the classic sitcom The Odd Couple, it was amazing that Oscar and Felix got along because Oscar was such a slob
and Felix was so obsessively neat. From a Freudian perspective, what could be said about the way these two men made
it through the anal stage of development?
14. According to Freud, a boy’s sexual attachment to his mother and jealousy of his father is called _______.
15. What did Freud perceive as the outcome of successful resolution of the Oedipus complex?
16. What is the correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
17. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________.
18. Jung, suggested the existence of universal images and memories shared by all people called ______.
19. Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler?
20. According to Karen Horney, when individuals fail to overcome basic anxiety it’s likely due to…
21. Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality?
22. Albert Bandura is to self-efficacy as Julian Rotter is to __________.
23. Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore,
must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following would be a reasonable argument for you to make?
24. For the behaviorist, personality is a set of learned responses or _______.
25. Albert Bandura’s notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is
known as __________.
26. A baseball player’s son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat, he
expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field, he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what
characteristic does this young man seem to have?
27. One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is ________________.
28. A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and
behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.
29. What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common?
30. Jeff has to get up early to go to school, but he wants to stay up late and watch television. His parents disapprove of
him staying up late, but when they go out for the evening, he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway. The next
day he feels extremely guilty. How would Carl Rogers explain Jeff’s guilt?
31. In Carl Rogers’s theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ________.
32. Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when
they receive ______.
33. What do humanistic and psychoanalytic theories have in common?
34. Which of the following statements is a criticism that one might legitimately make about the humanistic perspective
of personality?
35. Which one of the goals of psychology would be most relevant in the trait perspective?
36. What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct observable behaviors?
37. What are the Big Five personality traits?
38. Ella has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an
elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure ______________.
39. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the
following?
40. The field of _____________ is devoted to the study of just how much of personality is due to inherited traits.
41. Research on the heritability of personality traits supports the hypothesis that genetics accounts for about ______ %
of personality differences.
42. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have _____________.
43. Using Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality, how would you describe a culture characterized by loose ties
between individuals, shared activities among friends, autonomy, and equality (such as the United States)?
44. Using Hofstede’s terms, how would you describe a cultural personality in which the majority of the members of the
culture accept that power is in the hands of the few?
45. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists rely primarily on ____________.
46. When assessing personality, many psychologists take the eclectic view, which means they ________.
47. The tendency to form a favorable (or unfavorable) impression of someone at the first meeting is called the
_____________.
48. Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or
pictures?
49. A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________.
50. Someone interested in an assessment that might be helpful for making a career choice should try _______ since it
measures four personality dimensions important to employment such as thinking/feeling, sensing/intuition, etc.
Chapter 12 (Chapter 13 in replacement packets) Questions
1. What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior?
2. Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behavior?
3. What is the primary difficulty with applying the criterion of “social norm deviance” to define abnormal behavior?
4. The social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior is referred to as _________.
5. Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of
life is considered __________.
6.
Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to
function in daily life is called ___________.
7. Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her
psychiatrist is using the ___________ of abnormality.
8.
Dave’s wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests
that Dave’s problem represents the expression of a repressed, unresolved, internal conflict buried in his
unconscious mind that has its roots in Dave’s childhood. This view is typical of the ______ model of abnormality.
9.
Linda is afraid of cats because at one time a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a
result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the best
explanation of Linda’s fear?
10. According to the cognitive perspective, disordered behavior is the result of _____________.
11. Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must
all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders?
12. Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-V?
13. What of the following is the most commonly diagnosed mood disorder in the United States?
14. Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of ______.
15. Miguel has a great job, is well-educated, and has a loving family. Despite these positive aspects of his life, he
experiences anxiety every day. When asked by his therapist the reason for his anxiety, he says, “I don’t know
why. I don’t have any reason to feel anxious, yet I worry all the time.” The therapist describes Miguel as having
______ anxiety.
16. An irrational, persistent fear of something is called a ______.
17. Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is
called ______.
18. Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has
a sensation of being “out of her body,” and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and
sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode.
Her symptoms MOST resemble ______.
19. The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive
20. “Oh my gosh,” Sara exclaims as she leaves her biology exam. “I just KNOW that I got number 48 wrong! I just
know that I’m going to fail this class.” According to a cognitive psychologist, Sara is engaging in which of the
following distorted thought processes?
21. Which of the following is not a category of disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
fifth edition (DSM-V)?
22. In the last six months, Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous physical symptoms.
The physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms. What category of psychological
disorders is the physician likely to suspect Shelly exhibits?
23. A person who is preoccupied with every sensation of her body, worries excessively about getting terminal
illnesses, and continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with her is likely to be
diagnosed with ___________.
24. A person who experiences rather dramatic and specific symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, deafness, or
numbness of certain body parts, none of which have real physical causes, and exhibits lack of concern about the
symptoms, will probably be diagnosed with _________.
25. A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is
usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as ______.
26. A dissociative disorder that involves sudden travel from home and amnesia regarding the trip and one’s actual
personal information is called ______.
27. In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one
body?
28. Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling “detached from himself” for several months, but he
has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his
movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from ______.
29. Shirley Ardell Mason, who died in 1998 while working as an art professor in Ohio, was more commonly known as
_________.
30. The term affect is used by psychologists to refer to ______.
31. In order to be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person needs to have exhibited at least one
32. Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause is called ______.
33. When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable, with unlimited energy and a rapid
rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits
him for observation. The next day, the symptoms are the same. What condition with symptoms that are similar
to those associated with amphetamine use might the psychiatrist now consider as a condition that is relevant to
the diagnosis?
34. Which event, often attributed to the work of Martin Seligman, is hypothesized by behaviorists as contributing to
the development and maintenance of major depression?
