Download Revolution Threatens the French King

TERMS AND,NAMES
Old Regime Srystem of feudalism
Revolution Threatens
the French King
estate Social class of PeoPle
louis ltVl Weak king who came to
French throne in 1774
Marie Antoinette UnPoPular bueen;
wife of Louis XVI
,Estates-General AssemblY of
representatives from all three estates
BEFORE VOU REf;D
ln the last chapter, you read'about the Enlightenment and
National Assemhly French congiess
established b,y representativeS of the
Third
. ' ,': - Estate
--:- -Tennis Gourt Oath P'romise made bY
ln this section, you wilt learn about the- beginnilg of the
French Revolution'
Third Ebtate representatives to draw
up a new constitution
AS YOIT READ
Great Fear Wave of Panic
to take notes on important changes that
occurred during thq Renaissance in ltaly'
Use this chart
effects
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the
OIC Regime
(pase 1e3)
IIow was French societY unequal?
1700s, France -was the leading country
of
E
In the
o
Europe. It
trnlishtenment. Howevel beneath the surface
;h;;# maior problems' Soon the nation would
be torn by a violent revolution'
One problem was ihat people were not t1e11ed
equally i, Fr"rr"h society. A system of feudalisrn
Otd Regime remained in place' The
"rli"d',h"
French were divided into three classes, or estates'
The First Estate consisted of the Rornan Catholic
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was &e center of the new ideas'of the
clergr. The 'Second, Estate was made- up of nobles'
Odf about two percent of the people belonged to
these two estates. Yet they owned 30 percdnt of the
land. They had easY lives.
Everybody else belonged to the Thtrd Estate'
This huge grouP included three types of people'
. thJ iourgeoi,sie -.mostly well-off- merchants
and skillel workers who lacked the status of
nobles
" ciYworkers-cooks,
.
'
servants, and others who
were pootly paid and often out of work
workers, making up about B0
pearants-farm
^percent
of the French PeoPIe
CHApTER
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Members of the Third Estate were angry. They
lad few rights. They paid up to half of thei income
in taxes, while the rich paid a^lmost nbne.:
t.
What were the three classes of French soclety?'
The ForCes of Chang€ lpases 1e4-re5)
Why were the French ready
foq the revolution?
Three factors led, to. revolution. First, the
Enligfrtenment spread the idea ihat everyone
should be equal. The powerless people.in the
Third Estate liked that. Second, the French economy $?s failing. High taxes kept profits low, and
food supphes were short. The goverrment owed
money. Third, King Louis Xt l ** a weak,
unconcerned leader. llis wife, Marie ;.Antoinette,
was unpopular. She was from Austria, France's
:long-time enemy, and was noted for her extrava-
The Third Estate tlen broke with the others
and met separately. In june tr78g, its delegates
voted to rename themseives the National
Assernbly. They ciaimed to represent all the peo'ple. This was the beginning o{ representatirse gouemm.ent for France.
At one point, the members of the Third Estate
found themselves iocked out of their meeting.
They broke down a door leading to a tennis court.
Then theypromised,tostay there until ihey made a
nerv constitution. This promise was called the
Tennis Court Oath.
Louis tried tb make peace. FIe ordered the ciergr and nobles to joiir the Nationai Assembly.
However, trouble erupted. Rumors flew that Swiss
's
$
soldiers pald by Louis were going to attack French
c{tizqps. On }uly L4, an angry crowd capturdd the
Bjastille, a Faris prison..the ytwb wantedto get gun-
powder for their weapons in order to defend the
city.
3"
Why did the Nationai Assembly form?
'
In the I780s, France was deep in detrt. I-ouis
tried to tax the nobles. Instead, &ey foreed the
king t9 cdll. a meeting of the Estates-:General,'an
of d.elegates of the three estates.
A Great Fear Sweeps France
2.
$fhat was ke Great Fear?
lrymbly
What three lactors led to revotution?
RevOlUtiOn DawnS
lpas;s
IIaw did the, Revolution
iilivoi
b;egin?
The rneeting of the Estates-General began in May
17Bg \r/ith arguments over how to csunt votes. In
t1le past, each estate had cast one vote. The Third
Estate now wanted each delegate to have a vote.
The king and the other estates did not agree to the
pian because the Third Estate was larger and
wouid have more votes.
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gant spending.
