Download Atomic Structure: SOL Review #1 Name: Historical Developments 1

Atomic Structure: SOL Review #1
Name: ____________________________________
Chapters 3, 4, 5, Nuclear Chemistry
Core Concept: Protons, Electrons, Neutrons, Ions, Isotopes, Atomic Number
Fringe Concepts:
Historical Developments of the Atom & Chemistry
Calculating Atomic Mass
Diatomic Elements
Half-Life
Electron Configuration
Periodic Table
Periodic Trends
Historical Developments
1) Democritus
2) Dalton
3) Thomson
4) Millikan
5) Rutherford
6) Bohr
7) Heisenberg
8) Mendeleev
9) Moseley
all things made of tiny particles
solid sphere model; Atomic Theory: all elements made of atoms, atoms of an element are identical
cathode ray tube; discovered electron; plum pudding model
oil drop; discovered mass and charge of electron
gold foil; discovered nucleus; the atom is mostly empty space
planetary model; (ex) flame test lab: electron goes from ground state to excited state
uncertainty principle; can’t know momentum & position of electron at same time
arranged periodic table by atomic mass
arranged periodic table by atomic number
Atomic Structure (see online activities for practice)
10)
What are similarities and differences between the three isotopes of lithium?
similar: same number of protons; both neutral (same number of electrons)
different: different numbers of neutrons gives them a different mass number
Calculating Atomic Mass
11) Magnesium has three isotopes. Magnesium-24 is 78.9% abundant, Magnesium-25 is 10.0% abundant, and
Magnesium-26 is 11.1% abundant. Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium. 24.322 amu
Half-Life
12) What is half-life? amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay
13) If carbon has a half-life of 5730 years, how
14) Radioactive iodine-131 has a half-life of eight
much of a 500 gram sample will be left after
days. How much of a 600.0 gram sample will
17190 years?
be left after 32 days?
62.5 g
37.5 g
15) What is radiation? An unstable nucleus decays
16) Identify the three forms of radiation: Alpha: helium nucleus
Beta: electron
Electron Configuration
17) Write the electron configuration of Sulfur 1s22s22p63s23p4
18) Write the electron configuration of Nitrogen in the ground state 1s22s22p3
19) Write the noble gas configuration of Calcium [Ar]4s2
20) Write the noble gas configuration of Chlorine [Ne]3s23p5
21) Write the electron configuration of the Na+1 ion 1s22s22p6
22) Write the electron configuration of the P-3 ion 1s22s22p63s23p6
23) What is the electron configuration of scandium (Sc) in Sc(NO3)3 1s22s22p63s23p6
Gamma: high energy wave
Orbital box diagram:
24) Oxygen: 1s22s22p4
25) Phosphorus: 1s22s22p63s23p3
26) How does the following orbital box diagram for Nitrogen violate Hund’s rule?
The electrons are not “singly before pairing.” Electrons repel each other, so
they do want not pair until there is no more “space” left in the sublevel.
Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
27) Which elements would have similar properties to Na?
Mg
K
Al
Li
28) What is a period on the periodic table? row
29) What are two other names for a column on the periodic table? group, family
30) What is electronegativity? An atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself within a covalent bond.
31) What is ionization energy? The energy required to remove an electron.
32) Rank from largest to smallest atomic radius: Ge, Br, Se, As
33) Rank from largest to smallest atomic radius: K, Rb, Li, Na
34) Rank from highest to lowest electronegativity: Si, S, P, Cl
Ge > As > Se > Br
Rb > K > Na > Li
Cl > S > P > Si
Chemical Reactions: SOL Review #2
Chapter 9
Core Concepts: Balancing Equations
Identify Type of Reaction
Fringe Concepts:
Counting Atoms (Subscripts)
Law of Conservation of Mass
35) What is the difference between the classification of the following reactions?
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2  2H2O + CaSO4
AND
Li2CO3 + Al(OH)3  LiOH + Al2(CO3)3
They are both double replacement reactions. However, the reaction on the left is a neutralization
reaction: Acid + Base  Water + Salt.
36) How many oxygen atoms are represented in each of the following?
(a) Ti2(SO4)3 12
(b) 3Al(OH)3 9
(c) 2Ca3(PO4)2 16
(d) 4Fe2O3 12
Balancing Equations
37) 2H2O  2H2 + O2
38) 3AgNO3 + AlCl3  3AgCl + Al(NO3)3
39) 2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
40) 3Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3  3CaSO4
+ 2Al(OH)3
41) Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + 2H2O
42) Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2
43) C2H4 + 3O2  2CO2 + 2H2O
44) 3Ca(NO3)2 + 2H3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO3
45) How many grams of product Z will be
formed if 12.0 g of W react with 10.0 g of
X to form 8.0 g of product Y in the
reaction shown? 14.0 g
W+XY+Z