35. Which of the following is the biological explanation for mood disorders?
36. A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and who is unable to
distinguish between fantasy and reality, is likely suffering from _______.
37. Shreen believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world from the apocalypse. Shreen is
experiencing __________.
38. False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called ______.
39. Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
40. Delusions of ________ are false beliefs held by a person who is convinced that others are trying to hurt them in
some way.
41. A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and
hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?
42. Which of the following statements is the best assessment regarding the likely causes of schizophrenia?
43. John has made a career of stealing older people’s retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and
selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people
were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got
exactly what they deserved. John’s behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ______ personality
disorder.
44. Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to
have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______
personality disorder.
45. Which of the following statements represents the cognitive-behaviorist view of personality disorders?
46. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seems to be related to __________.
47. Jake is unable to distinguish between what is real and what is imaginary in his mind. For example, he is unsure
if the person he is talking to is actually there or is a hallucination. What term best describes this break from
reality?
48. Which of the following is a label of a cluster of personality disorders?
49. The person most likely to debate if a person was “insane” would be a
50. The tendency of those studying psychological disorders to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses
being discussed is known as _____________.
Chapter 13
1. Lulu sees a therapist once a week. During her therapy sessions, she discusses issues and events that have impacted her
life. Her therapist helps her to understand how these events and issues have affected her. The type of therapy Lulu is
seeking is called ______________.
2. Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and causes of actions are referred to as _________________.
3. A therapist is interested in helping his client change his disordered behavior. This therapist is most likely to be a/an
____________.
4. The kind of therapy that uses biological treatments such as medication, surgical methods, and electrical shock
treatments to bring about changes in the person’s disordered behavior is called __________________.
5. Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients’ unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires,
which he believes are the cause of his clients’ disordered emotions and behavior. This therapist is most likely using
________.
6. Omar is currently undergoing psychoanalysis. His therapist asks him to keep a journal by his bed and write down his
dreams immediately upon awakening. Omar brings his journal to therapy and discusses his dreams with his therapist.
Omar’s therapist is attempting to do which of the following?
7. As Celine begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her therapist, she begins to feel
good about him as well as accepted by him. She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her.
She sees him as a parent figure. What process is occurring?
8. Joe has been undergoing psychoanalysis for several months. Over the past few weeks, he has become unwilling to talk
about his relationship with his father and becomes uncomfortable when thoughts of him enter his mind during therapy.
What process would the therapist say is occurring?
9. Modern psychoanalysts differ from traditional Freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the ______ as a
motivating force of behavior, and they favor ______ their patients.
10. Person-centered therapy is a type of ______ therapy.
11. Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach is considered ________ because the client actually does all the real work,
with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board.
12. Which of the following is a key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy?
13. Gestalt therapy is based on the work of ______.
14. What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist?
15. In general, antipsychotic drugs work by ______.
16. Your friend tells you that his therapist is a Gestalt therapist. You ask him to describe what might happen in one of his
therapy sessions. Which of the following is his most likely answer?
17. What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors?
18. Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and progressive exposure to the feared object?
19. The form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the
frequency of the behavior is called_______.
20. A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fearprovoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is
called __________.
21. The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called ______.
22. At Skinner Elementary School, teachers pass out “skinner bucks” to students who turn in papers on time, obey the
teacher, and finish their homework. The paper “bucks” can be traded in at the end of the week for special treats or gameplaying time on the classroom computer. This system most resembles a ________.
23. Eileen goes to a therapist for help losing weight. She and her therapist develop a written agreement spelling out
weekly step-by-step methods for Eileen to use in order to reach her weight goal. The plan specifies rewards for reaching
weekly goals and penalties for not achieving them. Eileen’s therapist is using which of the following methods?
24. A parent wishes to stop her young son from throwing temper tantrums. You suggest she use extinction and advise her
to ___________.
25. Sigmund Freud arrives for a therapy session with Albert Ellis. Freud’s main complaint is depression; it seems that
Freud’s writings have not received the kind of response he had hoped for and expected. What is Ellis most likely to say
during the therapy session?
26. Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is ______ therapy.
27. Aaron Beck’s therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of ______.
28. When someone “jumps to conclusions,” Beck would say that he or she is suffering from a distortion in thought called
______________.
29. Your friend has applied to several medical schools. After receiving one rejection letter, she concludes that she will not
be admitted to any school and feels depressed. Your friend is engaging in ___________.
30. A therapist challenges what she sees as her client’s irrational and self-defeating thoughts. Her goal is to help her client
change these thoughts into more rational, helpful, positive thoughts. In addition, she wants to help her client relieve their
symptoms and develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems. She is probably a ______________
therapist.
31. Rational-emotive therapy is a type of ______ therapy.
32. According to Albert Ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of _______.
33. Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning?
34. Which of the following is one of the criticisms of both cognitive and behavioral therapies?
35. A type of therapy in which clients meet together and discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is
called ______ therapy.
36. A goal of family therapy is to ______.
37. A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for
the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support is called ______.
38. An advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that group therapy
39. Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat
40. According to most studies, which of the following is accurate?
41. Studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy have found that ________.
42. Most psychological professionals today take a(n) ______ view of psychotherapy.
43. The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the __________ between client and therapist.
44. Which of the following is a barrier to effective therapy when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are
different?
45. Medication, electroconvulsive shock therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of ______.
46. Antipsychotic drugs treat symptoms such as ____________.
47. Bob has been under a physician’s care for bipolar disorder. Bob’s doctor is most likely to prescribe which of the
following to treat Bob’s disorder?
48. Some drugs that combat depression work by ____________.
49. A treatment for severe depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient, resulting in a seizure of the
body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain, is called ____________.
50. What are the major categories of antidepressant drugs?