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Phytotaxa 286 (4): 267–276
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Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press
Article
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.286.4.5
Magnolia chiguila and M. mashpi (Magnoliaceae): two new species and a new
subsection (Chocotalauma, sect. Talauma) from the Chocó biogeographic region of
Colombia and Ecuador
ÁLVARO. J. PÉREZ1, FRANK ARROYO2, DAVID A. NEILL3 & J. ANTONIO VÁZQUEZ-GARCÍA3,4
Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Herbario MOL, Universidad Agraria La Molina, Av. La Universidad s./n. La Molina, Lima, Perú
3
Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Paso lateral, km 2.5 vía a Napo, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
4
Sabatical Professor, Universidad de Guadalajara, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología,
Instituto de Botánica (Herbario IBUG), Las Agujas, Zapopan, km15, carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, Jalisco, México; E-mail:
[email protected], [email protected]
1
2
Abstract
We describe here two new species: Magnolia chiguila and M. mashpi and a new subsection, Magnolia subsect. Chocotalauma, sect. Talauma (Magnoliaceae). Magnolia chiguila is morphologically similar to M. calimaensis, but differs from the
latter in having larger and broadly elliptic leaves with larger number of lateral veins and larger flowers with more numerous
stamens and carpels. Magnolia mashpi is morphologically similar to M. striatifolia, but differs from the latter in having
wider and broadly elliptic to obovate leaves with strongly arched lateral veins that are bullate and abaxially pubescent, more
numerous stamens, carpels with a prominent apicule, longer sepals, larger outer and inner petals and glabrous peduncular
internodes. The new species are found in the Pacific lowlands of western Ecuador, and all species of the new subsection are
restricted to the Chocó biogeographic region of western Colombia and Ecuador. A key to the species of Magnolia subsects.
Chocotalauma and Dugandiodendron is provided.
Key Words: Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Magnolia, Chocó biogeographic region, Ecuador, Colombia
Despite numerous phylogenetic studies of Magnoliaceae Jussieu (1789: 280) in the past two decades, the classification
of Magnoliaceae remains controversial. For instance, the taxonomic recognition of the number of sections (0–11),
genera (1–13), subgenera (0–9) and subfamilies (1–2) is far from consensus (Figlar & Nooteboom 2004, Xia et
al. 2008); furthermore, it has been suggested that Liriodendron Linnaeus (1753: 535) should be accorded its own
family, Liriodendraceae Barkley (1975: 304), a lineage that diverged more than 100 million years ago from the rest of
Magnoliaceae (Romanov & Dilcher 2013). If we attempt to establish a taxonomic structure of a classification system
reflecting the phylogenetic relationships between groups, then the two recently proposed classification systems III and
IV (Kim & Suh 2013) could be far more appropriate, in which, excluding Liriodendraceae, only the genus Magnolia
Linnaeus (1753: 535) was recognized. However, we should expect phylogenetic next-generation approaches such as
comparing complete plastid genomes, among others, to clarify or confirm the phylogenetic relationships among groups
(Kim & Suh 2013). The plastid molecular and morphological evidence suggested that Magnolia sect. Talauma (Jussieu
1789: 281) Baillon (1866: 66), consisting exclusively of Neotropical species, is polyphyletic (Azuma et al. 2001, Li &
Conran 2003). In contrast, nuclear molecular data have indicated that sect. Talauma is monophyletic (Nie et al. 2008),
although it is clear that the morphological and geographical representativeness in any previous study of sect. Talauma
have not been appropriate, and, therefore, previous conclusions lack robustness.
Here, in agreement with Kim & Suh (2013) and Figlar & Nooteboom (2004), we consider Neotropical Magnoliaceae
to consist of a single genus, Magnolia with 155 species in three sections: 1) sect. Macrophylla Figlar & Nooteboom
(2004: 92) includes six species, three species in the tropics of Mexico and three in temperate areas of the southeastern
United States and northeastern Mexico; 2) sect. Magnolia includes 27 species, usually at middle elevations in the
mountains of Mexico and Central America and only two species of the southeastern United States, one of them also
occurring in Cuba; and 3) sect. Talauma comprises 128 species in three subsections, Cubenses Imkhanitskaya (1991:
60) with ten species in the Antillean mountains, Dugandiodendron (Lozano 1975: 33) Figlar & Noteboom (2004: 90)
Accepted by Mark Chase: 10 Oct. 2016; published: 5 Dec. 2016
267
with 24 species, mostly at middle elevations in the Andes and the Guiana Shield and Talauma with 94 species from
20° N in western and eastern Mexico and the Caribbean to 24º S beyond the Tropic of Capricorn in the Atlantic Forest
of Brazil, in tropical rainforests from near sea level to circa 2800 m (Vázquez-García et al. 2014).
Magnolia sect. Talauma subsect. Talauma, has circumscissile fruit dehiscence and stipules adnate to the petioles
and soon deciduous, leaving a scar of variable length depending on the species on both edges of the adaxial side
of petioles and converging apically; it includes exclusively Neotropical species and is the richest in species of all
subsections of Magnoliaceae. Since the remarkable work of Lozano-Contreras late in the last century (1975, 1983,
1994), in which he included 31 Neotropical species corresponding to subsect. Talauma, 20 newly described by that
author, the number of species has increased considerably, particularly in the last five years (from Mexico, Costa
Rica, Ecuador and Peru). Many of the newly described species are the result of establishing permanent monitoring
plots, increasing now to ca. 70 recognized species (Serna et al. 2009, Vázquez-García et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2012c,
2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d, 2014, Marcelo-Peña & Arroyo 2013, Arroyo & Pérez 2013, Arroyo et al. 2013, Arroyo
2014). This makes clear the need for further fieldwork for certain groups of Neotropical plants. Our understanding
of Magnoliaceae in the Neotropics has begun a new stage: a search for the rarest species in the most remote tropical
areas.
Magnolia sect. Talauma subsect. Dugandiodendron as we now define it comprises 21 species. They are
characterized by having a circumscissile dehiscence, stipules basically free from the petiole, thus without a stipular
scar on the adaxial side of petioles, and extended connectives of stamens becoming embedded within the gynoecium
and suspending the thecae once detached from its base during pollen shedding. Species of subsect Dugandiodendron
also have ellipsoidal fruits. This subsection is endemic to northwestern South America, ranging from the ancient tepuis
of the Guyana Shield to the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Lozano (1994) assigned to this subsection four
additional species from the Pacific coastal region of Colombia and Ecuador, all with the stipules free from the petiole, a
feature of subsect. Dugandiodendron; however, these four species differ from typical subsect. Dugandiodendron in the
absence of long staminal connective appendages, and they also possess globose fruits rather than the ellipsoidal fruits of
typical subsect. Dugandiodendron. In recognition of these morphological differences, we propose to establish subsect.
Chocotalauma to include these four species segregated from subsect. Dugandiodendron as well as two additional
species here described as new.
In cataloging Magnoliaceae for the flora of Ecuador, 23 species have been identified, four times more than those
known five years ago. Of these, 15 belong to subsect. Talauma: three from western Ecuador, M. canandeana Arroyo
(2013: 498), M. dixonii (Little 1969: 457) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 70) and M. mindoensis A.Vázquez et al. (ined.);
three from the highlands of the central portion of the Cordillera Oriental, M. llanganatensis Vázquez & Neill (2016:
597), M. sp. 1 and M. vargasiana Vázquez & Neill (2015: 27); six from Ecuadorian Amazonia, M. equatorialis Vázquez
(2012: 100), M. kichuana Vázquez, Arroyo & Pérez (2013: 501), M. sp. 2, M. neillii (Lozano 1994: 71) Frodin &
Govaerts (1996: 71), M. pastazaensis Arroyo & Pérez (2013: 4) and M. rimachii (Lozano 1994: 105) Frodin & Govaerts
(1996: 71); and three from the southern portion of the Eastern Cordillera (including the Cordillera del Cóndor), M.
arroyoana Molinari (2016: 200), M. palandana Arroyo (2013: 1) and M. zamorana Arroyo (2013: 507). Eight other
species belong to subsect. Dugandiodendron: five from the Cordillera del Cóndor, M. jaenensis Marcelo-Peña (2013:
107), M. bankardioruom Dillon & Sánchez-Vega (2009: 7), M. lozanoi Vázquez (2012: 114), M. shuariorum Arroyo
& Vázquez (2013: 505) and M. yantzazana Arroyo (2013: 5); and three from the Chocó region, M. striatifolia Little
(1969: 198), M. chiguila and M. mashpi, the last two species here described as new and the last three belonging to the
newly proposed subsection (Fig. 1).
One of the newly proposed species, M. chiguila, was first collected from Saguangal, Pichincha province in 1995.
Additional specimens examined at the QCA and QCNE herbaria with densely pubescent large leaves and without
stipular scars on the adaxial side of the petiole suggested that fieldwork was needed to improve understanding of
the taxa belonging to M. subsection Dugandiodendron and the newly proposed subsection Chocotalauma. Recently
(August 2013), the first two authors obtained sufficient fertile material including the unusually large fruits of “chiguila”.
The species did not match any of the known species of Magnolia and is here formally described (Table 1).
The other new species, M. mashpi, was first collected in the Mashpi Reserve in 2014. The lack of adaxial scar on
the petiole and the globose fruits helped us to recognize that it should be included in the newly proposed subsection
Chocotalauma. Its overall morphology suggested a close relationship with M. striatifolia. A detailed comparison of the
Mashpi populations and M. striatifolia highlighted several differences (Table 2).
