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JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 1, Section 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Aquatic of, or pertaining to, fresh water* Deforestation the clearing and loss of forests** Desertification a loss of more than 10% of a land’s productivity due to erosion, climate change, drought, depletion of water sources, or other factors** Ecosystem all organisms and nonliving entities that occur and interact in a particular area at the same time** Erosion the removal of material from one place and its transport to another by the action of wind or water** Floodplain the region of land over which a river has historically wandered and periodically floods** Groundwater water held in aquifers underground** Hydrologic cycle the flow of water – in liquid, gaseous, and solid forms – through our biotic and abiotic environment** Marine existing in or produced by the sea* Overwithdrawal the state of an area when too much water is pumped out** Rainforest (temperate) a type of forest ecosystem relatively mild climate within the temperate zone that receives heavy rainfall, usually includes numerous kinds of trees Rainforest (tropical) a type of forest ecosystem that occurs roughly within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south of the equator (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and is characterized by high average temperatures and high average rainfall Savannah a biome characterized by grassland interspersed with clusters of acacias and other trees** Surface permeability the relative extent to which natural and manmade surfaces permit the flow of water into soil. Surface water water that collects on the ground or in a body of water primarily due to precipitation* Transpiration the release of water vapor by plants through their leaves** Watershed the entire area of land from which water drains into a given river** Wetlands a system that combines elements of fresh water and dry land** *Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. n.d. Web. 7 May 2012. **Withgott, Jay H. Essential Environment: The Science behind the Stories. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 1, Section 2 Water Resources Aquifer an underground water reservoir** Estuary an area in which a river flows into an ocean, mixing fresh water with salt water** Floodplain the region of land over which a river has historically wandered and periodically floods** Groundwater water held in aquifers underground** Recharge of streams the natural process by which the volume of fresh water in streams is maintained by underground flows fed by precipitation permeating into the ground Recharge of ground water the natural process by which underground stores of fresh water are maintained by precipitation permeating into the ground Riparian zone the land area along a river** River basin a region drained by a river and its tributaries** Storm water an abnormal amount of surface water due to heavy rain from a storm** Surface water water that collects on the ground or in a body of water primarily due to precipitation* Watershed the entire area of land from which water drains into a given river** *Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. n.d. Web. 7 May 2012. **Withgott, Jay H. Essential Environment: The Science behind the Stories. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 1, Section 3 Land Degradation Deforestation the clearing and loss of forests** Desertification a loss of more than 10% of a land’s productivity due to erosion, climate change, drought, depletion of water sources, or other factors** Erosion the removal of material from one place and its transport to another by the action of wind or water** Hydrocide a term referring to the anthropogenic degradation of bodies of water that renders the water contaminated or otherwise unsuitable for human use Irrigation the artificial provision of water to support agriculture** Overgrazing the consumption by too many animals of plant cover, impeding plant regrowth, and the replacement of biomass** “Peak water” A term coined by Peter Gleick and Meena Palaniappan characterizing increasing constraints on availability, quality, and use of fresh water resources, implying that the world has reached or will soon reach the limits of fresh water available for use. Recharge of streams the natural process by which the volume of fresh water in streams is maintained by underground flows fed by precipitation permeating into the ground Recharge of ground water the natural process by which underground stores of fresh water are maintained by precipitation permeating into the ground Sedimentation the accumulation of sediments (in bodies of water)* Sheet erosion erosion by sheets of running water, rather than by steams* Turbidity clouding of water caused by stirred-up sediment* *Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. n.d. Web. 7 May 2012. **Withgott, Jay H. Essential Environment: The Science behind the Stories. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 1, Section 4 Water Pollution Biological oxygen demand the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. BOD is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C. It often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water. Dissolved oxygen the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in a body of water Eutrophication the process of nutrient enrichment, increased production of organic matter, and subsequent ecosystem degradation in a water body** Nitrates as water pollutant nitrates—essential to the growth of plants—in excess act as a nutrient that causes algae blooms that consume oxygen with the effect that dissolved oxygen is lowered such that conditions become inhospitable for fish and shellfish. Pathogen a microorganism that disease, e.g., bacteria, parasitic worms, protozoa, and viruses** Pesticides an artificial chemical used to kill insects, plants, or fungi** Pesticides as water pollutants agricultural pest control chemicals that, when present in sufficient quantities in bodies of water, are toxic to aquatic organisms Phosphates as water pollutants phosphates—essential to the growth of plants—in excess act as a nutrient that causes algae blooms that consume oxygen with the effect that dissolved oxygen is lowered such that conditions become inhospitable for fish and shellfish. Turbidity clouding of water caused by stirred-up sediment* *Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. n.d. Web. 7 May 2012. **Withgott, Jay H. Essential Environment: The Science behind the Stories. 