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The Macroeconomy Macroeconomics is ... the study of the economy as a whole it deals with broad aggregates gg g butt uses the b th same style t l off thinking thi ki about economic issues as in microeconomics. 20.1 Some key issues in macroeconomics Inflation – Unemployment – the rate of change of the general price level a measure of the number of people looking for work,, but who are without jobs j Output – real gross national product (GNP) measures total income of an economy it is closely related to the economy's total output 20.2 More key issues in macroeconomics Economic growth – increases in real GNP GNP, an indication of the expansion of the economy’s total output Macroeconomic policy – a variety of policy measures used by the g government to affect the overall performance of the economy 20.3 Inflation in the UK, UK 1950-99 1950 99 30 25 15 10 5 19 90 19 70 0 19 50 % p.a. 20 Source: Economic Trends Annual Supplement, Labour Market Trends 20.4 Inflation in selected European countries Germany France Belgium EU Finland a d UK Spain Italy Portugal Greece 0 1 2 3 4 5 % change 1998 compared with 1997 20.5 Inflation in UK UK, USA and Germany 16 14 % p.a. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1960-73 1960 73 1973-81 1973 81 UK USA 1981-90 1981 90 1990-98 1990 98 Germany 20.6 U Unemployment l t iin the th UK, UK 1950-99 1950 99 14 12 8 6 4 2 19 90 19 70 0 19 50 % p.a. 10 Source: Economic Trends Annual Supplement, Labour Market Trends 20.7 Unemployment in selected European countries Germany France Belgium EU Finland a d UK Spain Italy Portugal Greece 0 5 10 15 20 % unemployment (ILO measure) 1998 20.8 Unemployment p y in UK, USA and Germany 10 % p.a. 8 6 4 2 0 1960-73 1960 73 1973-81 1973 81 UK USA 1981-90 1981 90 1990-98 1990 98 Germany 20.9 Economic growth g in UK, USA and Germany 5 % p.a. 4 3 2 1 0 1960-73 1960 73 1973-81 1973 81 UK USA 1981-90 1981 90 1990-98 1990 98 Germany 20.10 The circular flow of income,, expenditure and output I C S C+I Households Firms Y 20.11 Government in the circular flow I C+I+G C S G Households C + I + G - Te Te Government Firms B - Td Y + B - Td Y 20.12 Adding the foreign sector To incorporate the foreign sector into the circular flow we must recognize g that residents of a country will buy imports from abroad and d that th t domestic d ti firms fi will ill sell ll ((export) p ) goods g and services abroad. 20.13 GDP and GNP Gross domestic product (GDP) – measures the output produced by factors of production located in the domestic economy Gross national product (GNP) measures the total income earned by domestic citizens GNP = GDP + net income from abroad – 20.14 Three measures of national output E Expenditure dit – – Income – – the sum of expenditures in the economy Y=C+I+G+X-Z the sum of incomes paid for factor services wages, profits, etc. Output – the sum of output (value added) produced d d in i the th economy 20.15 National income accounting: a summary NYA G GNP (and GNI) at market prices I X-Z C NYA Deprec'n Indirect taxes GDP NNP at market at basic National prices prices income Profits,, rents Selfemployment Wages and salaries 20.16 What GNP does and does not measure Some care is needed: – – – to distinguish between real and nominal measurements t ttake to k accountt off population l ti changes h to remember that GNP is not a comprehensive measure of everything that contributes to economic welfare 20.17