268 • Phytotaxa 286 (4) © 2016 Magnolia Press
PÉREZ ET AL.
Figure 1. Distribution of Magnolia species in Ecuador.
Magnolia chiguila and M. mashpi
Phytotaxa 286 (4) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 269
Table 1. Differences between Magnolia chiguila and M. calimaensis.
Leaf shape
size (cm)
Petiole size (cm)
Carpel number
Number of stamens
Sepal length (cm)
Petals (cm)
Elevation (m)
M. chiguila
broadly elliptical to obovate
21–36 × 9–16
3.7–5.4 × 0.4–0.5
31–50
195–205
10.5 × 4.5 cm
10.5 × 4.0 cm
700–1200
M. calimaensis
elliptical
17.5–23 × 8.5–11.4
1.8 × 2.9
17–18
140–150
3.5 × 1.5
2.6–3.3 × 1.1–1.4
<50 m
Table 2. Differences between Magnolia mashpi and M. striatifolia.
Tree height (m)
DBH (m)
Leaf shape
Size (cm)
Pubescence
Lateral veins per side
Twig internode size (cm)
Pubescence
Petioles (cm)
Peduncular internodes
Carpels
Number of stamens
Sepal length (cm)
Outer petals (cm)
Inner petals (cm)
Elevation (m)
M. mashpi
27–40
0.90–1.30
broadly elliptical to obovate
16.0–23.0(–39.5) × 8.0–12.4(–21.6)
throughout abaxial side
14–17(–21)
1.0–2.1(5.6) × 0.6–9.0(–1.3)
Glabrous
1.5–2.3(–3.5) × 0.3–0.8(–0.7)
Glabrous
Prominently apiculate
(120–)131–132
5.5–5.6 × 3.0–3.5
5.8–6.0 × 3.2–3.5
5.7–5.8 × 2.5–2.6
800–1000
M. striatifolia
(10–)25–40
(0.15–)0.32–1.20
mostly narrowly elliptical
15.0–20.0 × 8.0–10.0
Scarce and mostly in mid vein
13–20
0.6–1.0 × 0.4–0.7
Glabrous or with sparse hairs
1.9 × 0.2
Pubescent
Shortly apiculate
116–120
4.3 × 2.4
3.3–3.5 × 2.0–2.5
3.3 × 1.6
120–500
All six Magnolia species recognized in the new subsect. Chocotalauma are found exclusively in the Chocó
biogeographical region, which comprises the Pacific coastal lowlands of western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador
and the Darien area of eastern Panama. This region of high annual precipitation with tropical wet forest vegetation is
noted for its high levels of plant diversity and endemism. The estimated 8,000 vascular plant species endemic to the
biogeographical Chocó have provided evidence for inclusion of this region in the world’s 25 biodiversity “hotspots”
(Myers et al. 2000).
Taxonomic treatment
Magnolia section Talauma subsection Chocotalauma A.Vázquez, Á.J.Pérez & F.Arroyo, subsect. nov.
Type: Magnolia mashpi Á.J.Pérez, F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez. Fruit a globose syncarp with circumscissile dehiscence of the carpels, stipules
free from the petiole (or appearing so) and stamens without a long connective appendage embedded in the gynoecium.
Magnolia sect. Talauma subsect. Chocotalauma has circumscissile dehiscence and is thus similar to subsect.
Dugandiodendron in having free stipules from the petiole (or appearing so), but it differs from the latter in having
a globose vs. ellipsoidal syncarp and stamens without a long connective appendage. It is also similar to subsect.
Talauma in having stamens without a long connective appendage, but it differs from latter in having stipules free
from the petiole (or appearing so). Additionally, all six species of this subsection are confined to the coastal Chocó
biogeographical region (Colombia and Ecuador) and do not overlap with Dugandiodendron, which is confined to the
Andes (Colombia, Ecuador and Peru) and the Guyana Shield in Venezuela. The closest proximity between members of
subsect. Chocotalauma and Dugandiodendron occurs in Colombia, where they are separated by 70 km; M. magnifolia
(Lozano 1983: 37) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 71) (subsect. Chocotalauma) grows below 50 m and M. mahechae
(Lozano 1975: 33) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 71) (subsect. Dugandiodendron) above 1300 m. Subsection Talauma in
contrast has the broadest distribution and overlaps in range with both Chocotalauma and Dugandiodendron, occurring
in Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America, from 20 degrees north to 26 degrees south, including most
Pacific and Atlantic slopes throughout its range, the Andes, Colombian Orinoquia and Amazonia.
270 • Phytotaxa 286 (4) © 2016 Magnolia Press
PