Download Science 8 Unit 1 Pack

Science 8 Unit 1 Pack:
Name__________________
Section 1.1: Observing Living Things
 Living things have characteristics that help them survive in their environment
 Small organisms can observed with the help of microscopes
Words to Know
____ compound light microscope
Definition
A. produces realistic three-dimensional
images using an electron beam
B. this device uses two lenses to magnify
an image
____ resolving power
C. obtained by multiplying the
magnifications of the objective and
eyepiece lenses
D. the ability to distinguish between dots
or objects that are very close together
____ magnification power
What are the
characteristics of
living things? Include
examples for each.
E. image produced by a scanning electron
microscope
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
Explain how an
animal might show
each of the 5
characteristics of
living things. Give an
example.
1.
4.
3.
5.
Explain how a plant
might show each of
the 5 characteristics
of living things. Give
an example.
1.
4.
2.
2.
3.
5.
Name the parts of a
compound light
microscope. Give
their function, too.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Using a math
equation, show how
you would calculate
different
magnifications of a
compound light
microscope.
1. Low=
2. Medium=
3. High=
Name________________
_
Label the following
parts of a compound
light microscope.
CALCULATING MAGNIFICATION
A magnifying lens that magnifies the size of an image by 10 times has a
magnification of 10.
A compound microscope uses two lenses to create higher magnifications.
To calculate the total magnification of a compound microscope, multiply the magnification of the
eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens.
1. What is the magnification of a microscope with two lenses that each enlarges an image by 10?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. An eyepiece on a microscope has a magnification of 10. The objective lenses on the microscope
have magnifications of 4 at low power, 10 at medium power, and 40 at
high power.
(a) Using the information how would you combine lenses on a microscope if you wanted to magnify
an object 40?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) How would you combine lenses if you wanted to magnify an object 100?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) How would you combine lenses if you wanted to magnify an object 400?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. If a compound microscope has an eyepiece of 15 magnification and you select an objective lens
with a power of 40, what is the total magnification of the object?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Fill in the blanks within the brackets to express total magnification as a word equation. Total
magnification = (___________)  (___________)
Section 1.2: Cells
Pages ________
 Cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life.
 Each cell structure and organelle carries out a specific task to help support the life
functions of a cell.
 Cells are divided into two groups, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Cell Organelles
Name
vacuole
organelle
bacteria
cell
membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
What are three
differences
between viruses
and bacteria?
Structure
(Description/Location)
Function
(What it Does)
What are the main
differences between
plant and animal
cells?
1.
2.
3.
1.
What are the main
parts of Cell Theory?
2.
3.
What is the difference
between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells?
This is a(n) ___________ cell.
This is a(n) ___________ cell.
Section 1.3: Diffusion, Osmosis, and the Cell Membrane
Pages ________
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration
 Selectively permeable membranes control the movement of particles into and out
of cells
 Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Words to Know
Definition
____ concentration
A. movement of water particles
through a selectively
permeable membrane
____ selectively permeable membrane
B. the amount of substance in a
given space
____ osmosis
C. particles move from an area of
higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration
____ diffusion
D. allows some materials to pass
but keeps other materials out
Describe how
particles move due to
diffusion.
1.
Describe how
selectively permeable 1.
membranes can
control the movement
of particles. Include a
drawing.
Give three examples
of osmosis involving
the movement of
water into and out of
cells. Use labeled
diagrams to help you.
1.

2.
Hint:





3.
Section 2.1: Body Systems
Pages: ___________________
 The human body is organized into different organ systems
 Cells with the same structure and function form tissues, and groups of
tissues form organs
Words to Know
Definition
____ organ
A. another name for a body
system
____ organ system
B. groups of tissues form these
____ tissue
C. cells of the same structure
and function are grouped
into these
What are the basic
characteristics of
systems?
1.
2.
3.
What is an organ
system and why are
tissues important to
them?
1.
2.
Name and describe 1.
4 different human
body tissues that
are involved in the
digestive,
respiratory,
excretory, or
2.
circulatory systems.
3.
4.
Draw a flow chart
showing the order
of organization of
living things.
Section 2.2: The Digestive and Excretory Systems
Pages______
 The different types of nutrients
 The four stages of digestion work to break down and absorb nutrients from food
 In the excretory system, the process of excretion removes liquid wastes from the body
Words to Know
digestion
excretion
gastric juice
mucus
nutrients
villi
Name and
describe the
functions of
the different
types of
nutrients. For
each, give an
example of a
food rich in
the nutrient.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
7.
2.
8.
3.
9.
4.
10.
5.
Name and describe
the four stages of
digestion.
1.
2.
3.
4.
State two eating
disorders and how
they can damage the
body.
1.
2.
Section 2.3: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Pages_______
 The circulatory system consists of the heart and a network of blood vessels that carry blood
throughout the body
 The respiratory system is made up of structures and organs that help move oxygen into the body
and carbon dioxide out of the body
 The dangers of smoking
Words to Know
Definition
____ alveoli
A.
____ arteries
B. deoxygenated blood is carried back to
the heart through these
____ blood
C. carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen
is absorbed
____ capillaries
D. the system responsible for the
exchange of gases
____ circulatory system
E. blood vessels that carry oxygenated
blood
____ gas exchange
F. composed of 55% plasma
____ respiratory system
G. network of tiny blood vessels
____ veins
H. thin-walled sacs where gas exchange
takes place
Name and give a proper description of each vessel.
the system that moves blood
throughout your body
Label The Heart
Name the four major
chambers of the
heart and describe
what they do.
A
______________________________
B
______________________________
C
______________________________
D
______________________________
E
______________________________
F
______________________________
G
______________________________
H
______________________________
I
______________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
State 5 types of blood 1.
vessels and what
they do.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe the different
components of blood.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe the
structure and location
of each part of the
human respiratory
system. State their
functions.
1. Nose Hairs
2. Nostril
3. Nasal Cavity
4. Pharynx
5. Larynx
6. Epiglottis
7. Trachea
8. Bronchus
9. Bronchiole
10. Alveoli
Describe how gas
exchange takes place
in the alveoli. Include
a labeled drawing.
Describe 3 ways in
which smoking is
dangerous.
Section 3.1: The Immune System
Pages _________________
 Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens
 The immune system attacks and destroys invaders such as pathogens and
antigens that enter the body
 The human immune system provides different lines of defence against pathogens
Words to Know
antibodies
antigen
immune system
pathogens
white blood cells
Describe the
innate and
acquired immune
responses.
Definition
1.
What are four
ways in which
infectious
disease can be
transmitted?
Also, give an
example of
each.
2.
3.
4.
Section 3.2: Factors Affecting the Immune System
Pages______
By the end of section 3.2 you should be able to understand the following:
 Vaccines are weakened versions of a disease pathogen
 Immune system disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and works
against the body it is supposed to protect
Words to Know
Definition
____ allergy
A. special version of an antigen
that gives you immunity to a
disease
____ vaccine
B. an unusually high sensitivity to
some substance
Describe Montagu’s
and Jenner’s
contributions to the
discovery of vaccines.
1.
2.
Name and describe
two disorders of the
immune system.
1.
2.
Name things you
can do to keep
your immune
system healthy.
For each, explain
how this action is
able to protect you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.