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Chapter 24 Cold War 1945-63 Study online at quizlet.com/_ldt0k 1. 2. 3. "Long Telegram" An influential 5,000 word missive by diplomat Kennan that outlined why America needed to develope an aggressive foreign policy aimed at containing Soviet expansionist impulses. Bay of Pigs Operation Failed attempt to use an amphibious invasion by Cuban exiles to overthrow the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Berlin Airlift Americans and British used planes to resupply West Berlin to stymie the Soviet Union blockade of the city. 4. Berlin Wall The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected this to keep people from fleeing from the communist controled side, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression 5. Containment The label affixed to multiple American foreign policy initiatives meant to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its influence around the globe. Cuban Missile Crisis A showdown between the US and the Soviet Union over Khrushev's decision to place Soviet missiles aimed at American in Communist Cuba. Dixiecrats Southern Democrats disgruntled over the strong civil rights proposals of the Democrats' 1948 National Convention. Formed the States' Rights Democratic Party and nominated Thurmond (governor of South Carolina) for president. 6. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Eisenhower Doctrine Executive Order 9981 Iron Curtain Israel This authorized the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. In July 1948, Truman issued this establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation. Winston Churchill's characterization of the military and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union that separated Western and Eastern Europe into free and dominated halves. In 1947 the UN General Assembly had approved the creation of a Jewish homeland by ending the British mandate in Palestine and partitioning it into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. On May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed the State of Israel, and all of the surrounding Arab nations declared war and invaded. After a short war, the Israelis gained control of the country. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. John Foster Dulles As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Korean War After WWII, it had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly. Limited Test Ban Treaty Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and US signed this banning atmospheric and underwater testing of nuclear weapons. Marshall Plan Aimed to restore European's faith in capitalism by sending $13 billion overseas to rebuildEurope's ruined roads, bridges, factories, and farms. McCarthyism The government's anti-communist crusade named for the Senator from Wisconsin, who along with the HUAC, spearheaded numerous governmental investigations into communist activities, many of them spurious. National Security Acts This law created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, and the National Security Council in 1947. North Atlantic Treaty Organization A post-World War II military alliance between the US and Western European powers. Sino-Soviet Treaty Result of Mao Zedong winning the Chinese Civil war, the Soviets offered assistance and in 1950 signed a pledge of mutual assistance in the event of an enemy attack. Sputnik I The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets in October 1957. In response, the Americans created NASA to counter the Soviets advance in space. 22. 23. 24. 25. Suez Crisis Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, nationalized this in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers. Truman Doctrine A foreign policy initiative that gave the US an active role in stopping the global spread of communism by supporting "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." TrumanMacArthur Controversy President removed this General from command in Korea as punishment for his public criticism of the U.S. government's handling of the war. Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military, but his decision was widely criticized. Warsaw Pact To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.