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LT4:Icanexplainhowenergycanbetransferredfromoneplacetoanotherthroughwaves.
Part1:KineticWaveModel
TheactivitydescribedbelowisamodelofhowearthquakewavestravelthroughEarth.Scientistsusemodelstohelpunderstand
complexsystemswithinEarth.Inthismodel,studentsrepresentmoleculesthatmakeuprocks/magmainsideEarth.
Studentswith“linked”armsrepresentsolidrock(moleculestightlylinked).
Studentswithunlinkedarmsrepresentmoltenrock(moleculesnotlinked).
Earthquakesarerepresentedby“pushes”thattravelthroughalineofstudents.Ourvariableswillbethephasesofmatter(liquid
vs.solid),thedensityofthematter(solid),andthetypeofearthquakewave(aparallelpushversusaperpendicularpush).
Run#
StudentActions
PusherActions
Run1
Allstudentsshouldlinkarmsandstandwiththeir
shoulders/upperarmstouching,andholdtheirarmsfirmly
together.
Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel
(forward)totheline
Run2
Sameasabove
Pushthestudentattheendoftheline
perpendicular(sideways)totheline
Run3
Allstudentsshouldlinkarms,moveslightlyapart(sothatthey
nowhaveelbowroom),andholdtheirarmslooselytogether.
Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel
(forward)totheline
Run4
Studentsinthefirsthalfofthelineshouldlinkarmsandholdtheirarms Pushthestudentattheendofthelineparallel
firmly,linkinRuns1and2.
(forward)totheline
Studentsinthesecondhalfofthelineshouldnotlinktheirarms,but
shouldstillstandshouldertoshoulderliketherestoftheline.
Run5
Sameasabove
Pushthestudentattheendoftheline
perpendicular(sideways)totheline
Prediction#1
Prediction#2
Results
Time#1(s)
Time#2(s)
Time#3(s)
AverageTime(s)
Run1
Run2
Run3
Run4
Run5
Didyourpredictionsmatchtheactualresultsoftheexperiments?Explain.
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WhatdifferencesinthepropertiesofEarthmaterialsarebeingmodeledbychangingthewaystudentsarearranged
inRuns1and3?
IfyoucompareRuns4and5,whydidtheyproducesuchdifferentresults?Whatisdifferentaboutthewaythata
parallelpushmovesthroughunlinkedpeopleandthewaythataperpendicularpushmovesthroughunlinked
people?
Considertheresultsofallfiveruns.Inwhatwayaretheperpendicularandparallelpushesasimilarprocess?Inwhat
wayaretheydifferent?Whichmovesfasterthroughthehumanline?
Part2:SeismicSlinkies
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Awaveisadisturbancethattravelsthroughmatterorspace.Therearemanydifferentkindsofwaves–like
soundwaves,lightwaves,seismic(earthquake)waves.
Wavesmoveenergy,notmatter,fromonelocationtoanother.Inotherwords,matterdoesnottravelwith
thewaves.
Allwaveshavepropertiesthatcanbemeasuredlikespeed,wavelength,frequency,andamplitude.
AnatomyofaPrimary(P)wave
AnatomyofaSecondary(S)wave
Wavelength=distancebetweentwoofthesamepoints(asshown)
Amplitude=theheight/widthawayfromthecenter
Frequency=thenumberofwavesinagivenamountoftime,example=#wavespersecond
WaveType
HighAmplitudeDrawing&Observations
LowAmplitudeDrawing&Observations
P-Wave
S-Wave
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Howdoesamplitudeaffectthemovementofthewaves?
An increase in amplitude means that there is an increase in the movement of waves.
Willanearthquakewavewithahigherorloweramplitudecausethemostdamagetolarge,tallbuildings?Why?
Higher amplitude – because the buildings will be moving more.
Willanearthquakewavewithahigherorloweramplitudetravelfaster?Why?
Higher amplitude – because the wave has more energy.
WaveType
HighFrequencyDrawing&Observations
LowFrequencyDrawing&Observations
P-Wave
S-Wave
Whatdoesthefrequencyofawaverepresent?
