Download neoplasia and neoplasia nomenclature

NEOPLASIA AND NEOPLASIA NOMENCLATURE
Learning Objectives
 At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
 Describe the definition of neoplasia.
 Describe the nomenclature of neoplasia.
Introduction
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Tumor – Swelling / new growth / mass
Two types of growth disorders:
Non-Neoplastic
Secondary / adaptation due to other cause.
Neoplastic.
Primary growth abnormality.
Non-Neoplastic Proliferation:
Controlled & Reversible
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Hypertrophy – Size
Hyperplasia – Number
Metaplasia – Change
Dysplasia – Disordered
Dysplasia
An abnormality in cell size, appearance, with or without a disorganized growth
pattern
Disordered growth
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Loss of uniformity
Loss of architecture
Pleomorphism
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Hyperchromasia
Abnormal located mitosis
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
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Neoplasm – (new growth) abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which
exceeds and is uncoordinated with the normal tissues and persists in the
same excessive manner even after cessation of stimulus which initially
evoked the change.
Neoplastic Proliferation
Uncontrolled & Irreversible
 Benign
 Localized, non-invasive.
 Malignant (Cancer)
 Spreading, Invasive.
Definition of neoplasia
 Neoplasia=neoplasm=tumor
 Abnormal mass of tissue, with uncontrolled (uncoordinated) growth of
genetically altered cells.
 Purposeless, autonomous, it grows without respect for the needs of the
host as a whole
Definitions
Tumor - a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling. Often synonymous for
neoplasm
Cancer - any malignant neoplasm or tumor
(Hippocrates- „crab”)
Oncology= oncos is tumor, logy is study Oncology= study of tumor
Metastasis - discontinuous spread of a malignant neoplasm to distant sites
Nomenclature
Nomenclature (1)
 Parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells
 Stroma: “supporting” connective tissue and blood vessels (desmoplasia,
scirrhous, medullar etc)
 Suffix “-oma”(fibroma, melanoma, carcinoma, sarcoma etc)
 Cancer: common term for all malignant tumor
 “Solid” tumor: tumor that does not derive from blood cells (leukemias are
not considered solid tumors because the cells do not usually form cohesive
masses with a vascular stroma)
Nomenclature
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Benign:
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One parenchymal cell type:
(1) mesenchymal: fibroma, lipoma, chondroma, myoma, haemangioma etc
(2) epithelial: papilloma, adenoma, naevus etc
– More than one cell type (mixed): fibroadenoma, pleomorphic
adenoma etc
– Teratogenous (more than one germ layer): mature teratoma, dermoid
cyst
(2) Adenoma
Origin: glandular epithelial cells
Type
① Typical adenoma
② Cystadenoma: having single or multiple cysts containing watery secretion.
Commonly in ovary
Ovary - Cytadenoma
Lipoma
Well circumscribed mass of yellowish fat
Fibroid uterus: (leiomyoma)
Nomenclature
Cell of origin + Suffix
(Oma, Carcinoma & Sarcoma)
 Fibroma - Fibrosarcoma
 Osteoma - Osteosarcoma
 Adenoma - Adencarcinoma
 Papilloma - Squamous cell carcinoma
 Chondroma – Chondrosarcoma
Choristoma: ectopic rest of normal tissue
Hamartoma: mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells or tissue native to
the particular site
2. Malignant epithelial tumors
(1) Squamous cell carcinoma
Origin: squamous cell
Morphology: grossly: cauliflower-like, polyp, mushroom-like, ulceration.
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS
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These arise anywhere there is a stratified squamous epithelium, either
healthy (skin, esophagus, mouth, many others) or metaplastic (endocervix,
bronchi).
* any (or even all) of the following:
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keratin (will stain orange-red on H&E)
pearls (i.e., whorls)
desmosomes ("intercellular bridges", "prickles")
tonofilaments (electron microscopy)
single-cell apoptosis
(2) Basal cell carcinoma
Origin: basal cells of skin
Features: locally invasive growth, almost never metastasizes.Commonly in face
of old.
(3) Transitional cell carcinoma
Origin: transitional cells
Features: exophytic, finger-like, commonly in bladder, renal pelvis.
(4) Adenocarcinoma
Origin: adenocytes
types:
① Typical adenocarcinoma
② Mucoid carcinoma or colloid
Signet-ring cell
③ Solid carcinoma: Poor differentiation , and the tumor cells arrange in solid
columns, or masses.
REFERENCES
 Robbin’s and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease.
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