Sscrrol,t'l
(page 1 96)
A wave of violence called the Great Fear swept
the country. Peasants broke into and burned
nobles' houses. They tore up documents that had
forced them to pay fees to the nobles. Late in 1789,
a mob of women marched 12 miles from Paris to
the king's paiace at Yersailles. They were angry
about high bread girices and demanded that &e
hng corne to Faris, They hoped he woirld end
hunger in &e city. The king and queen left
Versailles, never to returlr.
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What irappened during the Great Fear?
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TERMS AND NAMES
Declaration ol the Rights of Man
Revolutionary statement
guaranteeing rights such as liberlry
Revolution Brings
Reform and Terror
and
propefi
Legislative Assembly Assembly that
reflaced the National AssemblY in
1791
6migr6s Nobles and others who left
BErORE YOU REtrD
France during the peasant uprisings
and lniho hoped to come backto
restore the old sYstem
ln the last section, you read how thb Fiench
Revolution began.
took
ln this section, you will-learn what course it
sans-culottes Radical ,grouP of
Parisian wage-earners
and where it led
guillotine Machihe for beheading
>. .:--
RS YOU REtrD
people
Maximilien RobesPierre
.BevolutionarY leader who tried to
wipe out every trace of France's Past
monarchy and nobilitv
Usethetimelinebelowtotakenoteson.majorevents.
Gommittee of Publie SaletY
Committee led bY RobesPierre that
tried so-cailed "enemies of the
republic" and had them executed
Reign of Terror Period of
Robespierre's rule
The AssemblY Reforms France
(pases 1 97-1 98)
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What reforms resulted from
the revolution?
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steps
August 1789, the National Assembly took
France' It made a revolutionary state-
In
to cha:nge
the Declaration of the Rights of
ment
"a'lled
thal
Mrr.. Orr" new law ended all the special rights
Estateslhad
members of the First and Second
Another law g1v9 all French men equal
it
'"":.y"a,
Jjfrir, Though *o*"" dld not getthese rights'
*L * bold siep, Other iaws gave the state power
angry
ants remainedloyal to the church' Theywerg
that the churci, would be part of the
state'
Revolution's
Thereafter,rmany of them opposed the
reforms.
For months, the assembly worked on plans'for
was
a new govenlment' During this time',Louis
family
his
and
f.urf,rl ior his safety. one night, he
tried tq escape the country They wele caught'
under guard'
Urolrgt t bu"k to Paris, and placed
qYlThis"escape attempt made the king and
of his
power
It^also increased the
;;;
"rdpular.
enemies,
1.
What new laws carne into being?
oveJ
-'f:tthe Catholic Church'
t
*fr"
peopie
new laws atrout the church &vided
peassupported the Revolution' Catholic
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Conf licting Goals Cause
French.citizens imprisoned them. Many nobles,
were
,,: killed in other rnob'actions.
, The government took'strong,step$ to rneet the
danger,from foreig4 troops. It took away all the
kingt powe rs. It 77 92, the National Convention-
dtfferent kinds of changes?
in the fall of 1791, the assembly
drew up a new
constitution. It took awall most of the king's power.
The assembly then turned over its po-"r t-u r"*
I assembly, the Legiblative Assembtry.
This new assembly spon divided intb groups.
So.me wanted an end to revolutionary changes.
These were the 6migr6s, nobles and otlers who
had fled France dJ"g the uprisings. Another
group of assembly members.wanted even more
.
radi,cal changes. They included the sans-culottes.
These wage-earners and small shopkeepers wanted
a greater Voice in government.
2.
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tn what ways did the 6migr6s and sans-culottes
have opposite goats?
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another new government-was formed. It
declared Louis & common citizen. He was then
tried for-treason and convicted. Like many others,
the king was beheaded by a machine'called the
guillotine. The National Conveption elso ordered
thousandB of French peopfe into the army.
3.
What happqned to the k!ng?
Terror Grips France; End
Tenpr (pagbs2o2-203)
of
What was the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robbspierre became leader of
War and Extreme Measures
(pages 1 99-i00)
caused the French people
\hat
to take extreme measwei?
:
At the same time, France faced serious trouble on
its borders. Kings in other countries feared that
revolution would spread to their lands. They wanted to uq9 force to restore control of France to
Louis X\4. Soon foreign sol&ers were marching
tow.ard Paris. Many people thought that the king
and queen were ready to help the enemy. e"gfy
Frahce. He headed the Committee of Public
Srfrty. It tried,and put to death "enemies'lof the l
republic." Thousands. were killed, Robespierre's {
\-J
rule, which began in 1793, was called the niign of
Terror. It ended in July 1794, when Robespier-rehimself was pJlt to death.