How often the wave occurs in a set amount of time.
Howwillthefrequencyofanearthquakewavechangeasyoutravelfartherfromthefocusofanearthquake?
The further from the focus, the less frequent the waves.
Whatcanyousayaboutthesizeofanearthquakeifitswaveshavealowfrequency?
The earthquake will be smaller (less energy).
Whatcanyousayaboutthesizeofanearthquakeifitswaveshaveahigherfrequency?
The earthquake will be bigger (more energy).
InvestigatingtheEffectofFrequencyonAmplitude
InvestigativeQuestion:Howdoesthefrequencyofawaveaffecttheamplitude(sizeoftheside-to-sidemovements)?
Procedure:
1. Positionyourslinkyatthe“0cm”amplitudemarkonyourmaskingtape.
2. CreateanS-wavebyslidingoneendoftheslinkybackandforthtomoveslowly.
a. Whenreadytocollectdata,measuretheamplitudeofyourwave,asyoumakeawave.
b. Repeatforatotalof3trialsandrecord.
3. Repeatstep2fordifferentfrequencies(medium,fast),andcalculateaveragesforeachfrequency.
Variables:MV___Frequency of seismic waves__ Frequency
Trial1(cm)
RV___Amplitude of the seismic wave___
Trial2(cm)
Trial3(cm)
Average(cm)
SLOW
MEDIUM
FAST
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Whathappenstothesizeoftheside-to-sidemovementswhenyouchangehowfastyoumovetheslinky?
Whichtypeofseismicwaves–highorlowfrequency-willcausethemostdamagetolarge,tallbuildings?Why?
Part3:EarthquakeBlocksDemo
IftheEarth’stectonicplatesareconstantlymoving,whydon’twefeelconstantearthquakes?
Friction between the plates causes energy to build up until there is enough to cause the fault to slip.
Whatisthecauseofanearthquake?
The slipping of tectonics plates when enough energy overcomes the force of friction locking the plates together.
Part4:InterpretingSeismicWaves
DirectionofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave.
Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave.
DistanceofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave.
Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave.
ForceofSeismicWaves:Drawasketchoftheseismogramthatyoucreatedwhileinvestigatingthedirectionofthewave.
Identifyandlabelthearrivalofthep-wave(parallelwave),thes-wave(perpendicularwave),andthesurfacewave.
Whathappenedwhenyouchangedthedirectionofyourpounding?
Whathappenedwhenyouchangedthedistanceofpoundingfromtheseismograph?
Whathappenedwhenyouchangedtheforceofthepounding?
Howdoyouthinkarealseismographdiffersfromthismodelseismograph?
Whydoyouthinkitisimportantforscientiststorecordearthquakevibrations?
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Part5:ReadingSeismograms
Whatdothenumbers0858ontheseismogramrepresent?
8:58 am in military time
Whatdoeseachmarkonalinerepresent?
One (1) minute
Howlongdidittakefortheseismogramtomakeonerevolutionaroundthedrum?Howdoyouknow?
30 minutes, there are 30 marks along each line
ExaminetheBellinghamseismogramtoanswerthefollowingquestions.
1. FindthespotontheseismogramwherethemainshockoftheAlaskaearthquakereachedBellingham.Circle
itontheseismogram.Howcanyoutell?
2. Usetheminutemarksatthetopoftheseismogramtodeterminewhattimethefirstearthquakewave(Pwave)fromtheAlaskaearthquakereachedBellingham,WA.(Rememberthateachmarkrepresents1minute
andeachlonglinerepresents30minutes.)
19:41 (7:41 pm) PST March 27, 1964
3. IftheAlaskaearthquakebeganat7:36P.M.(19:36militarytime),howlongdidittakefortheP-
wavetotravelfromPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskatoBellingham?
5 minutes
4. Lookatthebottomhalfoftheseismographandnotethedate.Whatdoyouthinkthewavesinthis
bottomhalfrepresent?
