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GALAXIES
WHAT ARE THE DEEP SKY
OBJECTS?
•Deep-sky objects are
astronomical objects other
than individual stars and solar
system objects (Sun, Moon,
planets, comets).
TYPES OF DEEP SKY OBJECTS
•Nebulae
•Clusters
•Galaxies
CHARLES MESSIER
• Known for the Messier catalogue of
galaxies, nebulae and star clusters
M1 to M110
• He was a French astronomer who
lived in the 18th century.
• He was a comet hunter and the
purpose of the catalogue was to
record the sky objects that looked as
comets but were not comets
because they would not move in the
sky.
UNITS TO MEASURE DISTANCE
• A Light-year is the distance that light travels in
a year with a speed of approximately 300,000
kilometers per second
• Closest star to the Sun is Proxima
Centauri at 4.37 light years.
• A Parsec is the equal to about 3.26 light years
GALAXIES
• A galaxy is an enormous collection of gas, dust
and billions of stars held together by gravity. One
galaxy can have hundreds of billions of stars and
be as large as 200,000 light years across.
• Galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias
meaning "milky", a reference to the Milky Way.
• Many galaxies are believed to have black holes at
their active center. The Milky Way's central black hole,
known as Sagittarius A, has a mass four million times
that of our Sun.
GALAXIES FACTS
• There are potentially more than 170 billion galaxies in
the observable universe. Some, called dwarf
galaxies, are very small with about 10 million stars,
while others are huge containing an estimated 100
trillion stars.
• Supermassive black holes are
believed to sit at the center of
most galaxies.
TYPES OF GALAXIES
ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES
• Look like enormous
globular clusters.
• Elliptical galaxies are
often bigger than spiral
galaxies.
• Stars are yellow & red,
with very little free dust
& gas.
• These galaxies are old &
no longer forming new
stars.
• Elliptical galaxies may
form from the collision of
2 or more spiral galaxies.
SPIRAL GALAXIES
• Like our own Milky Way, all spiral
galaxies have a nuclear bulge,
and at least 2 spiral or propellershaped arms, with a halo of gas,
dust, stars, and globular clusters.
• Spiral galaxies are classified as Sa,
Sb, or Sc depending on the size of
the nucleus & how tightly the arms
are wrapped.
M104 – the Sombrero Galaxy, has a
large nucleus & very tight spiral arms.
THE SOMBRERO GALAXY M104
The Sombrero Galaxy (also known as
M104 or NGC 4594) is an unbarred spiral
galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It has a
bright nucleus, an unusually large central
bulge, and a prominent dust lane in its
inclined disk. The dark dust lane and the
bulge give this galaxy the appearance of a
sombrero. The galaxy has an apparent
magnitude of +9.0, making it easily visible
with amateur telescopes. The large bulge,
the central supermassive black hole, and
the dust lane all attract the attention of
professional astronomers.
ANDROMEDA GALAXY
• The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is the closest large
galaxy to the Milky Way and is one of only ten
galaxies that can be seen with the naked eye from
the Earth.
• Andromeda is accompanied by at least 10 satellite
galaxies the most notable of which is the
Triangulum Galaxy.
ANDROMEDA GALAXY
M31
ANDROMEDA FACTS
• It is 2.2 million light years away from us and
• approaching the Milky Way at approximately 100
to 140 kilometers per second…
• Five billion years from now it will probably collide
with our Milky Way galaxy.
• While Andromeda is the largest galaxy in the Local
Cluster it is not the most massive as the Milky May
is thought to contain more dark matter making it
the most massive
HOW TO FIND ANDROMEDA
GALAXY
BLACK EYE GALAXY - M64
A spiral galaxy in the Coma Berenices
constellation, Messier 64, the famous
"Black Eye" galaxy or the
"Sleeping Beauty galaxy," has a
spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in
front of the galaxy's bright nucleus. It is
well known among amateur astronomers
because of its appearance in small
telescopes.
THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY - M51A
Also known as Messier 51a,
M51a, or NGC 5194, the Whirlpool
Galaxy is an interacting granddesign spiral galaxy located at a
distance of approximately 23
million light-years in the
constellation Canes Venatici. It is
one of the most famous spiral
galaxies in the sky. The galaxy
and its companion (NGC 5195)
are easily observed by amateur
astronomers, and the two galaxies
may even be seen with binoculars.
The Whirlpool Galaxy is also
a popular target for professional
astronomers, who study it to
further understanding of galaxy
structure (particularly structure
associated with the spiral arms)
and galaxy interactions.
The Whirlpool Galaxy M51
is one of the largest
galaxies visible without
using professional
telescope. Millions of years
ago two galaxies collided to
create this colorful and
dramatic object. To find it,
look about 3.5 degrees
southeast of the last star in
the Big Dipper’s handle.
M81 URSA MAJOR
The big and beautiful spiral galaxy M81, in
the northern constellation Ursa Major, is
one of the brightest galaxies visible in the
skies of planet Earth. This superbly
detailed view reveals its bright nucleus,
grand spiral arms and sweeping cosmic
dust lanes with a scale comparable to the
Milky Way. Hinting at a disorderly past, a
remarkable dust lane runs straight through
the disk, below and right of the galactic
center, contrary to M81's other prominent
spiral features. The errant dust lane may
be the lingering result of a close encounter
between M81 and its smaller companion
galaxy, M82. Scrutiny of variable stars in
M81 (aka NGC 3031) has yielded one of
the best determined distances for an
external galaxy -- 11.8 million light-years.
THE MILKY WAY
We live in one of the arms
of a large spiral galaxy
called the Milky Way. The
Sun and its planets
(including Earth) lie in this
quiet part of the galaxy,
about half way out from the
centre.
Scientists believe that 90% of our galaxy’s mass consists of dark matter, which
gives it a mysterious halo. That means that all of the “luminous matter” – i.e. that
which we can see with the naked eye or a telescopes – makes up less than 10% of
the mass of the Milky Way.
MILKY WAY FACTS
• The Milky Way galaxy is
whirling rapidly, spinning our
sun and all its other stars at
around 100 million km per
hour.
• The Sun travels around the
galaxy once every 200
million years – a journey of
100,000 light years.
• There may be a huge black
hole in the very middle of the
most of the galaxies.
MILKY WAY FACTS
 The Milky Way is shaped like a huge whirlpool
that rotates once every 200 million years.
 It is made up of at least 100 billion stars, as
well as dust and gas.
 It is so big that light takes 100 000 years to
cross from one side to the other.
 The centre of the Galaxy is very hard to see
because clouds of gas and dust block our view.
 Scientists think that it contains a supermassive
black hole that swallows anything passing too
close.
LOCAL GALACTIC GROUP
• The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes
the Milky Way. It comprises more than 54 galaxies,
most of them being dwarf galaxies. Its gravitational
center is located somewhere between the Milky
Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
• The group is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster
or the Local Supercluster. At least 100 galaxy
groups and clusters are located within its diameter
of 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). It is
one of millions of superclusters in the observable
universe.
HOW FAST IS THE MILKY WAY
GALAXY MOVING?
The speed turns out to be an astounding 1.3 million
miles per hour (2.1 million km/hr)! We are moving
roughly in the direction on the sky that is defined by
the constellations of Leo and Virgo. Astronomers
believe that there is a huge concentration of matter in
this direction. Some people call it The Great Attractor,
although we now know that the pull is probably not
due to one group of galaxies but many. Still the extra
gravity in this direction pulls the Milky Way (and many
neighbor galaxies) in that direction.
RESOURCES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUbG8jboh4M
http://www.skymaps.com/downloads.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac9Cr6bf-mg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE8yHySiJ4A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwSQVSlccCg
http://messier.seds.org/m/m031.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects