Download LWW02-Chapter18

Textbook For Nursing
Assistants
Chapter 30 The Endocrine System
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 1
Structure of The Endocrine
System
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 2
Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
Endocrine glands produce hormones and
release them directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands produce substances that are
released into a hollow organ or onto a surface
Examples of exocrine glands include:
The salivary glands in the mouth, which produce
saliva
The sweat glands in the skin, which produce sweat.
Exocrine glands are not part of the endocrine
system
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 3
Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands include:
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Sex glands (gonads)
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 4
Endocrine Glands
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 5
Location of Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands are found throughout the body
The pituitary gland
Is about the size of a cherry
Lies underneath the brain
Is connected by a stalk, called the infundibulum, to the
hypothalamus
The pineal gland
Is located underneath the brain
The thyroid gland
Is located in the neck
Is butterfly-shaped, with two oval lobes located on either side of
the larynx; connected by a narrow band of tissue called the
isthmus
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 6
Location of Endocrine Glands
The parathyroid glands
Are four tiny glands that are embedded in the back of the thyroid
gland
The thymus gland
Is located in the upper part of the chest above the heart
The adrenal glands
Are located on top of the kidneys
The pancreas
Is located in the abdomen
The sex glands (gonads)
Are the ovaries in women and the testes in men
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 7
Functions of The Endocrine
Glands
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 8
Endocrine System
The endocrine system controls many of
the body’s processes, such as:
Growth and development
Reproduction
Metabolism
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 9
How an Endocrine System
Endocrine glands produce hormones, chemicals
that act on cells to produce a response
The hormones are released into the
bloodstream
The hormone travels in the blood until it reaches
its target cell
Once there, it attaches to a special receptor in
the cell wall
Attaching a hormone to a receptor causes a
specific reaction in the cell
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 10
Negative Feedback System of the Endocrine System
The secretion of many hormones is initiated by a
negative-feedback system
Some change in the internal environment causes the
gland to begin producing its hormone
The gland continues to produce the hormone until the
amount of hormone (or some other related substance)
reaches a certain level in the body
At that point, the gland stops producing the hormone
The negative-feedback system works very much like a
central heating unit in a house
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 11
Pituitary Gland
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 12
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the
posterior lobe; acts on the kidneys
ADH limits the amount of water lost from the
body in the form of urine
ADH causes the kidneys to save body fluid by
decreasing the amount of urine produced
The lack of ADH causes the kidneys to produce
more urine, eliminating excess fluid from the
body
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 13
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
Oxytocin is a hormone that:
Causes labor to begin
Lets down milk in the breasts of a nursing
mother
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 14
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Growth hormone is what causes our bodies to
get bigger and taller as we move from infancy
into adulthood
Growth hormone is usually released in greater
amounts during short periods of time, resulting
in a child’s “growth spurts”
The anterior lobe continues to release growth
hormone long after the growing phase of
development is finished because cells continue
to need to be replaced throughout a person’s
lifetime
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 15
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland
Produces thyroid hormones
Affects the rate of metabolism in the body’s
tissues
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal glands
Produces hormones
Helps the body to cope with stress
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 16
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Prolactin stimulates the milk glands of the
breasts to produce milk when a baby is
born
Gonadotropins regulate the functioning of
the sex glands (gonads) in both males and
females
Two types of gonadotropins:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 17
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland produces the following
two hormones:
Thyroxine
Calcitonin
These hormones help to regulate the
body’s metabolism rate
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 18
Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine
The hormone thyroxine sets the rate of
metabolism for the cells of the body
If the thyroid gland releases more
thyroxine, the metabolic rate of the cells
increases
If the thyroid gland releases less thyroxine,
the metabolic rate of the cells decreases
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 19
Thyroid Gland: Thyroxine
The thyroid gland needs iodine to produce
thyroxine
Iodine is found in:
Fish and shellfish
Added to salt and other commercial products
Goiter can occur when a person is
deficient of iodine
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 20
Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin
Calcitonin regulates the level of calcium in the
bloodstream
Calcitonin transports the extra calcium to the
bones
Tetany (cramping of the skeletal muscles and an
irregular heart beat) may result if the calcium
level drops too low
Too much calcium in the bloodstream causes
muscles to become weak and slow to respond
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 21
Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
PTH increases the amount of calcium in the blood:
Causes calcium to be released from the bones into
the bloodstream
Helps the kidneys to keep calcium, instead of excrete
it in the urine
Allows us to draw on stored calcium later in life
The actions of calcitonin and PTH balance each other
and help to keep the levels of calcium in the bloodstream
constant
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 22
Parathyroid Glands
If parathyroid glands are surgically removed or
become damaged by disease:
PTH is not produced in adequate amounts
The calcium levels may drop, causing tetany
Tumors of the parathyroid gland can cause an
overproduction of PTH that results in:
Excess calcium being removed from the bones
Fragile bones
Formation of kidney stones