Aftershocks
5. FindthepointthatyouthinkrepresentsthefirstaftershockonMarch28.Howmanyaftershocksdid
youseealtogether?Circlethemontheseismogram.________________Howdotheycomparewith
thefirstearthquake,ormainshockwaves?
They are smaller in size than the first earthquake
Doyouthinkseismographsallovertheworld,oronlythosenearAlaska,wereabletorecordtheAlaska
earthquake?Explain.
Inwhatwaysmighttheseismogramsrecordedinotherpartsoftheworldlookdifferentfromtheone
recordedinBellingham?
The waves recorded may have smaller amplitudes than those recorded in Bellingham.
Part6:FIndingtheEpicenter
Howmanyseismographstationsdoyouneeddatafrominordertodeterminetheexactpointoftheepicenter?Use
wordsandadiagramtorepresentthisidea.
You need data from at least three (3) seismic stations
in order to triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake.
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DeterminethearrivaltimesforP-wavesandSwavesatdifferentdistancesfromanepicenter.
1) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated1000km
fromtheEQ’sepicenter:
· HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive?
2 minutes
· HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive?
4 minutes and 10 seconds
· Whatisthedifferenceintime?
2 minutes and 10 seconds
2) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated2500km
fromtheEQ’sepicenter:
· HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive?
4 minutes and 50 seconds
· HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive?
8 minutes and 50 seconds
· Whatisthedifferenceintime?
4 minutes
3) Iftheseismographstationwerelocated5000km
fromtheEQ’sepicenter:
· HowlongwouldittaketheP-wavetoarrive?
8 minutes and 40 seconds
· HowlongwouldittaketheS-wavetoarrive?
15 minutes
· Whatisthedifferenceintime?
6 minutes and 20 seconds
DeterminethedistanceawayfromanEQ’sepicenterusingP-waveandS-wavearrivaltime.
1) Ifittook2minutesforthefirstP-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter?
1000 km
2) Ifittook4minutesforthefirstS-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter?
900 km
3) Ifittook9minutesforthefirstP-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter?
5400 km
4) Ifittook9minutesforthefirstS-wavetoarriveattheseismographstation,howfarawayistheEQ’sepicenter?
2550 km
DeterminethedistanceawayfromanEQ’sepicenterusingthedifferencebetweenP-waveandS-wavearrivaltimes.
1)
P-wavearrivaltime:0858hours
S-wavearrivaltime:0900hours
Differenceintime:2 minutes
Distanceawayfromepicenter: 900 km
2)
P-wavearrivaltime:1330hours
S-wavearrivaltime:1333hours
Differenceintime:3 minutesDistanceawayfromepicenter:1750 km
3)
P-wavearrivaltime:2000hours
Differenceintime:5 minutes
S-wavearrivaltime:2005hours
Distanceawayfromepicenter: 3500 km
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4)
P-wavearrivaltime:2144hours
Differenceintime:6 minutes
S-wavearrivaltime:2150hours
Distanceawayfromepicenter: 4500 km
EpicenterProblem#1
Threedifferentseismographstations(A,B,andC)recordedanearthquake.UsewhatyouknowaboutP-wavesandSwaves,aswellastheTime-Distancegraphtohelpyoulocateandmarktheearthquake’sepicenter.
Seismograph
Stations
TimeofArrival
P-Waves
TimeofArrival
S-Waves
S-waveminusPwave
DistancetotheEpicenter
(kilometers)
A.Sitka,Alaska
8:07
8:11
4minutes
2500
B.Charlotte,NC
8:08
8:13
5 minutes
3500
C.Honolulu,Hawaii
8:09
8:15
6 minutes
4500
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EpicenterProblem#2
Threedifferentseismographstations(A,B,andC)recordedanearthquake.UsewhatyouknowaboutP-wavesandSwaves,aswellastheTime-Distancegraphtohelpyoulocateandmarktheearthquake’sepicenter.
