Download How to study for this course Before coming to class

How to study for this course
Before coming to class: Read the corresponding chapter,
or at least scan through the chapter and read the main
headings. You must read the summary at the end of each
chapter. Be aware of the topics to be discussed in class.
During Class: Do not sleep or socialize during lecture, pay
attention to lecture; and most of all, take notes: CORNELL NOTE
METHOD. IMPORTANT: this is not a dictation class; you
need to develop a note taking system. It is impossible to
write every word from my power point presentations. Write
the main issue or topic. If extra time you can expand.
After Class: With you Conrell Notes in hand, go back to
the textbook and expand your notes. Prepare index cards
for reviewing with your study group before the exam
Ch01-intro-nat-dis
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1. Living organisms
have been on Earth for
about 80% of Earth's
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history
(p. 3)
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The Scientific Method
Collection of data
By observation, by experimentation
Formulation of Hypothesis (working model)
Testing and modification of hypothesis
Theory (or Principle or Law)
2. A theory is a hypothesis
that has withstood many
scientific tests (p. 4).
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3. Hypothesis, theory, and
research are parts of the
scientific method; an opinion is
not! (p. 4)
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Modern Theory and Practice of Geology
4. According to the principle of
uniformitarianism, geologic processes we
observe today have
operated
Ch01-intro-nat-dis
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WEEK 1 in the past
4
The Origin of Our System of Planets:
The Nebular Hypothesis
5. the Big Bang took
place approximately
10–15 billion years ago
7. Nuclear fusion is the
process in which
hydrogen atoms
combine to form helium
under intense pressure
and high temperature.
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The Origin of Our System of Planets
10. Gravitational attraction and
collisions caused dust and
condensing material to accrete into
planetesimals
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Formation of
Nebula: Rotating
clouds of gas and
dust
The two most
abundant
elements in
nebulae (gas
clouds) in the
universe are
Hydrogen and
helium.
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The Origin of Our System of Planets
11. The four inner
planets are small,
rocky, and relatively
lacking in volatile
elements (p. 6)
12. The giant outer
planets are composed
mostly of hydrogen and
helium (p. 7)
14. The Earth is
approximately 4.6 billion
years old (p. 8)
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8. According to the nebular
hypothesis, the inner planets are
dense and rocky because the inner
planets were the first to condense
from the solar nebula (p. 6)
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9. the following are
examples of giant outer
planets Saturn, Neptune,
Pluto (p. 6)
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Evolving Earth: A System of Interacting Components
15. The process by which an
originally homogeneous Earth
developed a dense core and a light
crust is called differentiation
Ch01-intro-nat-dis
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18. The Earth's core is
made up primarily of iron
19. The inner core is
solid because pressures
are high in the inner core
10
16. The heat that caused melting in
Earth's early history was supplied
from a large impact event and
radioactivity
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17. List of events in
chronological order, from
oldest to youngest, in the
evolution of the Earth:
Nebula evolves to Sun
and planetisimals,
giant impact(s) occurs,
molten Earth cools, Earth
differentiates (p. 9).
24. Solar energy powers the
Earth's external heat engine
(p. 10).
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25. Radioactivity powers the
Earth's internal heat engine
(p. 10).
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Main Layers of the Earth: Differentiation
Core: 6370 – 2900km: Iron and Nickel
Inner Core: Solid (6370 to 5150 km)
Outer Core: Liquid (5150 – 2900 km)
Mantle: Iron, Magnesium, Silicon, Oxygen
Lower Mantle: 2900 to 250 km
Asthenosphere: 100 – 250 km
Upper Mantle: 250 to ~40 km
Crust: 40 – 0 km: Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminum
Continetal(35-40 Km), Oceanic(5 km)
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21. Ninety percent of the
Earth is made up of four
elements: iron, oxygen,
silicon, and magnesium
(p. 10)
22. Fifty percent of the
Earth's crust is made up of
oxygen (p. 10)
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Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
for Geologic Science
47. Alfred Wegener
developed the theory of
plate tectonics (p. 20)
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A theory is a hypothesis
that has withstood many
scientific tests
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Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
for Geologic Science
37. The theory of plate tectonics is widely
accepted because it explains many of the
Earth's major geological
features
(p. 14)
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Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory for
Geologic Science
34. Earth's lithosphere is
approximately 100–200 km
thick (p. 14).
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35. The asthenosphere is
hot and weak (p. 14)
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38. Convection is the motion of a flowing
material where hot matter rises from the
bottom and cool matter sinks (p. 15).
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The Scientific Method:
Collection of data
By observation, by experimentation
Formulation of Hypothesis (working model)
Testing and modification of hypothesis
Theory (or Principle or Law)
A hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests
i.e, it has survived repeated challenges and is supported by a
substantial body of data
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Methods and approach used in the study of
geology and geological phenomena.
Scientist use the scientific method, rely on
theories that have withstood many trials, and
follow the principle of uniformitarianism to
study natural disasters
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Much of the present
understanding of geology
is based on the Principle
of Uniformitarianism (or
“Present is the key to the
Past):
Geological processes that
we see in work today have
worked much the same
way over geological time.
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Inferences made
from observations
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According to the principle of
uniformitarianism geological
processes we observe today
have operated in the past
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Composition of the Earth
2/3 of the Earth is
made of only Iron
and Oxygen
Only four
elements made
90% of the
Earth’s
composition
¾ of the Earth is made
Oxygen and Silicon
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Big Bang (12 – 13.5 billion years ago)
•The Universe started with a cosmic explosion.
•Before the Big Bang all matter were condensed in
an single, infinitely dense point.
•All matters in the Universe is expanding away from
the center of explosion ever since
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Formation of Solar System:
Proto Solar Nebula: Flattened disk of condensed matter
Intense pressure and collisions heated the proto Sun to
millions of degrees which started nuclear fusion
Formation of the solar system (4.6 – 4.5 Ga)
Planetesimals: kilometer sized chunks of aggregated matter
Inner and Outer Planets
Planets closer to the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) lost most of the
volatiles becuause of intense heat from the Sun. These are the Inner Planets
The volatiles condensed in planets farther out (Jupiter,Saturn, Neptune)
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Clear distinction between
lithosphere and asthenosphere
including physical and chemical
properties.
Lithosphere – Crust and
upper mantle; strong solid.
Asthenosphere – mantle; weak solid;
more dense than the lithosphere.
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History of Life on Earth
1.8 by: oxygen breathing
multicelled animal
600 Ma: Marine animals with
hard parts
500 Ma: Fish with backbones
400 Ma: Early Land Plants
300 Ma: Insects
200 Ma: Dinosaurs, First
Mammals
Living
organisms
have been
on Earth
for about
80% of
Earth’s
history
0.5 Ma: Homo Sapiens
Humans have been on Earth for less than 1% of
Earth’s history GLY3034: WEEK 1
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Explain the origin of the Earth
The Earth formed from planetesimals that crashed into
each other and stuck together.
These planetesimals were pieces of debris from the Big
Bang.
As more planetesimals came together the gravitational pull
became stronger, pulling in more meteors at faster speeds.
Finally, the impacts were so strong that the kinetic energy
from the falling meteors turned into heat and the Earth
started to melt.
The melting allowed the elements that made up the Earth
to combine and a process differentiation took place to give
origin to the layers of Earth that we see today.
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