Download The Enlightenment and American Democracy

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STANDARD 11.1.1
The Enlightenment and
American Democracy
Specific Objective: Describe the Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas as
the context in which the nation was founded.
Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Enlightenment Ideas
• An intellectual movement that spread from Europe to the Americas
• Influenced the thinking of leaders of the American Revolution
• Core beliefs:
• Truth can be discovered through reason.
• What is natural is also good and reasonable.
• People can find happiness in this life.
• Society and humankind can progress and improve.
• People’s liberty should be protected by the law.
Enlightenment Philosophers
• John Locke, an English philosopher, expressed the idea that people are born
with “natural” rights. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property.
According to Locke, people have the right to change or overthrow a government
that does not protect their “natural” rights.
• Baron de Montesquieu, a French writer and philosopher, argued for separation of
powers within the government. In his view, each branch of government should serve
as a check on the other branches’ power.
• Jean Jacques Rousseau, another French philosopher, believed in the natural
goodness of people and in individual freedom. He argued that government should
be formed and guided by the “general will” of the people.
• Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, an Italian philosopher, promoted new ideas about the
justice system. He argued that people accused of crimes had certain rights, and he
advocated abolishing torture. His ideas were based on the belief that governments
should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Effects of the Enlightenment
• Enlightenment ideas encouraged people to use observation to make new
discoveries, rely on reason, and question traditional authority.
• The principles of the Enlightenment led many American colonists to challenge the
authority of the British monarchy.
• When Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he drew on the
ideas of John Locke. The Declaration of Independence states that all men have the
right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
• Many ideas in the Constitution are based on the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.
CSS Specific Objective 11.1.1: Review 19
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STANDARD 11.1.2
The Origins of the
American Political System
Specific Objective: Analyze the ideological origins of the American Revolution, including
the Founding Fathers’ philosophy of unalienable natural rights, the debates on the drafting
and ratification of the Constitution, and the addition of the Bill of Rights.
Read the summary and charts to answer questions on the next page.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Ideas Behind the American Revolution
In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew on the writings of John
Locke. Locke was a British philosopher who said that if government became tyrannical
people should resist it.
Locke’s Ideas
People are born with natural rights of life, liberty and
property.
Ideas in the Declaration of Independence
American colonists had unalienable rights that
the king could not take away. These rights are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Government has power by the consent of the people.
People have the right to change or abolish a
government that does not protect their natural rights.
People have the right to “alter or abolish” a
government that threatens their unalienable rights.
Debates on Drafting the Constitution
At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, delegates from the states debated many issues
as they created a new form of government. The chart below summarizes these debates.
Key Issues
North versus South
Should slaves be counted as population for
determining congressional representation?
Resolution
The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed for three-fifths of a
state’s slaves to be counted as population.
Division of Powers
How should power be divided between the
states and the federal government?
The Constitution gives delegated powers, such as control
of foreign affairs, to the federal government. The states are
given reserved powers, such as supervising education.
Separation of Powers
How can the authority of the federal
government be limited?
The Constitution created three branches of government—
executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch limits the
power of the others in a system of checks and balances.
The Bill of Rights
At least nine states needed to ratify, or approve, the Constitution. Opponents, called
Antifederalists, argued that the Constitution lacked protection of individual rights.
Supporters, called Federalists, said that the Constitution gave only limited powers to
the national government. The Federalists finally promised to add a Bill of Rights to the
Constitution so that it would be ratified.
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It is a summary of
citizens’ rights and freedoms.
CSS Specific Objective 11.1.2: Review 21
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STANDARD 11.1.3
The History of
the Constitution
Specific Objective: Understand the history of the Constitution after 1787 with
emphasis on federal versus state authority and growing democratization.
Read the summary and charts to answer questions on the next page.
States’ Rights vs. Federal Authority The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
In matters that concern the nation as a whole, a strong central government composed of three
branches takes precedence over any individual state government. However, the Constitution reserves
certain powers for the states. Disagreements between states’ rights and federal authority led to conflicts
such as the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Event
Nullification Crisis
In 1832 South Carolina
moved to nullify, or declare
illegal, tariff laws passed by
Congress in 1828 and 1832.
South Carolina threatened
to secede if the tariffs were
enforced.
The Civil War (1861–1865)
After the election of Abraham
Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina
was the first state to secede
from Union.
Issue
Outcome
Vice President John C. Calhoun,
from South Carolina, developed
a nullification theory. He said
that a state had the right to
nullify a federal law within its
borders and to withdraw from
the Union if it were not allowed
to nullify a federal law.
President Andrew Jackson saw
South Carolina’s actions as a direct
challenge to the Constitution as
the supreme law of the land. He
threatened to use federal troops to
enforce the law.
Congress lowered tariffs, avoiding
confrontation.
Most Southerners saw the
conflict over slavery as a
struggle between the states’
rights of self-determination and
federal control. The Confederacy
declared that states’ rights took
precedence over the Union, the
Constitution, and federal laws.