SeismographStation
S-waveminusP-wave
Distancefromepicenter
A.StLouis,MO
1 minute
250 km
B.Houston,TX
2.5 minutes
1250 km
C.LosAngeles,CA
4.5 minutes
3250 km
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Part7:BuildingResonanceDemo
TallorSmall?Whichissafer?
HighFrequencySeismicWaves
LowFrequencySeismicWaves
SmallBuildings
TallBuildings
Part8:LiquefactionDemo
Howdoesthegroundsurfaceeffecttheamountofshakingthatisfeltduringanearthquake?
SolidBedrock(Gravel)
DrySediments(DrySand)
SaturatedSediments(WetSand
Sketch/Observations
Sketch/Observations
Sketch/Observations
Whichtypeofsurfacewouldyouwanttobuildahomeon?
Claim:________________________________________________________________________________________
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EvidenceandReasoning:_________________________________________________________________________
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Part9:Earth’sInterior
ChemicalCompositionofEarth’sLayers
LayerName
Crust
Continental
Oceanic
Mantle
Core
Composition(Density)
Thickness
Granite (Felsic)
(2.7g/cm3)
About35km
(60kminmtnranges)
Basalt (Mafic)
About5km
Iron (Fe), Silicates (SiO4), Olivine
35-2885km
Iron (Fe) and Nickel (Ni) rich
2885-6371km
(3.0g/cm3)
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PhysicalPropertiesofEarth’sLayers
Layer
Depth
StateofMatter
Temperature
SeismicWaves
Lithosphere
0-100km
Rigid Solid
0-300 C
Asthenosphere
100-660km
Plastic Solid
300-500 C
p-waves. S-waves
Mesosphere
660-2900km
Rigid Solid
500-4000 C
0
p-waves. S-waves
Outer Core
2900-5155km
Liquid
4000-5000 C
Inner Core
5155-6371km
Rigid Solid
5000-7000 C
0
p-waves. S-waves, surface waves
0
0
p-waves
0
p-waves
Part10:InsidePlanetEarthVideoQuestions
1.WhyisJulesVerne’s“JourneytotheCenteroftheEarth”notpossible?
Extreme pressure and temperatures
2.Gravitycomesfromthe____ mass___oftheEarth.
3.WhatarethetwoplacesthatEarthgetsitsenergyfrom?
Earth’s core and the Sun
4.WhathappenstotemperatureandpressureasyoumoveclosertothecenteroftheEarth?
They increase
5.Howdoesthecrustrespondtotheheatfrombelow?
It gets pushed up into mountains and gets carved out as caves.
6.Whyismantlematerialcomparedtotheconsistencyoffudge?
Because it is a solid, but when it heats up it becomes flexible and can start to flow like a liquid.
7.WhatdoscientistsusetofindoutabouttheinteriorstructureofEarth?
Rocks, Diamonds, and Seismic Waves
8.Whatareconvectioncurrents?Whatisthepurposeofconvectioncurrents?
Convection currents are the cycling mantle. They transfer energy from the core to the crust.
9.Howdoeswatergetundergroundwiththeplates?
It gets pulled down with subducting plates.
10.Whatistherelationshipbetweenwaterandvolcaniceruptions?
The water that gets pulled down and becomes super heated. This mixes with the mantle causing it to melt and then erupt with
explosive force.
11.Whathappenswhenoceaniccrustmeetscontinentalcrust?
The oceanic crust is subducted (pushed under) the continental crust where it eventually melts back down.
12.HowweretheHawaiianIslandsformed?fromvolcanoesabovea___ mantle__plume
Hotspot in the Pacific Ocean
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13.WhatarethehazardsassociatedwiththemantleplumeunderYellowstoneNationalPark?
Geysers, Hot Springs, Super Eruptions
15.WhatwouldhappenifconvectioninEarth’soutercorestopped?
Earth would lose its magnetic field
16.WhatishappeningtotheinnercoreofthePlanetasheatistransferredfromtheinnertotheoutercore?
It is slowly cooling off
SelfReflection:ColortheSmileyFacethatshowshowwellyoufeelyouunderstandLT#4
WhatHaveILearnedaboutLT#4:
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