Download SG-Ch 16 Therapy

Chapter 16: Therapy 1
Treating Psychological Disorders
______________________ and that therapy takes a long
Objective 16-1: Discuss how psychotherapy, biomedical
time and is very ______________________ .
therapy, and an eclectic approach to therapy differ.
10. Therapists who are influenced by Freud's
1. Mental health therapies are classified as either
psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are
______________________ therapies or
______________________ therapists. In addition, they
______________________ therapies.
work with patients only ______________________ (how
2. Some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques
long?) and for only a few weeks or months. These
and so are said to take an ______________________
therapists focus on ______________________ across
approach.
important relationships.
11. A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has
The Psychological Therapies
Objective 16-2:Discuss the goals and techniques of
psychoanalysis, and describe how they have been adapted
in psychodynamic therapy.
3. The goal of Freud's psychoanalysis, which is based on his
personality theory, is to help the patient gain
proven effective with ______________________ patients is
______________________ ______________________ .
12. While this approach aims to help people gain
______________________ into the roots of their
difficulties, it focuses on ______________________
______________________ rather than on past hurts.
______________________ .
4. Freud assumed that many psychological problems
originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that have been
______________________ .
5. Psychoanalysts attempt to bring
APPLICATIONS:
13. During a session with his psychoanalyst, Jamal hesitates
while describing a highly embarrassing thought. In the
psychoanalytic framework, this is an example of
a. transference.
______________________ feelings into
b. insight.
______________________ awareness where they can be
c. mental repression.
dealt with.
d. resistance.
6. Freud's technique in which a patient says whatever
14. During psychoanalysis, Jane has developed strong
comes to mind is called ______________________
feelings of hatred for her therapist. The analyst interprets
______________________ .
Jane's behavior in terms of a ______________________
7. When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful
of her feelings toward her father.
or embarrassing material, ______________________ is
a. projection
c. regression
occurring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst's
b. resistance
d. transference
______________________ of the meaning of such
omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed
during therapy sessions.
8. When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in
other important relationships, are developed toward the
therapist, ______________________ has occurred.
9. Today, psychoanalysis (is/is not) commonly practiced in
the United States. Critics point out that psychoanalysts'
interpretations are hard to ______________________
15. Ernesto is seeing a psychodynamic therapist. Unlike a
psychoanalyst, his therapist does not talk about
______________________ ,
______________________, and
______________________ , but rather about themes
across important ______________________ .
16. Isadora's psychoanalyst would be most likely to interpret
her fear of intimate relationships in terms of
______________________ ______________________.
2 Chapter 16: Therapy
Objective 16-3:Identify the basic themes of humanistic
Contrast the assumptions of the behavior therapies with
therapy, and describe the specific goals and techniques of
those of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies.
Rogers' client-centered approach.
17. Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their
potential for ______________________ . Like
psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies attempt to
reduce inner conflicts by providing clients with new
______________________ .
List several ways that humanistic therapy differs from
23. One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the
psychodynamic therapy.
principles of ______________________
______________________ , as developed in Pavlov's
experiments. This technique, in which a new, incompatible
response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called
______________________ .
Two examples of this technique are
18. The humanistic therapy based on Rogers' theory is
______________________ ______________________ and
called ______________________ -
______________________ ______________________ .
______________________ therapy, which is described as
24. The most widely used types of behavior therapies are
therapy because the therapist (interprets/ does not
the ______________________ ______________________
interpret) the person's problems.
developed by ______________________ . In systematic
19. To promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists
desensitization, he assumed that one cannot simultaneously
exhibit ______________________ ,
be ______________________ and relaxed.
______________________, and ______________________.
25. The first step in systematic desensitization is the
20. Rogers' technique of echoing, restating, and clarifying
construction of a ______________________ of anxiety-
what a person is saying is called ______________________
arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in
______________________ . Given a nonjudgmental
______________________ ______________________ . In
environment that provides ______________________
the final step, the person is trained to associate the
______________________ ______________________,
______________________ state with the
patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and
______________________-arousing stimuli.
to feel valued and whole.
26. For those who are unable to visually imagine an
21. Three tips for listening more actively in your own
anxiety-arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to
relationships are to ______________________ ,
do so,
______________________ ______________________ ,
________________
and ______________________ ______________________.