The French people were tired of the hlling and
the unrest, They wanted a return to order.
Moderate leaders drafted a new, less revolutionary.
plan of governrirent.
4,
Where did the Beign ol Terror
lead?
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Skillbuilder
More than 2,100 people were.executed during the last 132
days of the Beign of Terror. The irie graph below displays
the breakdown of beheadings by class.
L.
Which estate had the greatest number ol memhers
sent to the guillotine during the Beign of Tenor?
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Thitd Estate
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ffi First Estate
ffi Second Estate
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Why do you think the rnost beheadings were in
this estate?
Date
TERMS AND NAMES
Napoleon Bonaparte Military leader
who seized power in France
i\apoleon Forges
an
coup d'6tat A sudden takeover of
country
E*pire
a
:
plehiscite Vote bythe people
lyc6e Government+un public school
BETORE YOU READ
conco'rdat Agreement
Napoleonic Code Complete set of
laws set up by Napoleon that
eliminated many injustices
Battle oi Trafalgar British defeat of
Napoleon's forces at sea
ln the last section, you read about the Revolutions
extremes, including the Reign of Terror.
ln this section, you will learn how Napoleon grabbed
power and brought order to France.
YOU READ
AS
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time line below to take notes on Napoleon's
changing power.
Use the
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Napgleon GrasPs.the Power
(pages 204-205)
IIow dtd NaPoleon rise to Power?
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the
Me&terranean island of Corsica. When he was
nine years old, his Parents sent hirn to miiitary
,chooi in northern France. In 1785, he finished
school and became an artillery officer. When the
revolution broke out, Napoleon joined the arrny of
Convention. For this,-he was thought of as the savior of the French republic.
By 1799, the unsettled French government had
lost the people's support. In a bold move,
Napoleon used troops to seize control of the gov-
ernment. This was a couP d'6tat, or a sudden
takeover of y'ower. Napoleon then assumed dictatorial powers.
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Hovt did Napoleon get contlol of the govbrnment?
the new government.
In f7g5, Napoleon led soidiers against French
royali,sts who were attacking the National
,
CnaBrsn
?
FnBrvcn H.rvoturrou also NepomoN
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NapoleOn RUIeS FfanCe tpages z0E-2061
Ilow_did Napoleon
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the Revolutton's l'deas
his government?
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Napoleon Creates an Empire
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g_ofls
dtd Napoteon haue
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beyond France's borders?
i
Napoleon pretended to be the rightfully elected
leader of France. :In 1800; a plebiscite, or vote of
the people, was held to approi,e a new constit,ution.
The people voted for it overwhelmingly, and
Napoleon took power as first consul.
Napoleon made several changes that were
meant to build on the Revolutionls good ideas:
1. He '*rd"itax collection rgrore fair :and
brderly.':\s,a pesult, the government could
count on a steady.supply of money.
Z..He removed &shonest government workers.
' 3. He started lyc6es:new public schools for
ordinary citizens:
4, He gave'the church back soine of its power.
. IIe signed aconcordat (agreement)with
the
nized church.
5.
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He wrote a new set of laws, called the
Napoleonic Coden which gave all French
citizens'the sam'e rights. Iilowever, the new
laws took away many individual rights won
the Revolution.. For example, they
$uring
limited free speech and restored slavery in
Napoleon had hoped to make his empire larger in
both Europe and the New Woqld. ln tAOt; t e Ua
sent soldiers to retake the island of present-day
Haiti. Slaves in that colony had seized power dur. ing a civil war.lByt his trbops failed. Napoleon then
gavq up on his New World plans. tn faOS, he sold
the largest part of France.]S No4h American land-
the hige i-ouisiana Teirito+-lo the ,United
States.
Napoleon had been.stopped
in the Americas.
in Europe.
^He
So he then moved to add to his power
In
1804, h9 made'himself errypero" of France.
took control of the Austrian Netherlaiids, parts of
Italy, and Switzerland. Napgleon:s only loss d,rrirrg
.this time was to the British narzy in the Batdd ol
Trafalgqr., This lgsq kqpt him from conquering
Britain.
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Where did Napoleon succeed in,adding lands, '
and where did he fail?
French colonies.
2,
What changes did Napoleon make?
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