Download Section 1 Review

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Section 1 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
body wave a seismic wave that travels through
P wave a primary wave, or compression W8veL
. a seismic wave,that causes partieles of
,to
the body of a medium
move
ina
back:'and~fbrth
direttionpar
.tol;;
earthquake a mo~emen~ortrerT!bling of the
the directi.on ·inwhich.the wave .i~traverini: .....•... :.
ground that is caused.bya sudden release of
energy when rocks along afault move
shadow. zone an area on EarthrssUffacew~ere.;\:
no. direct seismic wave~ frQm~. partkul~r ',:'.' ,.:.:.
elastic rebound thesvdder:heturn of elasticallY
earthquClkecan be detected; . . . ( i ' ; , ...••.......
defor'lleqrofktt) its undeformed shape.
surface wave a seismicwave that travels alohg
eplcentel". the, P9int~ 0",. Earth'ssurf(!cedireCtly
.
.
the surface of medium and that has it stron~
above an earthquakEf5staiting point, or focus.
ger effect near the surface of the medium than
fault zone a region ofnumerol!s, doselyspaced
it has in the interior
faults
.
5 wa~, a secondary wave, or shear' wave;i! sei~h •
focusthelocationwit9in Ea~halongflfallit at
mit wave that causespartides9f rot~ tomoY~)
which the first motion: of an'earthquake occurs
in a side-to-side.dire9iion p~rpendfculattq'the. :
direction invvhichthe.wave is~ra'(eling , , ' .. ,
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«: /",1 ~/,2J->,
1. Describe Relationships How is elastic rebound related to earthquakes?
2. Explain Why do most earthquakes happen at plate boundaries?
3. Compare Desclibe three differences between P waves and S waves.
4. Describe What are shadow zones, and why do they exist?
COPYlight Ii) Holt :McDougaL ;\11 lights reserved,
Holt McDougal Earth Science
180 Earthquakes
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Section 2 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
intensity in Earth science, the amount of
dama&e caused by an earthquake
ma,","qdea measure of the strength of an
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earthquake
.
seismogram a tracing of earthquake motion. that
is re<;orded by a seismograph
seismograph an instrument that records
vibrations in the ground
1. Describe Relationships How are a seismograph and a seismogram related?
2. Explain Two different cities experienced the same earthquake. In one city, scien­
tists said that the earthquake had a level V intensity. In the other city, scientists
said that the earthquake had a level \ill intensity. Explain how this could be true.
3. Describe How do scientists find the location of an e31thquake's epicenter?
4. Apply Concepts An e31ihquake affected the
to~rns
of Quakeville and Shaketown.
Quakeville was closer to the epicenter than Shaketown was. The seismogram on
the left is from Quakeville. The picture on the right shows p31i; of the seismogram
from Shaketown. Complete the seismogram from Shaketown.
Seismogram from Quakeville
P waves
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Seismogram from Shaketown S waves arrive~
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Time in minutes after earthquake
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Time in minutes after earthquake
Holt xlcDougal. Ail lights reserved.
Holt McDougal Earth Science
184 Earthquakes
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REINFORCEMENT
Earthquake Information
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The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary waves. Primary
and secondary wa.ves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the graph. Use the graph to
help answer the questions that follow.
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Distance traveled (1000 km units)
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2000 kilometers? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2000 kilometers?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 minutes?
4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 minutes?
5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance
traveled gets longer? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both traveled a distance of 5000 kilometers before they
are picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will, arrive first?
7. How much time lag at 5000 km will there be between these two waves? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~..
8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 minutes. Which wave
will travel farther?
Copyright Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw·HiII Users of Merrill Earth Science have the publisher's permission 10 reproduce this page. 59
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Section 3 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
a
seismic gap." ~tl a~e~"<aI9~~ ~ !~!Jltwhe!.eJ
~ tsunami , gi~nt ocea'n w~v~ th~tlotni~ aftet.a:;' ':
refatively f~"";,ei,trthq~akesn~ve. o,c:curre~~;;,~ '. ', ' i\ ' '(orc~nlt eruptioFj; submarineiearitt1qoak~, or t '
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rec~ntty' ~Vt vi{.Qere ~{1g eartnq~~k~s ~.:e,:~
known to: h~ve ecciJ(red inJ~¢ : pasr- ',-, >~:"
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1. Explain What causes a tsunami?
2. Describe What are seismic gaps, and why are they important?
3. Identify What are two ways an earthquake can damage a building?
4. Infer Scientists examined the rocks at a fault zone, and they predicted that an
earthquake might happen there. What do you think they found?
5. Identify In the table below, list steps that people who live in areas that have high
earthquake-hazard levels should take. List at least two steps in each box.
Before an Earthquake
Copyright © Holt M cDougaL All rights
Holt McDougal Earth Science
During an Earthquake
After an Earthquake
r~serv~d .
188
Earthquakes
Naill(:' Class
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Section 2 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
caldera a large, circular depression that forms
when the magma·chamber .Delow a volcano
partially empties and causes the ground above
.
to sink
felsic describes magma or igneous rock that is
rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally
light in color .. .
mafic describes magma or igneolls.rock that
is rich irunagnesium-and irQnand;tha~j~ .
generally dark in color .
pyroclastic material fragments of rock that form
during a volcanic· eruption
.
1. Explain Why does felsic lava produce explosive enlptions more often than mafic
lava does?
2. Compare Give one similarity and one difference between lapilli and volcanic
blocks.
3. Describe
How do calderas form?
Which would be more likely to increase the steepness of a volcanic cone--a
quiet eruption or an explosive eruption? Explain your answer.
4. Infer
5. Explain Scientists today are studying many active volcanoes around the world.
They are even studying volcanoes that have not erupted for htmdreds or
thousands of years. What is the most likely reason they are studying these
volcanoes?
Copyright © Holt ;\kDougaL All righL., reserved.
Holt McDougal Earth Science
200 - --
Volcanoes
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Section 1 Review
SECTION VOCABULARY
hot spot a volcanically active area of Earthts
surface,: commonly feu from'a t,ectonic plate
boundary,
.volcanism any activity that includes the ', '
movement of magma toward or onto,Earth's. '
~~re
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lava magma that flows onto Earth's surface; the
rock that forms~he~
coolsahd solidifies
:Iava
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volcano ' a vent or fissure in Earth's surface_,
through whiCh magma an,d gases are expelled '
.
magma, Iiquid,rockpr6duce4 underEi;}rth'~
surface ' , '
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1. Define In your own words, define
volcanism.
2. Describe Complete the table below to describe how volcanoes form in different
are a..,.
Place Where
Volcanoes Form
Description
Why Magma Forms There
Subduction zones
A mantle plume rises
to the surface.
Two plates move apart.
As the plates move apart, the pressure on the rock below
decreases. The decreased pressure causes the rock to melt.
3. Compare \Vhat is the main difference between how a pluton forms and how a
volcano forms?
The map below shows the locations of many volcanoes. On the
map, circle three volcanoes that are probably found at hot spots.
4. Apply Concepts
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Holt McDougal Earth Science
194
Volcanoes