________________
Objective 16-4:Explain how the basic assumption of
________________
behavior therapy differs from those of psychodynamic and
therapy offers a promising alternative.
humanistic therapies, and describe the techniques used in
27. In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to
exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
substitute a (positive/ negative) response for one that is
22. Behavior therapy applies principles of
currently (positive/negative) to a harmful stimulus. In this
______________________ to eliminate troubling behaviors.
technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become
Chapter 16: Therapy 3
associated with ______________________ feelings. In the
State some responses of proponents of behavior
long run, aversive conditioning (does/ does not) work.
modification.
APPLICATIONS:
28. To help Sam quit smoking, his therapist blew a blast of
smoke into Sam's face each time Sam inhaled. Which
technique is the therapist using?
a. exposure therapy
b. behavior modification
c. systematic desensitization
d. aversive conditioning
29. To help him overcome his fear of flying, Duane's therapist
has him construct a hierarchy of anxiety-triggering stimuli
and then learn to associate each with a state of deep
relaxation. Duane's therapist is using the technique called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. aversive conditioning.
c. transference.
d. free association.
STUDY TIP: Each type of behavior therapy discussed is
derived from principles of either classical conditioning or
operant conditioning. Recall from Chapter 6 that classical
conditioning is based on the formation of a learned
association between two stimulus situations or events.
Operant conditioning is based on the use of reinforcement and
punishment to modify Several problem behaviors are
described in the chart below. Test your understanding of
behavior therapy by completing the chart and explaining how
you would treat the problem behavior using one of the
behavior therapies. Be sure to identify any reinforcers,
conditioned stimuli, and unconditioned stimuli that you would
Objective 16-5:State the main premise of therapy based on
use. The first example is completed for you. (next page)
operant conditioning principles, and describe the views of
proponents and critics.
Objective 16-6: Discuss the goals and techniques of
30. Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding
cognitive therapy and of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of
33. Therapists who teach people new, more constructive
______________________ ______________________ .
ways of thinking are using ______________________
31. Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its
therapy. One such therapy, created by
consequences are based on principles of
______________________ and called
______________________ conditioning. One application of
______________________ - ______________________
this form of therapy to institutional settings is the
therapy, vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-
______________________ ______________________ , in
defeating attitudes.
which desired behaviors are rewarded.
34. One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the
State two criticisms of behavior modification.
______________________ beliefs often associated with
______________________ by helping clients see their
irrationalities. This therapy was developed by
______________________ .
35. Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful
situations is the goal of ______________________
______________________ training. Students trained to
______________________ their negative thoughts are less
4 Chapter 16: Therapy
likely to experience future depression.
Rachel, who is a behavior therapist, Ben is more likely to
36. An integrative therapy that combines an attack on
a. base his therapy on principles of operant
negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is known
conditioning.
as ______________________-______________________
b. base his therapy on principles of classical
therapy.
conditioning.
37. This type of therapy is an effective treatment program
for anxiety and mood disorders, because they share a
common problem: ______________________
______________________ .
c. address clients' attitudes as well as behaviors.
d. focus on clients' unconscious urges.
43. A patient in a hospital receives poker chips for making her
bed, being punctual at meal times, and maintaining her
physical appearance. The poker chips can be exchanged
for privileges, such as television viewing, snacks, and
APPLICATIONS (review of all psychotherapies):
38. Given that Don Carlo's therapist attempts to help him by
offering genuineness, acceptance, and empathy, she is
probably practicing ______________________ therapy.
39. To help Sam lose weight by eating fewer sweets, his
magazines. This is an example of the
a. psychodynamic therapy technique called
systematic desensitization.
b. behavior therapy technique called token economy.
c. cognitive therapy technique called token economy.
therapist laced a batch of cookies with a nausea-
d. humanistic therapy technique called systematic
producing drug. Which technique is the therapist using?
desensitization.
______________________ ______________________
40. B.J.'s therapist interprets her psychological problems in
44. After Darnel dropped a pass in an important football
game, he became depressed and vowed to quit the team
terms of repressed impulses. Which type(s) of therapy is
because of his athletic incompetence. The campus
she using? ______________________
psychologist used gentle questioning to reveal to Darnel
41. Leota is startled when her therapist says that she needs to
that his thinking was irrational: his "incompetence" had
focus on eliminating her problem behavior rather than
earned him an athletic scholarship. The psychologist's
gaining insight into its underlying cause. Most likely,
response was most typical of a _ therapist.
Leota has consulted a ___________________ therapist.
a. behavior
a. behavior
c. cognitive
b. psychodynamic
b. humanistic
d. psychoanalytic
c. client-centered
42. Ben is a cognitive-behavioral therapist. Compared with
d. cognitive
Chapter 16: Therapy 5
Objective 16-7:Discuss the aims and benefits of group and
______________________ groups. One such group is
family therapy.
