Download Cells of the Immune System

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CellsoftheImmuneSystem
GranularLeukocytes
Neutrophils
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Faster,smallerphagocytes(3-20bacteriathendie)
Can’tphagocytyzeanythinglargerthanabacteria
Arrivetoscenewithinonehour
Turnintopolymorphsastheygetolder.
Eosinophils
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Leaveblood@inflammatorysites
Releasehistaminase(decreaseshistamine)
Collectintissueafterallergicreactions
Preventspreadofinflammation
Detoxinflammatory-inducingsubstancesreleasedbyMast/Basophils
Phagocytizesantibody-antigencomplexes
Deactivatesparasiticworms
SecreteHistamine,LT,Cytokines,IL-4
InvolvedinLatePhaseAllergicResponse
Basophils
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BecomeMastCellswhenleavetheblood
Leavebloodatinflammationsites
Liveinareolarconnectivetissuenearbloodvessels,nervesandepithelium
Releasehistamine,heparin,bradykinin,IL-4andserotonin,whichincreases
inflammationandallergicresponse.
CellmembranefilledwithIgEantibodies
InvolvedinLatePhaseAllergicResponse
AgranularLeukocytes
Macrophages…“theGuardiancells”
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Whenwanderingintheblood,calledMonocyte(needtowanderatleast8-10
hours).When“fixed”inanorgancalled:
Histocyte-connectivetissue
Kupffercells-liver
Alveolarmacrophage–lung
Microglia–nervoussystem
Tissuemacrophage–spleen,lymph,redbonemarrow
Phagocytic:kills5xasmanyasNeutrophilsandmuchlarger.Cankill:RBC,malarial
cells,parasites,necroticcellsanddeadneutrophils.
Attractsmoreneutrophilsandmacrophagestotheareaandstimulatesthemto
increasekilling
©2015TammiSweet
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Whenhypersensitizeddividerapidly.Upto10xmoreinallergicpersonduring
allergyseason,returnstonormalafterseason.
AntigenPresentingCell
StimulatesB-cells,T-cellsandNaturalKillerCellgrowth
Decreasesviralreplicationinuninfectedcells
Decreasestumorgrowthandformation
Produces:Interleukin-1,5,6,TumorNecrosisFactor,TransformingGrowthFactor
Beta,alphaandbetaInterferon,Histamine,PG,LT,Thromboxane,PAF.
Lymphocytes:
Helper-Tcells(CD4)…“theManagers”
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involvedinCell-MediatedImmunity
CostimulatesCytotoxic-T’sandB-cellstoworkmoreeffectively
IncreaseproliferationofCytotoxic-T’s,B-cellsandNKC’s
IncreasefunctionofMacrophagesandNKC’s
Attractsandactivatephagocytes
Alertuninfectedcellsofviralinfection
ShutdownT’sandmacrophagesatendofinfection
Produce:Interleukin1,2,4,5;TransformingGrowthFactorBeta,andgamma
interferon
Cytotoxic-T-Cells(CD8)…“killerT’s”
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InvolvedinCellMediatedImmunity
Killvirally-infectedcells,fungi,cancercells,transplantedcells,andinvading
parasites
Pokeholesintargetcellsandinvadingmicrobes
ScrambleDNA
AttractandactivatephagocytesandNKC’s
Preventmacrophagesfromleavingarea
Tightlycontrolled
RequireverystrongMHC/Agactivationsignal
Produce:perforin,granulysin,granzymes,gammainterferon,lymphotoxin
B-Cells
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InvolvedinAntibody-MediatedImmunity
AntigenPresentingCells
FightagainstExogenousAntigens(bacteria,bacterialtoxins,inhaledpollenand
dust,virusesthathavenotinfectedbodycellsyet,parasiticworms)
LiveinLymphSystem
TransformintoPlasmacellswhichmakeantibodies(Immunoglobulins)thatare
abletoleavelymphandenterblood
Antibodies…“teamImmunoglobulin”(Ig)
©2015TammiSweet
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Notreallycells.Doubledchainedproteins
MadebyBcells
IgG:fightsbacteria,viruses.Foundinblood,lymph,andintestines.Cancrossthe
placenta.
IgA:foundinsweat,tears,breastmilk,andgastrointestinalsecretions.Protects
mucousmembranes.Provideslocalizedprotectionagainstbacteriaandviruses.
Stressdecreasestheirproduction.
IgM:firsttypeofantibodytobereleasedbyplasmacells.Responsiblefor
agglutinationinimproperbloodtransfusions.Foundinbloodandlymph.
IgD:<0.2%ofallantibodies.FoundonB-cellasareceptor.
IgE:receptoronMastcellsandBasophils.Responsibleforallergicreactions.
Protectsagainstparasiticworms.
Howtheykill:
o Neutralize–blockorneutralizebacterialtoxins.Preventsomevirusesfrom
attachingtobodycells.
o Immobilize–attackflagellaandciliaofbacteria.
o Agglutinate–cross-linktwopathogenstogether…phagocytescomeinafter
andingestagglutinatedpathogens.
o ActivateComplement
o Enhancephagocytosis-stemofantibodyactsas“flag”forphagocytes.Also
antibodiescoatmicrobesso“stickier”forphagocytestoattachandingest.
NaturalKillerCell(NKC)…“Pokeandburners”
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Killsanythingwithouta“me”flag(MHC)
Killstumors,melanomas,lymphomasandvirally-infectedcells
Attractsandactivatesotherphagocytes
“hole-poker”
destroyshostcellsmissinga“me”flag
killshostcelltoreleasemicrobesforphagocytestokill
doesn’tneedtoconferencewithrestofimmunesystem,butmoreeffectiveif
activatedbyCD4(T-helper)
produces:gammainterferon,perforin,granzymes
©2015TammiSweet