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Scientific Process and Reasoning
Volume in ml
Bar Graph
COMPARES
8th Grade Science
STAAR Review Guide
Mass in grams
Line Graph
Change
Pie Chart
Percentages
Read the entire question
Underline the question they are
asking
Models
Representation
that cannot always
show size and distance
Look for and circle key words
Explain all the answer choices
Select the answer
All matter is made of atoms.
Notes
Live in the Nucleus
Protons (+) Positive
Neutrons (no charge)
Make up Atomic Mass
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Live in Energy Shells
Mass
Electrons (-) Negative
- Atomic Number
Atomic Number
= Neutrons
Protons
Electrons
Are the same number
Protons identify the element
This element is CARBON
Carbon = Organic
Balance This Equation
Carbon has 6 protons
N2 + H2

NH3
Carbon has 6 electrons
Carbon’s atomic # is 6
Carbon has 6 neutrons
Carbons mass (12) minus atomic # (6) = 6 neutrons
Carbon has 2 shells (2nd row of Periodic Table)
Carbon has 4 valence electrons (Group 14 Column)
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Notes
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Elements make up all things
Up and Down- Act Alike
Valence Electrons
Metals
Transition Metals
Non-Metals
Most Reactive ------------------------------Least Reactive
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1 element = ATOM (H)
2 of an element (H2) = Molecule
2 different elements = Molecule/Compound
(H2O)
Physical Change- Can be undone
Chemical Change- Cannot be undone (Color,
Gas, Light, Odor, Temperature, Precipitate)
Chemical Formula- Tells how many atoms (H2O =
3 atoms). Is like a recipe.
Subscript- tells how many atoms and cannot be
changed
Coefficient tells how many molecules
When balancing an equation- never change the
subscript.
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Force, Motion and Energy
Motion- change in position
Force = Mass X Acceleration
Potential Energy- Stored Energy
Kinetic Energy- Energy in motion
Balanced force = NO motion
Unbalanced force = MOTION
Types of Energy Transfer
Work = Force X Distance
The force and the distance
must go in the same
direction.
No movement = No work
Ramps make work easier.
Ramps do not change
the amount of work
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Newton’s 1st Law- A object at rest/motion will
stay that way unless acted on by an unbalanced
force.
F
Newton’s 2nd Law- F = M*A
M
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A
Newton’s 3rd Law- For every action, there is an
Equal and OPPOSITE reaction.
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Cells and Organisms
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Force, Motion and Energy
Speed = Distance / Time
Velocity= Requires
SPEED and DIRECTION
Acceleration= ANY change in
S
speed or direction
D
T
The car travels 50 kilometers in 1 hour- SPEED
The car travels EAST at 50 km/hour- VELOCITY
The car slows down and or turns- Acceleration
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Biotic factors are alive
Abiotic factors are not alive
All plants are PRODUCERS
All animals are consumers
The hunter is the predator
The hunted in the prey
Parasites live off of hosts
Biodiversity means many types of organisms in an
environment. Biodiversity is required for an ecosystem
to survive.
Only 10% of an organisms energy is transferred up the
food chain (pyramid)
Sexual reproduction = Greater biodiversity
Asexual reproduction = NO diversity
Selective breeding = Breeding for best traits
FORCE
A push or pull on an object
Forces act in pairs.
Types of Force:
Gravity
Electric
Magnetic
Friction
Air Resistance
SPEED and Velocity
Tell how fast
Acceleration
Shows change
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Earth and Space
Rotation - Day and night
Revolution- Seasons/ year
Cells and Organisms
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Moon has a 28 day cycle
Moon reflects suns light
Gravitaional pull of moon and sun cause tides.
NEAP = WEAK
SPRING = STRONG
Light on right =
bright (Waxing)
Light on left=
waning
Tides occur between
the tidal bulges
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Cells are made of
organelles
Organisms form
populations
Populations form
communities
Communities form
ecosystems
Ecosystems form biomes
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
GENotype = GENes passed from each parent
PHenotype = PHysical appearance of traits
HOMOzygous =
2 of the same alleles for a trait
HETEROzygous =
2 different alleles for a trait
Human Body Functions
Universe, Stars and Galaxies
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We live in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way
Our solar system is on the edge of the Orion arm
Stars are balls of hot gas and dust
The sun is our closest star & is a medium size star on the
Main Sequence
Stars begin and end as nebulae
Star Cycle- Main Sequence, Red Giant, Planetary
Nebulae, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf
Light year is a measure of DISTANCE
Colors and elements are defined by the electromagnetic
spectrum.
 Gravity is the
controlling factor in
the universe
Earth
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Oceans, Water and Weather
Convergent- Come together (Trench, Mountain Range)
Divergent- Separate (Volcanic Islands)
Transform- Slide (Earthquake)
Chemical Weathering- Changes chemical composition
Mechanical Weathering- Changes size and shape
Continental Drift says plates are always in motion
Pangaea- 1 supercontinent
Uneven heating by the sun causes
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Connected line = Contour line and shows elevation
Distance between 2 lines = Interval
Lines close together = Steep slope
Lines far apart = Gentle slope
 Convection currents in air
 Convection currents in water
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 Convection currents cause weather patterns
 Heat moves from high to low concentration areas
 Low pressure = Stormy weather
 High pressure = Nice weather
 Run- off water carries pollution across the water shed
into water supplies. That evaporation can cause acid
rain.
 Human activities and natural disasters can affect all
Earth systems