______________________ ______________________ .
List several advantages of group therapy.
STUDY TIP/APPLICATION: To organize your thinking about
the modern psychological therapies discussed in this chapter,
complete the chart on the next page. For each category of
therapy, state the assumed underlying cause of psychological
disorders, the overall goal of therapy, and the role of the
therapist. To help you get started, the first example is already
filled in .
45. Although ______________________ therapy does not
provide the same degree of therapist involvement with each
client, it does save time and money and permits therapeutic
benefits from ______________________ interaction.
46. The type of group interaction that focuses on the fact
that we live and grow in relation to others is
______________________ ______________________ .
47. In this type of group, therapists focus on improving
______________________ within the family.
48. Many people also participate in
______________________- ______________________ and
6 Chapter 16: Therapy
Evaluating Psychotherapies
57. A statistical technique that makes it possible to combine
Objective 16-8: Discuss whether psychotherapy works as
the results of many different psychotherapy outcome
interpreted by clients, clinicians, and outcome research.
studies is called ______________________ . Overall, the
50. A majority of psychotherapy clients express
results of such analyses indicate that psychotherapy
(satisfaction/ dissatisfaction) with their therapy.
is(somewhat effective/ ineffective).
Give three reasons that client testimonials are not
Objective 16-9: Describe which psychotherapies are most
persuasive evidence for psychotherapy's effectiveness.
effective for specific disorders.
51. Clinicians tend to (overestimate/underestimate) the
58. Comparisons of the effectiveness of different forms of
effectiveness of psychotherapy.
therapy reveal (clear/no clear) differences, that the type of
52. One reason clinicians' perceptions of the effectiveness of
therapy provider (matters greatly / does not matter), and
psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering
that whether therapy is provided by an individual therapist
therapy by emphasizing their ______________________
or within a group (makes a difference/ does not make a
and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their
difference).
______________________ .
59. Some forms of therapy are best for particular problems,
53. (Thinking Critically) Clients' and therapists'
though there is often an overlapping or
perceptions of therapy's effectiveness may be inflated by
______________________ —of disorders. With phobias,
their ______________________ that a treatment works.
compulsions, and other specific behavior problems,
This phenomenon is called the ______________________
______________________ ______________________
______________________ .
therapies have been the most effective. Other studies have
Another phenomenon that may inflate their perceptions of
demonstrated that anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder,
therapy's effectiveness is the phenomenon called
and depression may be effectively treated with
______________________ ______________________
______________________ or ______________________ -
______________________ ______________________ ,
______________________ therapy.
which is the tendency for ______________________ events
60. As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with
or emotions to return to their ______________________
problems that are (specific/nonspecific).
state.
61. Clinical decision making that integrates research with
54. In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's
clinical expertise and patient preferences and characteristics
effectiveness, psychologists have turned to
is called ______________________-
______________________ research studies.
______________________ ______________________ .
55. The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy
began with a study by ______________________ ; it
APPLICATION:
showed that the rate of improvement for those who
62. Your best friend Armand wants to know which type of
received therapy (was/was not) higher than the rate for
those who did not.
56. In the best studies of the effectiveness of therapy,
researchers randomly assign people on a waiting list to
therapy or no therapy and later evaluate everyone. These
are ______________________ ______________________
trials.
therapy works best. You should tell him that
a. psychotherapy does not work.
b. behavior therapy is the most effective.
c. cognitive therapy is the most effective.
d. no one type of therapy is consistently the most
successful.
Chapter 16: Therapy 7
Objective 16-10: Discuss how alternative therapies fare
c. "You'd be better off with a prescription for lithium."
under scientific scrutiny.
d. "It might be worth a try. There is some evidence
63. Today, many forms of ______________________
that morning light exposure produces relief."
______________________ are touted as effective
treatments for a variety of complaints.
Objective 16-11:Describe the three elements shared by all
64. Aside from testimonials, there is very little evidence
forms of psychotherapy.
based on ______________________ research for such
68. All forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits:
therapies.
______________________ for demoralized people; a new
65. In one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers
______________________ on oneself; and a relationship
eye movements in patients while they imagine
that is ______________________ ,
______________________ ______________________ .
______________________ , and ______________________.
This therapy, called ______________________
69. The emotional bond between therapist and client—the
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________—is
______________________ ______________________, has
a key aspect of effective therapy. In one study of depression
proven (completely ineffective/ somewhat effective) as a
treatment, the most effective therapists were those who
treatment for nonmilitary ______________________-
were perceived as most ______________________ and
______________________ ______________________
______________________ .
______________________ . However, skeptics point to
Objective 16-12:Discuss how culture, gender, and values
evidence that ______________________
influence the therapist-client relationship.