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 3, Unit 4 Problems with Availability Accessibility relative ease with which sources of water may be tapped Accountability of the government the idea that governmental officials, both elected and appointed, are answerable to the citizens Affordability pricing of water appropriate to typical incomes in a given Decentralized authority structures the degree to which governmental decision making and implementation institutions are spread geographically rather than concentrated in the capital city Devolved authority structures the degree to which governmental decision making and implementation institutions are housed at lower rather than higher levels, for example, at local or regional levels rather than the national level Inclusiveness and participation in decision making the extent to which all affected parties are included in decision making processes Privatization (of water supply) turning ownership of water supply systems to private sector, that is, for–profit entities (as opposed to governmental) entities Right to water the idea that all humans have a fundamental right to adequate, safe, affordable drinking water Transparency of policy making access by stakeholders in an issue to decisionmaking deliberations; access by citizens to governmental decision-making deliberations JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 3, Unit 5 Research on Availability Accessibility (of water) relative ease with which sources of water may be tapped Accountability (of institutions and decision makers to constituent interests) the idea that decision-makers are answerable to constituents; in the case of government, the citizens Affordability (of water) pricing of water appropriate to typical incomes in a given area Participation (in group and governmental decision making) the extent to which all affected parties are included in decision making processes Right to water the idea that all humans have a fundamental right to adequate, safe, affordable drinking water Transparency (of decision making procedures) access by stakeholders in an issue to decision-making deliberations JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 3, Unit 6 Action toward Creating Availability Affordable investment capital money available for borrowing at reasonable interest rates Appropriate technology technology that is, generally speaking, small-scale, labor-intensive, energy-efficient, environmentally sound, and locally controlled. Synonymous with intermediate technology Capital intensive process or technology technology that requires relatively greater investment in equipment relative to labor utilized Commodification (of natural resources) the process of transforming water from a public good into a tradable commodity Intermediate technology equipment that is more effective than simple tools or "primitive" technology but is less expensive and smallerscale than the technology used in mass production Synonymous with appropriate technology Intensive technology technology that uses relatively more labor relative to greater investment in equipment and processes relative to labor utilized Low tech of modest technical complexity, typically not capital intensive Privatization (of water supply) turning ownership of water supply systems to private sector, that is, for–profit entities (as opposed to governmental) entities Public good in the parlance of economics, a good the consumption of which by one party does not reduce its availability to other parties, and from whose use no one can be effectively excluded JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 4, Unit 7 Problems of Quality Bilharzia also known as schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes, or “flukes”, typically contracted through exposure to water containing the parasites Biological oxygen demand the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. BOD is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C. It often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water. Diarrhea condition of having three or more loose or liquid stools per day usually a symptom of gastrointestinal infection by a variety of pathogens, often contracted through contaminated food or drinking-water or from person to person as a result of poor hygiene. Pathogen a microorganism that disease, e.g., bacteria, parasitic worms, protozoa, and viruses Schistosomiasis also known as Bilharzia, a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematodes or "flukes", typically contracted through exposure to water containing the parasites Waterborne disease infectious diseases whose pathogens live in water synonymous with water-related disease Water-related disease infectious diseases whose pathogens live in water synonymous with waterborne disease JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 4, Unit 8 Research on Quality Chlorination of water disinfection of water through infusion of chlorine to destroy pathogens Chlorine a commonly used disinfectant Constructed wetland an artificial wetland, swamp, or marsh created to treat wastewater Conventional wastewater and sewage treatment • primary or mechanical stage • secondary or biological stage • tertiary or chemical stage screening and settling out of solids in wastewater microbial decomposition of organic components of wastewater, generally accelerated by aeration of wastewater treatment of effluent water with disinfectant, chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light Decomposition the microbial degradation of organic material Living Machine ™ an alternative wastewater treatment process that relies on microbial decomposition in specially designed constructed wetlands plantings to biologically treat wastewater Ozonation of water disinfection of water through infusion of to ozone to destroy pathogens Ozone a chemical whose molecule is made up of three oxygen atoms, used as a disinfectant Ultraviolet light (for water purification) disinfection of water by exposure to ultraviolet to destroy pathogens JPIC 230: Key Terms Part 5 Microfinance and Water FilterPureFilters an international NGO with locations in Canada, Haiti, and Tanzania with the mission of providing inexpensive “point of use” water filtration pots in developing countries Micro-credit/ micro-lending provision of very small loans (microloans) to poor borrowers who typically lack collateral, generally intended to support entrepreneurship, increase incomes, alleviate poverty and often also to empower women. Microfinance financial services provided to the poor and/or those without access to conventional banking, often through micro-credit or micro-lending Pure Water for All a program of the worldwide NGO Rotary international with the aim of providing start-up financing for small-scale enterprises to manufacture and sell affordable water filter pots in poor regions Self-employed working in business for oneself Structural obstacles (in credit and banking) overall circumstances and procedures that preclude access to credit by poor people, including high collateral requirements, high interest rates, short payback times, formal credit history Underemployed a condition in which people cannot secure full-time employment