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Bioethics: What is it? •A study and ________ of problems of moral value in the_____________. •The process involves gathering all ____________, understanding the _____________ and _________ of the stakeholders, and __________ a possible solution. Bioethics: What it is not • It is not a ________or _________ about what is the correct thing to do. • It is not a way to answer what should be done based on __________________ alone. Why study Bioethics? • Studying bioethics allows individuals to differentiate opinions based on __________from those supported by ___________and ___________________. • It is a way to apply your ___________________ toward issues that affect our society. • Your generation is the first to benefit from the revolutionary developments in molecular biology, as well as, face the challenging social and ethical questions they raise. What constitutes an Ethical Question? • They involve or imply the word “_______” or “________” and involve a moral __________. • There are multiple solutions to the question, each of which have _________________ for and against them. • The question is generated by conflict between different principles and values held by different individuals or groups. A brief history of Bioethics • Ethics in science began with medical practices such as what risks should be taken, patient care, research subjects, etc. • 1973- Singer-Soll letter to Science which raised awareness about ethical practices in ______________________. • 1974- National Academy of Science put a hold on certain rDNA procedures until hazards could be assessed. • 1975- Researcher’s conference met and _____________________________________ and convinced government that legislation was not needed (disabled viruses). More history • The guidelines set were __________ and voluntary in the scientific community. • 1975-1980 and beyond: The NIH recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. • 1990’s –experiments with cloning. • 1997- Somatic Cell nuclear transfer created _________. This led to presidential involvement forming National Bioethics Advisory Commission composed of: Scientists, Physicians, Lawyers, Philosophers, and Theologians. They discussed human cloning. Ethical Theories/Perspectives • Moral rules and duties: Rules-based • Virtues: Virtue-based • Outcomes: Outcome-based • 4 Principles:__________ , ___________, ____________ , ____________. • Care: Care-based Moral Rules and Duties (Deontological Ethics) • The focus is on the ______ itself and not what happens as a result of that action. • Emphasis is placed on __________ and acting in accordance with them. Example: The Captain’s duty is to keep his crew safe and to go down with a sinking ship. Moral Rules and Duties continued • German Philosopher ____________ (17241804) was a major proponent and developer of this theory. • He formulated a set of rules that he considered _____________ without exceptions: • The rules were: – One should act only in ways that would be acceptable if everyone else acted that same way. – One should not treat persons as a means to an end only, where the outcome is the only concern. Positive and Negative aspects of Rules and duty based theory • Positive: – Consistent principals and rules – The individual person is considered rather than _________________ . – Recognizes personal rights • Negative: – Does not offer a way to deal with ________________. – Perfect duties have no exceptions which can bring up moral difficulty – There is no clear guidance about forming and applying moral rules Virtue-based Theory • Focuses on the ____________ of the individual and his or her attitudes or traits. • Examples: honesty, courage, integrity, trustworthiness, wisdom, temperance, and justice • It is the virtue that makes the act right or wrong. It is the ______________ that ensures someone will act morally right. – Example: It is not right to cheat because it is not honest and diminishes someone's integrity and trustworthiness. • Classical Greek ethics Positive and Negative Aspects of Virtue-based Theory • Positive: – Broadens the perspective beyond the act to include the ___________________ . – Compatible with ethical principles to help make a decision that is unclear. • Negative: – Lack on consensus regarding essential virtues. – Someone can be of good character and do wrong – or be bad and do good. Outcomes-based Theory (consequentialist, utilitarian) • The focus of this perspective is on the ____________ of the action. • The goal of any decision is to bring out the greatest good for the greatest number of people. • The ________________ .. Positive and Negative aspects of Outcomes-based theory • Positive: – Considers the interests of all persons equally. – Directs attention to the consequences. – Can be used to establish _____________. • Negative: – Bad acts with good intentions can happen. – Con conflict with our “personal duties”. – Interests of majority can override the __________________________________ . – Hard to determine what counts as a benefit or a harm. 4 Principal-Based Ethics: Autonomy, Justice, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence • Focus is on 4 principals which should be considered to make a moral decision. • The 4 prinicipals: – ______________________: Acknowledge a person’s right to make choices and take action based on personal values and beliefs. – __________: Treat a person fairly or appropriately in light of what is due or owed him or her. – ___________________: Do no harm and do good. Obligation is to not inflict harm intentionally and to do actions that would benefit a person or persons. Positive and Negative Aspects of Principal Based Ethics • Positive: – Compatible with outcome and duty-based theories. – Specific action guidline. – Requires weighing and balancing and useful in medical ethics. • Negative: – – – – No unifying moral theory. Principals can conflict. Difficult to weigh and balance various principals. Autonomy in some cultures may refer to individual or group/family/community autonomy. Care-Based Ethics • Focus is on___________, and _________ understanding structures underlying situations. • Aspects of an issue that might constitute care ethics: – Used for vulnerable populations. – Importance of experience – relationships Positive and Negative Aspects of Care Based Ethics • Positive: – Provides a balance to principle-based approach. – Provides context. • Negative: – Power structures are not always evident. – Lacks rules or principals that are easy to follow