* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download a noun or any a word or group of words that
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Determiner phrase wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian declension wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Proto-Indo-European nominals wikipedia , lookup
Vietnamese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Archaic Dutch declension wikipedia , lookup
Grammatical case wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latvian declension wikipedia , lookup
German grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Nominative determinism wikipedia , lookup
Greek Syntax: Substantives I. Substantives A. Definition: a noun or any a word or group of words that functions as a noun substitute. B. Substantives include nouns, pronouns, sometimes adjectives (ïÊ ôõöëïé = “the blind”), the article, participles and infinitives (“to err is human”). C. Sometimes a phrase or clause can function as a substantive (called a noun phrase/clause or substantival phrase/clause). D. Characteristics of substantives: 1. Number: singular and plural 2. Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter 3. Case: a. Definition: the form of a substantive which indicates the grammatical function of the word in the clause; i.e. its relationship to other words in the clause b. Two ways of classifying noun cases: 5-case system and 8-case system (1) 5-case system groups noun cases according to inflection (forms): nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative (2) 8-case system groups noun cases according to function, even though some of the uses have the same forms in every instance (a) one of the forms is used for the genitive and ablative (b) another form is used for dative, locative and instrumental c. Main idea of the cases: (1) Nominative: designation, naming, pointing out (2) Vocative: address someone (3) Genitive: (a) Pure genitive: describe and define; attributes a quality or relationship to a substantive (b) Ablative: separation (4) Dative: (a) Pure dative: personal interest (b) Locative: location (c) Instrumental: means (of performing the action of the verb) (5) Accusative: limitation d. Prepositions are often used with substantives to help define the case usage Copyright 2013 Dr. Harry A Hahne Substantives 2 II. Case Uses A. Nominative *basic idea: designation, naming, pointing out B. 1. Subject Nominative: specifies the subject of a finite verb; i.e. who or what produces the action; Jn 3:16: hjg avp hsen oJ qeo;" to;n kovs mon (“God loved the world”) 2. Predicate Nominative: used for the complement (object) of a copulative (or linking) verb (“be”, “become”); 1 Jn 4:8: oJ qeo;" ajg avp h ejs tivn (“God is love”) 3. Nominative of appellation: sometimes a declinable proper noun (i.e. a name) is put in the nominative, regardless of how it is used in the sentence; Lk 2:21: ejk lhvq h to; o[n oma aujt ou` Ij hsou`" (“His name was called Jesus”); John 13:13 (“you call me teacher and Lord”) 4. Independent nominative [nominative absolute, hanging nominative]: a nominative that is independent of the grammar of the sentence and simply stands on its own a. Sudden change of construction [W allace: Nominative Pendens]; Rev. 3:12: O J nikw`n poihvs w aujt o;n stu`l on (“the conqueror, I will make him a pillar”) b. Salutation of a letter [W allace: Nominative absolute]; 1 Cor. 1:1: “Paul, an apostle...” c. Title of a book [Wallace: Nominative absolute]; Mark 1:1: “the beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ” d. In exclamations [W allace: Nominative of exclamation]; Matt. 12:49: ijd ou; hJ mhvt hr mou kai; oiJ ajd elfoiv mou (“Behold! My mother and brothers!”) e. [rare] In proverbial expressions; 2 Pet 2:22: “A dog returns [a participle] to its own vomit” f. [rare] In expressions of time where the accusative might normally be used, to express duration of time; Mk 8:2 5. Nominative of address: identifies the one spoken to; replaces vocative; Mk 15:34: oJ qeov" mou oJ qeov" mou, eij" tiv ejg katevl ipe" me (“M y God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”; contrast Matt. 27:46) 6. Nominative of apposition: a noun occurs beside another noun in the same case and refers to the same thing, but viewed from a different perspective; Rom 1:1: Pau`l o" dou`l o" Cristou` Ij hsou` (“Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus”) Vocative *Basic idea: to address someone 1. Direct address: identifies the one spoken to more precisely and adds emphasis; Mark 14:30: “Lord, save me!”; Mark 27:46: Qeev mou qeev mou, iJn ativ me ejg katevl ipe" (“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”)