Download Biology EOC One Page Quick Review Prokaryote – a unicellular

Biology EOC One Page Quick Review
Prokaryote – a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus Eukaryote – any organism with
a nucleus in its cells
Mitosis – the process of cell division of body cells Meiosis – the process of cell division
that results in gametes Gametes –reproductive cells
Cell differentiation - a process that occurs in which cells and tissues become specialized
Nucleotide – phosphate , sugar, base subunit of DNA, RNA
Nitrogen bases – A, T, C, G, sequence of these determine amino acids that make
proteins that give organisms traits
Transcription – process of making mRNA from DNA strand, occurs in the nucleus
Translation – process of turning mRNA code into a specific protein, happens at ribosome
Codon – three letter code for amino acid
Genome – full sequence of an individual’s DNA
Genetic drift – changes in the DNA makeup of a population due to random chance
Endosymbiotic theory – states that eukaryotes orginated from prokaryotes living inside
other prokaryotic cells, forming mitochondria and chloroplasts
Archae – microorganisms that live in extreme environments
Biomolecules – a molecule that is important for life, contain C, H, O made of subunits
Carbohydrates – provide energy made of monosaccharides
Proteins – often an enzyme that speeds up a reaction made of amino acids
Lipids – stored energy and insulation made of fatty acids
Nucleic acids – carries genetic information made of nucleotides
ATP – compound used for energy in living things
Enzyme – protein that speeds up a reaction “ase”
Miller-Urey experiment – experiment showing that simple organic molecules could form
in the early conditions on earth.
Xylem – transports water in plants phloem – transports food in plants
Tropism – growth of plants in a particular direction due to environmental factors
Carbon cycle – a cycle that shows how carbon moves through the biosphere – includes
food chains, photosynthesis, fossil fuels, etc.
Nitrogen cycle – a cycle that shows how nitrogen moves through the biosphere –
includes nitrogen fixation and various reactions in the soil
Mitochondria – organelle found in plant and animal and other eukaryotic cells
responsible for energy conversions
Chloroplasts – organelle found in plant cells that does photosynthesis
Cell membrane – semipermeable membrane that only allows certain substances to pass
in and out of a cell
Ribosome – organelle that does protein synthesis – translation of mRNA to make
proteins
All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes. They do
not all have a nucleus with a nuclear membrane!
Levels of organization include:
atoms-molecules-compounds-cells-tissues-organs-systems-organism-populationscommunities-ecosystems-biomes-biosphere
Viruses – particles that affect living by reproducing in a host cell, destroying the cell
T-4 Helper white blood cells – destroyed by the HIV human immunodeficiency virus that
causes AIDS
Roots, Stems, leaves – tissues in a plant
Blood, muscle, bone – tissue in animals
Phenotype – the physical trait of an organism genotype – the alleles of an organism
(letters)
Homologous structures – similar structures in organisms evidence for evolution
Cellular respiration – process that breaks down glucose to make ATP
Polymer – long chain composed of repeating chemical subunits, proteins, DNA, starch