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OLYMPUS
Pre-Visit Kit
THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE
Greek
Roman
• 700 BC – Homer writes
The Iliad and The Odyssey
• 1200 BC – Trojan Wars
• 776 BC – First Olympic Games held
• 1500 BC – A volcanic eruption in Thera causes the destruction of the Minoans
2000 BC
1500 BC
1000 BC
900 BC
• 753 BC – Rome founded
800 BC
700 BC
• 2000 BC – First major civilization in the area begins
• 750-700 BC – Votive figurines
from the Sanctuary of Zeus
• 1550 BC – The first Greek speakers are
the Mycenaeans on mainland Greece
Minoan Age (2000-1400 BC)
Mycenaean Age (1100-600 BC)
Named after the legendary King Minos, the Minoan
civilization existed on the island of Crete, south of
the Greek mainland. This Bronze Age civilization
experienced it cultural height from 2000-1400 BC.
Based in southern Greece, the Mycenean civilization
was marked by cultural achievement and wealth.
According to Homer, the Mycenaean civilization was
dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks
in the Trojan War. The Mycenaean culture collapsed
due to an unspecified violent conflict throughout the
Mediterranean region. Only Athens escaped complete
destruction.
All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin.
Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Franz Matsch.
The Triumph of Achilles (detail), 1892. Achilleion at Corfu; William-Adolphe
Bouguereau. Homer and His Guide (detail), 1874. Milwaukee Art Museum,
Layton Art Collection, Gift of Frederick Layton L1888.5. Photo: Larry Sanders;
Horse figurine, 750-725 BC. Bronze; Votive figurine, horse, from the sanctuary
of Zeus at Olympia, 650-600 BC. Bronze; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc.
Dark Age of Greece
Geometric Period (1100-700 BC)
The period between the fall of the Mycenean
civilizations and the readoption of writing. After the
Trojan Wars, the Mycenaeans went through a period of
civil war. No one knows why the Mycenean civilization
crumbled, but it is speculated that their fall was due to
a combination of northern invaders, internal dissent, or
uprising and rebellion.
OLYMPUS
Pre-Visit Kit
THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE
Greek
Roman
• 520-510 BC – Plate with Athena and an Owl
• 509 BC – Rome becomes a
republic ruled by senators
• 490-474 BC – Persian War
Athens and Sparta defeat
the Persians
600 BC
• 450 BC – Original for the copy of the
Head in the style of the Farnese Hera
• 447-432 BC – Parthenon built
500 BC
• 550-500 BC – Boeotian B-F Cantharos
• 450 BC – Rome enacts
the Twelve Tables of law
• 538 BC – First performance
of a tragedy in Athens
• 530 BC – Pythagoras proves the Pythagorean Theorem
• 508 BC – Democracy created in Athens (males only)
Archaic Period (700-480 BC)
Classical Period (480-323 BC)
The Archaic period saw advancements in political
theory, especially the beginnings of democracy, as well
as in culture and art. The knowledge and use of written
language lost in the Dark Ages was re-established.
In this period Athens reached its greatest political and cultural heights,
including democracy, theatre, and architecture.
All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Photographer Johannes
Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Attic red-figure plate with Athena, Oltos Painter, 520-510 BC.
Terracotta; Head in the style of “Hera Farnese” (detail), 1st century AD. Marble; Cesare Maccari.
Cicero Denounces Catiline, 1889. Palazzo Madama. Rome, Italy; Kylix with Poseidon and sea monsters,
Boeotian bowl/cup, c. 550-525 BC. Terracotta; Head of “Dresden Zeus”, 2nd century AD. Marble;
Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc.
• 440-420 BC – Prototype
for Head in the style of the
Dresden Zeus
• 431-404 BC –
Peloponnesian War
OLYMPUS
Pre-Visit Kit
THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE
Greek
Roman
• 334-324 BC – Alexander conquers territory to India
• 323 BC – Alexander the Great dies and his empire rapidly collapses
• 146 BC – Greece
becomes part of the
Roman Empire
• 310 BC – Aristarchos discovers that the universe is heliocentric
• 300 BC – Euclid writes the Elements of Geometry
400 BC
300 BC
• 388 BC – Plato founds the first university
• 312 BC – First aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, built
200 BC
• 150-50 BC –
Colossal statue
made in Egypt
• 400-300 BC – Plate of Fruits
Hellenistic Period (323-146 BC)
Greek civilization had a powerful influence on the
Roman Empire. Indeed, some modern scholars see the
Roman era as a continuation of the same civilization, which
they label Greco-Roman. The Roman conquest carried
many features of Greek civilization to far-flung parts of the
Mediterranean world and Western Europe. Through the
mediation of the Romans, therefore, Greek civilization
came to be the founding culture of Western civilization.
All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin.
Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Giuseppe Cades.
Alexander the Great Refuses to Take Water (detail), 1792. The State Hermitage
Museum; Offering plate with foods, 4th-3rd century BC. Terracotta; Foot of colossal
statue, 150-50 BC. Marble; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc.
OLYMPUS
Pre-Visit Kit
THE GRECO-ROMAN COLLECTIONS OF BERLIN
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN TIMELINE
Greek
Roman
• 70-100 AD – Head of a deity
• 80 AD – Colosseum built
• 48 BC – Julius Caesar becomes the first dictator of Rome
• 250 AD – Sarcophagus relief with
the abduction of Persephone
• 44 BC – Julius Caesar assassinated
100 BC
0
• 30 BC – Romans conquer all of Greece
100 AD
200 AD
• 122 AD – Hadrian Wall built by
Romans in northern England to
keep out “barbarians”
• 27 BC – Roman Empire begins when
Octavios appoints himself emperor
400 AD
• 306 AD – Constantine
becomes Emperor
and Rome becomes
a Christian empire
• 395 AD –
Rome splits
into two
empires, east
and west
Roman Greece (146 BC-393 AD)
Romans were impressed by the culture and beauty of the Greek cities. Roman
elites desired works of art that evoked Greek culture and to meet this demand,
Greek and Roman artists created marble and bronze copies of famous Greek
statues. Molds taken from the original sculptures were used to make plaster
casts that could be shipped to workshops anywhere in the Roman Empire,
where they were then replicated.
300 AD
• 150 AD – The ploughman
All works are from the Antikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin.
Photographer Johannes Laurentius, unless otherwise noted. Lionel Noel.
Vercingetorix Throws Down his Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar (detail), 1899. Musée
Crozatier; Head of a male deity (Zeus?) (detail), 70-100 AD. Marble; Sarcophagus
relief with the abduction of Proserpina, 3rd century AD. Marble; Group of ploughmn
with oxen, 2nd century AD. Marble; Illustrations © Doowah Design Inc.