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 23
Thymus Gland
The thymus gland secretes thymosin
Thymosin helps infection-fighting T cells to
mature
An increase in the secretion of thymosin
stimulates the body to produce more T
cells during an infection or illness
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 24
Adrenal Glands
Each adrenal gland has two separate
parts:
The medulla, or inner portion
The cortex, or outer portion
Each part secretes distinct hormones
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 25
Adrenal Glands and Hormones
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 26
Adrenal Glands-Medullary Hormones
The medulla of the adrenal glands secretes two
hormones:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response of the body
in emergency situations
Help the heart and lungs deliver more oxygen and
nutrients to the muscles, preparing the body to “stand up
and fight or turn tail and run”
Dry mouth
Pounding heart
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 27
Adrenal Glands-Cortical Hormones
Glucocorticoids:
Help to metabolize fats and proteins
Help to maintain a reserve of glucose that can be used in times
of stress
Suppress the body’s inflammatory response
Glucocorticoids are given in the form of drugs for severe
inflammatory disorders such as:
Asthma
Rheumatoid arthritis
Severe allergic reactions
Hydrocortisone is a common medication that is a
glucocorticoid
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 28
Adrenal Glands-Cortical Hormones
Mineralocorticoids help to regulate the
level of certain minerals in the body,
particularly sodium and potassium
Aldosterone is the primary hormone in this
group
Aldosterone helps the kidneys to reabsorb
sodium and secrete potassium
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 29
Adrenal Glands-Cortical Hormones
Androgens are secreted in small amounts
by the adrenal cortex
Androgens are converted by the body into
the sex hormones
Testosterone (in men)
Estradiol (in women)
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 30
Pancreas
The pancreas is both an exocrine gland
and an endocrine gland
It functions as an exocrine gland by
producing and secreting enzymes into the
small intestine that help to digest food
It functions as an endocrine gland by
producing two hormones, insulin and
glucagon
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 31
Pancreas: Action of Insulin
Special cells within the pancreas, called
the islets of Langerhans, produce and
secrete the hormone insulin
Insulin affects all of the body’s cells
Insulin allows glucose (sugar) to be
transported from the bloodstream into the
individual cells, where it is used for energy
Insulin lowers the blood glucose level
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 32
Pancreas: Action of Glucagon
Glucagon is responsible for raising the blood
glucose level
When the glucose levels in the bloodstream
drop, when a person has not eaten for some
time, the pancreas secretes glucagon
Glucagon stimulates the liver to release the
glucose that has been stored as glycogen into
the bloodstream, to supply the cells of the body
with fuel for energy
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 33
Sex Glands
The sex glands (or gonads) secrete
hormones that:
Cause the onset of puberty
Regulate reproduction
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 34
The Effects of Aging on the
Endocrine System
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 35
The Effects of Aging
The normal processes of aging:
decrease the amount of hormones produced
slow the secretion by the endocrine glands
Decrease in thyroid hormone levels slows the
body’s metabolism
In women, menopause occurs as a result of
decreased hormone production by the ovaries
In men, secretion of hormones by the testes
decreases, affecting sexual drive and function
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 36
Disorders of the Endocrine
Glands
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 37
Disorders of the Endocrine System
Disorders of the endocrine system can be
caused:
when the body produces too much or too little of a
certain hormone
by disorders of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland,
or the specific endocrine gland responsible for the
hormone
as a result of poor nutrition
Corrective measures may be needed to restore
the body’s homeostasis and prevent the
imbalances from causing health problems
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 38
Pituitary Dwarfism
A deficiency in the amount of growth hormone
secreted during the growing years results in a
condition known as pituitary dwarfism
A person with pituitary dwarfism is much smaller
than average, but still well proportioned
If the condition is diagnosed while the person is
still a child, growth hormone may be given to
help stimulate growth
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 39
Pituitary Gigantism
An excess in the amount of growth
hormone secreted during the growing
years results in a condition known as
pituitary gigantism
A person with pituitary gigantism is much
larger than average, but still well
proportioned
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 40
Acromegaly
The secretion of too much growth
hormone after a person has reached
adulthood causing excessive growth of the
bones of the hands, feet, and face
Causes disproportioned appearance,
especially in the face and hands
Person does not grow taller
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 41
Thyroid Disorders
Secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by
the pituitary gland
Thyroid disorders can be caused by:
Pituitary gland abnormalities
Thyroid gland abnormalities
Nutrient deficiencies, such as a lack of iodine
A simple blood test can be used to detect
imbalances in thyroid hormones
Once detected, these imbalances can usually be
treated
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 42
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease is
caused by the excessive secretion of
thyroxine
In a person with hyperthyroidism, the
metabolic rate of the body’s cells is
increased
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 43
Hyperthyroidism: Sign and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
Increased hunger accompanied by weight loss
Irregular heartbeat
Inability to sleep
Irritability
Confusion
Increased perspiration, and intolerance to heat
Hyperthyroidism may be treated by:
Surgically removing part of the thyroid gland
Destroying part of the gland with radiation
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 44
Hypothyroidism and Cretinism
Hypothyroidism results when thyroxine
secretion is too low
Congenital hypothyroidism, if left
untreated, can result in a condition known
as cretinism
Cretinism is characterized by a lack of
physical growth and mental development
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 45
Causes of Hypothyroidism
Most cases of hypothyroidism develop later in
life, as a result of a disorder of the:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland, or
Thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism is more common among women
and the elderly
Hypothyroidism is treated by administering
thyroxine in the form of a pill
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 46
Hypothyroidism: Sign and Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism:
Fatigue
Weakness
Depression
Anorexia
Weight gain
Constipation
Intolerance to cold
The administration of oral thyroxine helps to
restore the body’s metabolism to a normal rate
and relieve the signs and symptoms of
hypothyroidism
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 47
Adrenal Gland Disorders
Two of the most common adrenal gland
disorders are:
Addison’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome
Result from imbalances of the adrenal
cortical hormones
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 48
Addison’s Disease
In Addison’s disease, the adrenal cortex is
destroyed, resulting in low levels of the adrenal
cortical hormones
A person with Addison’s disease experiences:
Muscle weakness and atrophy
Dark discoloration of the skin
Disturbances in the body’s salt and water balance
Hypertension
A person with Addison’s disease may need
assistance with walking and range-of-motion
exercises
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 49
Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome results from:
Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids
Disorders of the pituitary gland that affect
ACTH secretion
Disorders of the adrenal gland itself
Administering high doses of steroid
medications, such as hydrocortisone, for a
long period of time
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 50
Cushing’s Syndrome: Sign and Symptoms
Pockets of fat in the abdomen, on the back, and
in the face
Increased facial hair
High blood glucose levels, since one of the
effects of glucocorticoids is to decrease the use
of glucose by the tissues
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 51
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus results when the pancreas is unable to
produce enough insulin
Diabetes mellitus can occur in people of all ages and
races
People between the ages of 65 and 74 years and people
of African descent are affected most often
Diabetes mellitus is the most common of all endocrine
gland disorders and is the seventh leading cause of
death among the elderly
There are two types of diabetes mellitus, type I and type
II
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 52
Juvenile Diabetes (Type I)
Caused by destruction of the insulinproducing cells of the pancreas
Form of diabetes that most often affects
children
Most people who have type I diabetes are
diagnosed while they are children or
young adults
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 53
Insulin
A person with Type I diabetes mellitus
must receive daily injections of insulin
The insulin is injected into the
subcutaneous layer of the skin, where it
is absorbed by the bloodstream
Several types of insulin are available
The types of insulin differ in the speed at
which they start working and how long
they last in the body
Some patients or residents receive only
one injection of insulin each day, while
others may receive two or three
Insulin can also be delivered
continuously by a pump device
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 54
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
People who are receiving insulin injections need to have
their blood glucose levels monitored closely
Too much insulin causes hypoglycemia, a dangerous
drop in blood glucose
Hypoglycemia robs the brain of the glucose that is essential for it
to function
Too little insulin results in hyperglycemia, or too much
glucose in the bloodstream
If a person’s blood glucose level increases too much, he can
enter a state called diabetic coma
If not treated, diabetic coma can lead to death
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 55
Diet for a Person with Diabetes
People who are receiving insulin injections must
eat an adequate amount of nutritious food at
regular intervals
Meals
Snacks
A person with type I diabetes must eat a diet
with specific amounts of:
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Fats
Proteins to react with the amount of injected insulin
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 56
Diet of a Diabetic Person
If a person does not eat at the
recommended time after receiving her
insulin, her blood glucose level can drop
too low, resulting in a condition known as
insulin shock
If one of your patients or residents with
diabetes refuses to eat or only partially
finishes his meal or snack, report this to
the nurse immediately
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 57
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Type II diabetes mellitus: most common in
overweight adults
In people with type II diabetes mellitus:
The pancreas still produces some insulin but the cells
of the body are unable to respond to the insulin
The body is unable to transport the glucose into the
cells
This results in higher blood glucose levels
Symptoms of type II diabetes mellitus may occur
gradually and go undetected for a long time
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 58
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Type II diabetes is treated through:
Diet
Exercise
Use of oral medications to increase the effectiveness
of insulin
People with severe type II diabetes may need to
be treated with insulin injections, especially
during times of illness or stress
When caring for a person with type II diabetes,
be sure to watch closely the amounts and types
of food the person eats
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 59
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia: Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia
and hypoglycemia are often very similar
and should be reported to the nurse
immediately. These signs include:
Excessive hunger
Excessive thirst
Weakness, dizziness, or both
Drowsiness and confusion
Shaking and increased perspiration
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 60
Complications of Diabetes
Many organ systems can be affected by uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus of either type
Low insulin levels increase the release of lipids (fats) into
the bloodstream
The lipids then build up in the linings of the arteries,
damaging the blood vessels and possibly leading to:
Atherosclerosis
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Blindness (diabetic retinopathy)
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 61
Preventing Complications of Diabetes
Early detection of diabetes mellitus is essential
for preventing complications
Once diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, measures
can be taken to keep the disease under control
and minimize the risk of developing
complications:
Weight loss (if applicable)
Regular exercise
Close attention to recommended diet
Proper use of prescribed medications
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 62
End of Presentation
Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing
Assistants.
Slide 63