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TheChallengesofReconstruction AftertheCivilWarwasover, theUnionarmystagedtheGrand Review,aparademadeupofthousandsofsoldiersmarchingdown PennsylvaniaAvenuethatlastedover15hours.Farmers,factory workers,sailors,whites,blacks,andimmigrantshadfoughtinthe bloodywar.Losseswerestaggering:approximately618,000killed, andmanymorewounded.Mostwhomarchedandwatchedthe paradedidnotrealizehowmuchAmericahadchangedduringthe war.ThomasJeffersonhaddreamedofanationoffarmersand craftsmanworkingforthemselves,butthenewAmericawasaland ofstoresandfactories,withpeopleworkingforemployers,andnot forthemselves.Citiesweregrowingrapidly,andfarmersworried thattheirsonsanddaughtersmightleavethefamilyfarmtofinda jobinthecity.Skilledlaborhadbeenimportantbeforethewar,but nowmachinesproducedfasterandcheaperthananyworkercould. Southernsoldiers,halfstarvedandhalfclothed,begantofind AndrewJohnson theirwaybackhome.Astheywalkedpastcharredhousesandfields overgrownwithweeds,theyjoinedtheranksofcivilianrefugeeswhowereafraidtoreturntotheirhomes. Everythinghadbeenlost:slaves,money,property,perhapsevenanarmoraleg;thefuturelookedgrim.In somepartsoftheSouth,bandsofarmydeserters(frombothsides)wentwherevertheywantedandtook whatevertheywantedfromanyonetheychose.Nosheriffs,nocourts,andnojailsstoodintheirway. Anothercasualtyofthewarwastheslavesystem.Lincoln’sEmancipationProclamationduringthewar hadonlyfreedslavesintheConfederatestates.Theremainingslavesintheborderstateswerefreedwith thepassageoftheThirteenthAmendment(abolishedslaveryinthenation)in1865.Theformerslaves (nowcalledfreedmen)werebecomingthefocusofmuchattention.AbolitionistslikeThaddeusStevens thoughtthattheyshouldbegrantedthefullrightsofanycitizen,butmanyintheNorthandSouthwerenot readytoallowthattohappen. “Thedayofjubilee”hadcome.Thefreedmenhadhighhopesforthefuture,buttheywerenotsure whatthefutureheld.Thereweresomethingstheyknewtheywanted:toreunitewiththeirfamilies,toget aneducation,andtoenjoythefruitsoffreedom.Slavemarriageshadnotbeenlegallybinding,andmany husbandsandwiveswenttotheministertomaketheirmarriageofficial.Therewasthesearchforparents, andchildren,whowereoftenseparatedbyhundredsofmiles. Theyweredeterminedtogetaneducation.WhentheFreedman’sBureauandsomechurches establishedschoolsforfreedmen,theyhadstudentsfrom5-to90-yearsold.Theseschoolsransevendaysa week,withclassesfromearlymorningtolateatnight.TradeschoolslikeHamptonInstituteinVirginia openedtopreparethemforskilledlaborjobs,buttherewerealsocollegesestablishedlikeHoward UniversityinWashington,D.C.,AtlantaUniversity,andFiskUniversityinNashville. Abolitionistscontinuedtoworryaboutthefutureofblacks.PresidentJohnsonhadopposedslaveryand remainedloyaltotheUnion,butthiswasduetothefactthatslaverygavethesmallminorityofwealthy slave-ownersanunfairadvantageoverpoorwhitesintheSouth.Oncehebecamepresident,Johnson lookedtochangethatbalanceofpower.HislenientReconstructionpolicyallowedthesouthernstatesto formnewgovernmentsafterenoughwhitecitizenssignedloyaltyoathstotheUnitedStates.These governmentsbegantopass“BlackCodes,”lawsrestrictingwhatblackscoulddoinordertobenefitwhite southerners.ManywhohadservedintheConfederatearmywereelectedtohighpositionsinthestates andtotheU.S.Congress.ItseemedtomanyintheNorththattheSouthwasdefyingthem. LedbyThaddeusStevenstheradicalRepublicansinCongressformedtheJointCommitteeon Reconstruction,andbegantopasslawstoprotectblacks.TheypassedacivilrightsbilloverAndrew Johnson’sveto(Republicanshada2/3majorityinCongressandcould overridepresidentialvetoes)andthenapprovedtheFourteenth Amendment(adopted1868).Itdeclaredthatallpersonsbornor naturalizedintheUnitedStatestobecitizens.Thismeantthatthe freedmenweretobegrantedcitizenshiprights. CongressalsopassedtheReconstructionActof1867thatdivided thesouthernstatesoftheformerConfederacyintofivemilitary districts,eachunderthecontrolofageneral.Congressrequiredthat thesouthernstatestakecertainstepsbeforetheywouldbe readmittedtotheUnion.Newconstitutionalconventionsweretobe calledineachstate,thistimeincludingblackdelegates.Thenthey hadtowritenewstateconstitutionsthatapprovedtheFourteenth Amendmentandgrantedvotingrightstoallmen.Newvoterlistswere tobepreparedthatincludedblacksandtookawayvotingrightsfrom somewhites. ThaddeusStevens WorkingwiththefreedmenintheSouthwerewhitescalled carpetbaggers(NorthernerswhomovedSouthafterthewar)and scalawags(SouthernerswhoagreedtogoalongwiththedemandsoftheradicalRepublicans– seenas traitorstotheirracebysouthernwhites).Togethertheywrotelawsfundingrailroadconstruction,building publicschools,andimprovinglocalgovernment;buttheirwasalsocorruptioninmanyofthestates. ManywhitesintheSouthdidnotlikethesechangesandtriedtodosomethingaboutthem.Oneway wastojointheKuKluxKlan.Itbeganin1865asasocialclub,butitevolvedintoawaytoscareblacksand preventthemfromvotingforRepublicans.Wearingfrighteningcostumesorbedsheetsovertheirheads, Klansmanrodethroughthenight,oftencommittingbrutalactswhenpunishingfreedmenandtheirwhite supporters. Themilitarycommandersofthesoutherndistrictswereabletoregisterover700,000freedmentovote throughtheReconstructionAct.By1870,alltenstatesinthemilitarydistrictshadsatisfiedtherulessetup byCongresstobereadmittedforstatehood.Butwhiteoppositionmadeitincreasinglydangerousfor freedmentoexercisetherighttovote. £ £ - AlthoughTennesseehadbeenpart oftheConfederacy,itwasnotincluded inamilitarydistrictbecausethestate approvedtheFourteenthAmendmentin 1866andhadalreadybeenadmittedback intotheUnion. Source:ReadingandQuestionsadaptedfromGeorgeLee.DecisionsthatShapedAmerica1865-1976/Mark TwainMedia,1993andPrenticeHall.America:HistoryofOurNation/PearsonEducation,Inc Name_________________________ Challenges 1. ApproximatelyhowmanywerekilledintheU.S.CivilWar? 2. ExplainwhythefuturelookedgrimforthesoldiersandciviliansintheSouthaftertheCivilWar(2points) 3. WhatdidtheEmancipationProclamationaccomplishduringthewar? 4. WhatamendmentabolishedslaveryintheUnitedStates? 5. Whatwereformerslavesreferredtoafterthewar? 6. Whatdidabolitionistspushforafterthewar? 7. Whatwerethethingsthatformerslaveswantedtodoafterthewarended? 8. Whatorganizationssetupschoolstoeducatefreedmen? 9. WhydidPresidentAndrewJohnsonopposeslaverybeforeandduringthewar? 10. WhatwereformerConfederatestatesunderJohnson’sReconstructionlenientplanrequiredtodoinordertoformnewstate governments? 11. Whatdoeslenientmean?(Lookinabookoronacomputer) 12. WhatwereBlackCodes? 13. HowdidtheradicalRepublicansrespondtoJohnson’sReconstructionplan?(2points) 14. WhatdidtheFourteenthAmendmentdo? 15. WhatstepsdidtheformerConfederatestatesneedtotakeinordertobereadmittedintotheUnionundertheReconstructionActof 1867?(2points) 16. Whatwerecarpetbaggers? 17. Whatwerescalawags? 18. WhatweresomegoodthingsdoneintheSouthduringReconstruction? 19. WhatwasthemaingoaloftheKuKluxKlan? 20. Whatstateswereindistrict5? 21. Whatstateswereindistrict3? 22. AlthoughTennesseehadbeenpartoftheConfederacyitwasnotputintoamilitarydistrict– why?