Download Respiratory System.key

Structures of the
Respiratory System
Labell Human Respirato
ory Syste
em
Respiratory
System
• The Sinuses
• sinus = air-filled cavity within a bone
that is lined with mucous membranes
Chapter 7
• paranasal sinuses
• maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and
sphenoid
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Adapted from
m
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BioEd Online
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Objectives
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Copyright © Te
exas Educatio
on Agency, 20
012. All rightss reserved.
• Upper respiratory tract
• Upon completion of this chapter, the learner
will be able to:
• The Pharynx
• nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis,
larynx, and trachea
• identify and describe the major structures
and functions of the respiratory system
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• Lower respiratory tract
• recognize, define, spell, and pronounce
terms related to the pathology and
diagnostic and treatment procedures of
the respiratory system
• laryngopharynx
• bronchial tree and lungs
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Functions of the
Respiratory System
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• The Nose
• How we swallow
• nasal cavity
• Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for
delivery to the blood cells.
• the soft palate moves up and
backward to close off the
nasopharynx preventing food from
going up the nose
• nasal septum
• Expel waste products (carbon-dioxide
and water) that have been reurned to
the lungs by the blood.
• mucous membrane
• Produce the air flow through the larynx
that makes speech possible.
• cilia
• mucus
• the epiglottis closes over the larynx to
prevent food from entering the
trachea and lungs
• olfactory receptors
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1YfO11Pry6Y&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9Wdf-RwLcs
• The Lungs
• each side is broken into lobes
• right side has three: superior, middle,
and inferior
• left side has two: superior and
inferior
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• The Mediastinum
• The Trachea
• space between the lungs
• The Larynx
• The Pleura
• the wind pipe
• voice box
• a multilayered membrane that surrounds each
lung with its blood vessels and nerves
• extends into the chest directly in front
of the esophagus
• thyroid cartilage protects it
• contains vocal cords
• parietal = outer layer
• held open by c-shaped cartilage rings
in the neck
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• visceral = inner layer
• pleural space = airtight space between the
folds of the pleural membranes
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• The Bronchial Tree
Trachea
• the trachea divides into two branches
• bronchus divides into smaller branches called
bronchioles
Thyroid cartilage
Thyroid
Bronchioles
• The Alveoli
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Middle
Inferior
• small air sacs on the ends of the bronchioles
• very thin walls allow for gas exchange with
blood stream
• flexible like a balloon
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Right Lung
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Left Lung
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Pathology
• The Diaphragm
• the muscle that separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominal cavity
• Emphysema
• progressive loss of lung function due
to a decrease in the remaining
number of alveoli
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
• contraction and relaxation makes
breathing possible
• asthma
• phrenic nerve = the nerve that
stimulates the diaphragm
• emphysema
• as the alveoli are destroyed, breathing
becomes more rapid, shallow and
difficult
• bronchiectasis
• smoker’s respiratory syndrome
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• chest becomes barrel shaped
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• Asthma
Respiration
• episodes of severe breathing difficulty,
coughing, wheezing
• External respiration
• caused by:
• the act of breathing in and out
• exchange of gases between the blood
stream and lungs
• swelling and inflammation of the lining of
the airways
• Internal respiration
• production of thick mucus
• the exchange of gases between the
blood stream and cells
• tightening of the muscles that surround
the airways
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•
Medical Specialists
• otolaryngologist or
otorhinolaryngologist
• treats disorders of the ears, nose,
and throat
• pulmonologist
• treats disorders of the lungs and
associated tissues
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Upper respiratory diseases
•
allergic rhinitis - allergies
•
croup
•
diptheria
•
epistaxis - nosebleed
•
influenza
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pertussis
•
rhinorrhea - runny nose
•
sinusitis
•
upper respiratory infection
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• Croup
• a respiratory syndrome in children that
is characterized by obstruction of the
larynx, hoarseness, and a barking
• Voice Disorders
• aphonia
• dysphonia
• laryngitis
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• Pertussis
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• Trachea and Bronchi
• contagious bacterial infection of the
upper respiratory tract characterized
by a paroxysmal cough.
• Pleural effusion
• tracheitis
• abnormal escape of fluid into the
pleural cavity that prevents the lung
from fully expanding
• tracheorrhagia
• bronchitis
• Empyema
• bronchorrhagia
• an accumulation of pus in the pleural
cavity due to infection
• bronchorrhea
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• Pleural Cavity
• Pharynx and Larynx
• pharyngorrhagia
• pleurisy - inflammation of the visceral
and parietal pleura in the thoracic
cavity
• pharyngorrhea
• pleuralgia
• laryngoplegia
• pneumothorax - accumulation of air
or gas in the pleural space causing the
lung to collapse
• pharyngitis
• laryngospasm
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• Hemothorax
• an accumulation of blood in the
pleural cavity
• Hemoptysis
• spitting of blood or blood-stained
sputum from the lungs because of
hemorrhage
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• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• formation of scar tissue in the lungs
• caused by infection, trauma, autoimmune, idiopathic
• Cystic Fibrosis
• genetic disorder
• lungs are clogged by abnormally thick mucus
• treatment is antibiotics to control infection and
postural drainage
• also affects digestive system
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• Lungs
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• Pneumonia = infection causing air sacs
to fill with pus
• acute respiratory distress syndrome = lung
failure resulting from many different types
of disorders that cause pulmonary edema.