Lincoln said states did not have the
right to secede. When Confederate
troops fired on Fort Sumter, a Union
fort in South Carolina, the Civil
War began. The Union victory four
years later led to the abolition of
slavery and the readmission of the
Confederate states to the Union.
Expansion of Democracy The Bill of Rights did not extend to all Americans. The
Constitution has been amended to allow more citizens to participate in the government.
Amendment
13th
14th
Date Ratified
1865
1868
15th
1870
19th
1920
24th
1964
26th
1971
Effects
• Abolished slavery throughout the United States
• Gave all citizens equal protection under the law
• Gave citizenship to those born or naturalized in the country
• No one may be prevented from voting due to “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude”
• Resulted in literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses to limit
voting rights of African Americans
• Gave women the right to vote
• Abolished poll tax
• Gave 18 year-olds the right to vote
CSS Specific Objective 11.1.3: Review 23
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STANDARD 11.1.4
Effects of the Civil War,
Reconstruction, and the
Industrial Revolution
Specific Objective: Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of
the Industrial Revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergence in the late
nineteenth century of the United States as a world power.
Read the chart to answer questions on the next page.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Event
Civil War and
Reconstruction
Industrial
Revolution
Effects
• The need for war supplies during the Civil War led to rapid growth of industry and
cities in the North.
• The Civil War destroyed the South’s economy. Because the war was fought mostly in
the South, its bridges, roads, and farmlands were destroyed. Property values declined,
personal and government debts increased, and the population suffered
devastating losses.
• New labor systems such as the contract system and sharecropping kept many former
slaves locked in a cycle of debt and poverty.
• Constitutional amendments and other laws abolished slavery and guaranteed basic
rights of former slaves. African Americans became educated and took part in state
and federal government.
• Southern states restricted African-American voting rights through literacy tests
and poll taxes. Grandfather clauses allowed many poor illiterate whites to vote but
discriminated against African Americans. The Supreme Court ruled that these laws
did not refer specifically to race and so did not violate the 15th Amendment.
• Jim Crow laws established segregation. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme
Court said that “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment.
Demographic Shift
• Both sides lost thousands of young men.
• African Americans moved from rural to urban South; in some cities, African
Americans became the majority. African Americans also moved to Northern cities and
to the West.
• The United States shifted from a mostly rural to an industrial society after the
Civil War.
• Railroad lines expanded. People, raw materials, farm produce, and finished products
could be moved quickly throughout the country.
Demographic Shift
• Mechanization of farming displaced many farm workers, especially
African Americans.
U.S. Emergence as a World Power
• In the late 19th century, U.S. industry made more products than American citizens
could consume. The United States looked abroad for raw materials for manufacturing
and new markets for selling U.S. goods. The need for foreign trade was a factor in the
growth of American imperialism.
CSS Specific Objective 11.1.4: Review 25
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STANDARD 11.3.1
Religion and
American Society
Specific Objective: Describe the contributions of various religious groups to
American civic principles and social reform movements.
Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.
Various religious groups have influenced American principles over the years. They have inspired
changes in the way people lived and in the laws of the United States.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Religion and the Founding of America
• Many groups came seeking freedom of religion—Puritans, Quakers, Catholics, Jews.
• Puritan New England established traditions of self-government, and family-centered
communities. Their belief that God rewarded hard work led to the Protestant work ethic that
focused on individual responsibility and blame for social conditions.
• Quaker Pennsylvania promoted religious tolerance, equality, and early opposition to slavery.
• The Great Awakening (1730s–1740s) used Christian revivals to encourage people to
question traditional authority, including that of the British monarchy.
1790s—Civil War
• Second Great Awakening—revivals that led to social reform and growth in church membership
• Individuals should seek salvation and improve themselves and society (linked to ideas of
Jacksonian democracy and belief in power of common people).
• Slaves in the South interpreted Christian teachings to include a promise of freedom.
• Free African Americans in the North formed their own churches, which provided schools and
other services.
• Beginning in the 1840s large numbers of Irish and German Catholics immigrants faced
religious prejudice. They eventually increased America’s religious diversity.
Reconstruction (1865–1877)
• Free African Americans in the South formed their own churches.
• African-American ministers were community leaders and churches became centers for support.
• Churches helped open the first public schools and universities for African Americans.
Progressive Movement (1890–1920)
• The Progressive movement included goals of protecting social welfare and promoting moral
improvement. Many Protestant churches supported work on these goals.
• The Social Gospel movement advocated labor reforms, social justice for the poor, and the
establishment of settlement houses.
• Protestant groups were supporters of the Prohibition movement in the early 1900s. The
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) became the largest women’s group in U.S.
history.
CSS Specific Objective 11.3.1: Review 45
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STANDARD 11.3.2
Religious Revivals in America
Specific Objective: Analyze the great religious revivals and the leaders involved in
them, including the Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening, the Civil War
revivals, the Social Gospel movement, the rise of Christian liberal theology in the
nineteenth century, the impact of the Second Vatican Council, and the rise of
Christian fundamentalism in current times.
Read the chart to answer the questions on the next page.