______________________ is just as effective as triggered
70. Generally speaking, psychotherapists' personal values
eye movements in producing beneficial results. The key
(do/ do not) influence their therapy. This is particularly
seems to be in the person's ______________________
significant when the therapist and client are from different
traumatic memories and in a ______________________
______________________ or are different
effect.
______________________ . Another area of potential value
66. For people who suffer from the wintertime form of
conflict is ______________________ .
depression called ______________________
71. In North America, Europe, and Australia, most
______________________ ______________________,
therapists reflect their culture's ______________________ .
timed ______________________
72. Differences in values may help explain the reluctance of
______________________ therapy may be beneficial.
some ______________________ populations to use mental
health services.
APPLICATION:
Objective 16-13: Identify some guidelines for selecting a
67. A close friend who for years has suffered from wintertime
therapist.
depression is seeking your advice regarding the
73. The American Psychological Association suggests that a
effectiveness of light exposure therapy. What should you
person should seek help when he or she has feelings of
tell your friend?
______________________ , a deep and lasting
a. "Don't waste your time and money. It doesn't
______________________ , ______________________ ,
work."
behavior, disruptive ______________________ , sudden
b. "A more effective treatment for seasonal affective
______________________ shifts, and
disorder is eye movement desensitization and
______________________ rituals, for example.
reprocessing."
8 Chapter 16: Therapy
APPLICATION:
81. Xanax and Ativan are classified as
74. Seth enters therapy to talk about some issues that have
______________________ drugs.
been upsetting him. The therapist prescribes some
82. These drugs depress activity in the
medication to help him. The therapist is most likely a
______________________ ______________________
a. clinical psychologist.
______________________ .
b. psychiatrist.
83. When used in combination with
c. psychiatric social worker.
d. clinical social worker.
The Biomedical Therapies
______________________ ______________________
these drugs can help people cope with frightening
situations.
84. Antianxiety drugs have been criticized for merely
Objective 16-14: Identify and describe the drug therapies,
reducing ______________________ , rather than resolving
and explain how double-blind studies help researchers
underlying ______________________ . These drugs can
evaluate a drug's effectiveness.
also cause ______________________
75. As noted earlier, therapy involving changing the brain's
______________________ .
functioning is referred to as ______________________
85. Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are
therapy. The most widely used biomedical treatments are
called ______________________ drugs. They are
the ______________________ therapies. Thanks to these
increasingly being used to treat ______________________
therapies, the number of residents in mental hospitals has
disorders such as ______________________-
(increased/decreased) sharply.
______________________ disorder. These drugs work by
76. The field that studies the effects of drugs on the mind
increasing levels of the neurotransmitters
and behavior is ______________________ .
______________________ or ______________________ .
77. To guard against the ______________________ effect
86. One example of this type of drug is
and normal ______________________ , neither the patients
______________________ , which works by blocking the
nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which
reabsorption and removal of ______________________
condition a given individual is in; this is called a
from synapses and is therefore called a
______________________-______________________
______________________ - ______________________ -
procedure.
______________________ - ______________________
78. One effect of drugs such as is to help those experiencing
drug. Increased serotonin promotes
(positive/negative) symptoms of schizophrenia by
______________________ , the development of new brain
decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.
cells. Drugs that work by blocking the reabsorption or
Schizophrenia patients who are apathetic and withdrawn
may be more effectively treated with atypical antipsychotics
such as ______________________ .
79. The antipsychotic drugs work by blocking the receptor
sites for the neurotransmitter ______________________ .
80. Long-term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce
______________________ ______________________
which involves involuntary movements of the muscles of
the ______________________ , ______________________,
and ______________________ .
breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin are called
______________________ - ______________________
drugs. These drugs have (more/fewer) side effects.
Chapter 16: Therapy 9
87. Also effective in calming anxious people and energizing
a. antipsychotic
depressed people is ______________________ , which has
b. mood-stabilizing
positive side effects. Even better is to use antidepressant
c. antidepressant
drugs, which work (bottom-up / top-down), in conjunction
d. anticonvulsive
with ______________________ ______________________ therapy, which works (bottom-
94. A psychiatrist has diagnosed a patient as having bipolar
disorder. It is likely that she will prescribe
a. an antipsychotic drug.
up / top-down).
b. lithium.