• pulmonary edema = an accumulation of
fluid in lung tissue
• exudate = fluid that accumulates
because of infection and spreads into
other tissues
• pneumorrhagia
• can be bacterial, viral, or fungal
• atelectasis = collapsed lung; lung can’t
expand because of blocked bronchi
• can affect all or part of the lung
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• Tuberculosis
• Environmental Occupational Diseases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Twjg7v-pTO4
• pneumoconiosis = abnormal exposure to
dust in the lungs
• an infectious disease that causes
destruction of the lungs or other body
parts.
• anthracosis = black lung; coal mines
• usually does not cause infection in a
healthy individual. They become a
carrier. Infection occurs with a
breakdown in the immune system.
• asbestosis
• byssinosis = brown lung; processing
cotton, flax, or hemp
• mutates easily and can become drug
resistant
• silicosis = grinder’s disease; processing
silica and glass
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• Breathing Disorders
• eupnea = easy or normal breathing
• Cheyne-Stokes respirations =
alternating periods of rapid breathing
followed by apnea
• tachypnea = abnormally rapid
breathing
• Breathing Disorders
• eupnea =
• Dyspnea = difficulty breathing
• bradypnea = abnormally slow
breathing
• hyperpnea =
• apnea =
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• Cheyne-Stokes respirations =
alternating periods of rapid breathing
followed by apnea
• Breathing Disorders
• eupnea = easy or normal breathing
• Breathing Disorders
• tachypnea = abnormally rapid
breathing
• eupnea = easy or normal breathing
• tachypnea =
• Dyspnea = difficulty breathing
• bradypnea = abnormally slow
breathing
• hyperpnea = abnormal increase in the
depth and rate of the respiratory
movements
• apnea = the absence of breathing
• hyperventilation =
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• Cheyne-Stokes respirations = alternating
periods of rapid breathing followed by
apnea
• Breathing Disorders
• Cheyne-Stokes respirations =
alternating periods of rapid breathing
followed by apnea
• eupnea = easy or normal breathing
• tachypnea = abnormally rapid
breathing
• Dyspnea = difficulty breathing
• hyperpnea = abnormal increase in the
depth and rate of the respiratory
movements
• Dyspnea =
• bradypnea =
• hyperventilation = abnormally rapid
deep breathing resulting in decreased
levels of CO2 at the cellular level
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• Lack of Oxygen
• cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of
the skin caused by a lack of adequate
oxygenation
• airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the
airway
• Lack of Oxygen
• anoxia = the absence or almost complete
absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial
blood, or tissues
• airway obstruction = a foreign object
blocks the airway
• hypoxia = the condition of having
subnormal oxygen levels in the cells
that is less severe than anoxia
• asphyxia = describes the pathological changes
that occur due to a lack of oxygen in the air that
is breathed in. This results in anoxia and
hypoxia
• anoxia =
• respiratory failure =
• asphyxiation = suffocation
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• cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of the
skin caused by a lack of adequate
oxygenation
• Lack of Oxygen
• airway obstruction = a foreign object
blocks the airway
• anoxia = the absence or almost
complete absence of oxygen from
inspired gases, arterial blood, or
tissues
• hypoxia = the condition of having
subnormal oxygen levels in the cells
that is less severe than anoxia
• cyanosis =
• respiratory failure = a condition in
which the level of oxygen in the blood
becomes dangerously low or the level
of CO2 is dangerously high
• asphyxia =
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• Lack of Oxygen
• airway obstruction = a foreign object blocks the
airway
• SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• cyanosis = a bluish discoloration of
the skin caused by a lack of adequate
oxygenation
• anoxia = the absence or almost complete
absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial
blood, or tissues
• asphyxia = describes the pathological changes
that occur due to a lack of oxygen in the air that
is breathed in. This results in anoxia and
hypoxia
• the sudden and unexplainable death
of an apparently healthy infant
between the ages of two weeks and
one year that typically occurs while
the infant is sleeping.
• hypoxia =
• asphyxiation =
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• Trachea and Bronchi
• spirometry = test that records the volume of
air inhaled or exhaled and the length of
time each breath
• http://www.videojug.com/interview/
sids-sudden-infant-death-syndrome
• tracheoplasty
• tracheostomy
• tuberculin skin testing
• stoma - an opening on a body surface
• chest imaging = x-rays
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Diagnostic Procedures
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• Lungs, Pleura, and Thorax
treatment procedures
• pneumonectomy
• respiratory rate = the number of respirations
per minute
• Medications
• lobectomy
• bronchoconstrictor - an agent that
narrows the opening of the passages
to the lungs
• pulmonary function tests = tests that
determine capacity and the ability to move
air
• thoracentesis
• thoracotomy
• bronchodilator - an agent that
expands the opening of the passages
into the lungs (an inhaler for asthma)
• phlegm = thick mucus produced by the lungs
• sputum = phlegm that is coughed up and
spit out. It can be tested for infection
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• thoracostomy
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• Nose and Throat
• septoplasty
• bronchoscopy = the visual examination of
the bronchi using a bronchoscope
• sinusotomy
• functional endoscopic sinus surgery
• laryngoscopy = visual examination of the
larynx using a laryngoscope
• pharyngostomy
• endotracheal intubation
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• Respiratory Therapy
• supplemental oxygen
• postural drainage
• ventilator
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