Religious Revival
First Great Awakening
1730s–1750s
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Second Great Awakening
c. 1790–1835
Leaders
• Jonathan Edwards, Puritan;
emotional sermons
• George Whitefield, British;
traveled in America
• Charles Grandison Finney
•
•
•
•
Key Ideas
Revival of personal commitment to
religion
Challenged traditional authority:
established churches, British leaders
People must improve themselves and
society
Huge increase in church membership
Prayer meetings and Bible reading
Affected both armies, in Virginia and
Tennessee
Civil War Revivals
Especially the Great
Revival,
Fall 1863–Summer 1864
• Abraham Lincoln
• Confederate Generals such
as Lee, Jackson, and Polk
•
•
Social Gospel Movement
1870–1920
• Washington Gladden,
Congregationalist
• Salvation through service to the poor
• Worked for labor reform
• Inspired the settlement house movement
and political reformers
Christian Liberal
Theology
Mid-19th century
• Horace Bushnell,
Congregational minister
• Less emphasis on the importance of
conversion
• Resisted theory of evolution
Second Vatican Council
1962–1965
• Pope John XXIII
• Pope Paul VI
• Renewal of the Roman Catholic Church
• Opened Catholics to closer ties with
other Christians; reached out to Jews
and Muslims
• Greater interest in social movements
Christian Fundamentalism
1970s–present
• Jerry Falwell, Moral
Majority
• Pat Robertson, 700 Club,
and Christian Coalition
• Roots in the early 20th century, opposed
theory of evolution
• Literal interpretation of the Bible
• Social conservatives on issues such as
abortion, homosexual rights,
and school prayer
CSS Specific Objective 11.3.2: Review 47
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STANDARD 11.3.3
Religious Intolerance
in America
Specific Objective: Cite incidences of religious intolerance in the United States.
Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
Intolerance toward Mormons
• Joseph Smith founded the Mormon religion in upstate New York in 1827.
• Mormons had some different beliefs from other Protestants. Their practice of
polygamy (having more than one wife) was especially troubling to their neighbors.
Protestants often threatened and attacked them.
• Mormons moved from New York to Ohio and then to Illinois to escape persecution.
• Their leader, Joseph Smith was killed in Illinois by an anti-Mormon mob.
• The group then followed Brigham Young and finally settled in Utah.
Intolerance toward Catholics
• Most of the early settlers in the American colonies were Protestants who opposed the
Roman Catholic Church.
• For many years, Protestants were afraid that Catholics would try to take over the
country and make the Roman Catholic Church the official religion.
• Millions of Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany entered the United
States between 1830 and 1860.
• People in cities opposed them because of their religion and because they were poor
and willing to work for low wages.
• Mobs in cities attacked and harassed Catholic immigrants.
• Catholic immigrants in the late 1800s and early 1900s had a similar experience.
Nativists favored Anglo-Saxons born in the United States and attacked Catholics and
other immigrants.
• The Prohibition movement was largely a Protestant movement. It especially targeted
Catholic immigrants for whom alcohol was a part of their social and business life.
Many German, Irish, and Italian immigrants lost their businesses that made or sold
alcoholic beverages.
Intolerance toward Jews
• Between 1870 and 1920, millions of Jews migrated to the United States from Eastern
Europe. Many were driven from their homes and villages because governments in
Russia and other countries supported attacks against them.
• When they arrived in the United States, they were often treated poorly for the same
reasons as other immigrants—they were poor and willing to work for low wages and
people feared their religion.
• Businesses, colleges, and social clubs often refused to admit Jews.
CSS Specific Objective 11.3.3: Review 49
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STANDARD 11.3.5
Freedom of Religion
Specific Objective: Describe the principles of religious liberty found in the
Establishment and Free Exercise clauses of the First Amendment, including the
debate on the issue of separation of church and state.
Read the summary to answer questions on the next page.
“Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . .”
—First Amendment to the Constitution, ratified 1791
Copyright © McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company
History
• Many colonists had come to America so they could practice their own religion
freely. Puritans came to New England to escape the requirements of the Church of
England. Huguenots (French Protestants) left France to escape laws and requirements of the Roman Catholic Church.
• The First Amendment was part of the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was added to
the Constitution to be sure citizens would be protected from a powerful central
government.
• In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the First Amendment builds “a wall of separation”
between church and government. Today, we refer to “the separation of church and
state.”
Establishment
• The Establishment clause means that the government cannot decide on a single
religion that everyone is required to follow.
• It has also come to mean that the government cannot support one type of religion
over another. For example, the government cannot allow one religion to use public
buildings and not allow another religion the same right.
Free Exercise
• The Free Exercise clause means that the government cannot prevent people from
worshipping or interfere with the way they choose to worship. For example, the
government cannot require religions to worship on one particular day or decide what
they can do during a service.
Conflicts Over Interpretations
• People disagree about how to interpret these clauses.
• In some cases, the United States has approved spending money that helps religious
schools. Other times, courts have prevented it.
• Public schools may not officially sponsor, promote, or require any prayers by
students. However, students may choose to pray on their own.
CSS Specific Objective 11.3.5: Review 53