88. Although people with depression often improve after
c. an antianxiety drug.
one month on antidepressants, studies demonstrate that a
d. a drug that blocks receptor sites for serotonin.
large percentage of the effectiveness is due to
______________________ ______________________ or a
______________________ ______________________ .
89. To treat the emotional highs and lows of
______________________ disorder, a
______________________ - ______________________
drug such as the simple salt ______________________ is
often prescribed.
90. Another effective drug in the control of mania was
originally used to treat epilepsy; it is
______________________ .
Objective 16-15: Describe the use of brain stimulation
techniques and psychosurgery in treating specific disorders.
95. The therapeutic technique in which the patient receives
an electric shock to the brain is referred to as
______________________ therapy, abbreviated as
______________________
96. ECT is most often used with patients suffering from
severe ______________________ . Research evidence
(confirms/does not confirm) ECT's effectiveness with such
patients.
97. The mechanism by which ECT works is
______________________ .
APPLICATIONS:
91. In an experiment testing the effects of a new antipsychotic
drug, neither Dr. Cunningham nor her patients know
whether the patients are in the experimental or the control
group. This is an example of
98. A gentler procedure called ______________________
______________________ ______________________
______________________ aims to treat depression by
presenting pulses through a magnetic coil held close to a
a. outcome research.
person's skull above the right eyebrow. Unlike ECT, this
b. within-subjects research.
procedure produces no ______________________ .
c. the double-blind procedure.
______________________ loss, or other side effects.
d. the single-blind procedure.
Although how it works is unclear, one explanation is that it
92. Linda's doctor prescribes medication that blocks the
energizes the brain's left ______________________
activity of dopamine in her nervous system. Evidently,
______________________ , which is relatively inactive in
Linda is being treated with an ______________________
depressed patients.
drug.
99. Another treatment being investigated for treatment of
a. antipsychotic
c. antidepressant
patients with depression is ______________________ -
b. antianxiety
d. anticonvulsive
______________________ stimulation of a neural hub that
93. Abraham's doctor prescribes medication that increases
the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin in his
nervous system. Evidently, Abraham is being treated with
an ______________________ drug.
bridges the frontal lobes to the limbic system.
100. The biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain
tissue is removed or destroyed is called
10 Chapter 16: Therapy
______________________ .
107. Psychotherapies and biomedical therapies locate the
101. In the 1930s, Moniz developed an operation called the
cause of psychological disorders within the
______________________ . In this procedure, the
______________________ . An alternative viewpoint is that
______________________ lobe of the brain is disconnected
many psychological disorders are responses to ___________
from the rest of the brain.
_________________________________________________
102. Today, most psychosurgery has been replaced by the
108. According to this viewpoint, it is not just the
use of ______________________ or some other form of
______________________ who needs treatment but also
treatment.
the person's ______________________
______________________ .
APPLICATION:
109. One advocate of ______________________ mental
103. In concluding her talk titled "Psychosurgery Today,"
health, George Albee, believes that many social stresses
Ashley states that
undermine people's sense of ______________________ ,
a. "Psychosurgery is still widely used throughout the
______________________ , ______________________ ,
world."
and ______________________ . These stresses include
b. "Electroconvulsive therapy is the only remaining
______________________ , work that is
psychosurgical technique that is widely practiced."
c. "With advances in psychopharmacology,
psychosurgery has largely been abandoned."
d. "Although lobotomies remain popular, other
psychosurgical techniques have been abandoned."
Objective 16-16: Describe how, by taking care of
themselves with a healthy lifestyle, people might find some
______________________ , constant
______________________ , ______________________ ,
______________________ , and ______________________.
110. Albee's views remind us that disorders are not just
biological and not just environmental or psychological
because we are all an ______________________
______________________ system.
relief from depression, and explain how this reflects our
being biopsychosocial systems.
104. A recent approach to therapy promotes
______________________ ______________________
change, which includes regular aerobic exercise, adequate
sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination,
APPLICATION:
111. A psychotherapist who believes that the best way to
treat psychological disorders is to prevent them from
developing would be MOST likely to view disordered
behavior as
a. maladaptive thoughts and actions.
and nutritional supplementation.
b. expressions of unconscious conflicts.
105. The relative success of this ______________________
c. conditioned responses.
approach seems to confirm that everything psychological is
d. an understandable response to stressful social
also biological and that we are all social creatures.
conditions.
Preventing Psychological Disorders
Objective 16-17: Explain the rationale of preventive mental
health programs.
106. Lifestyle changes may also help prevent some
disorders by building an individual's
______________________ .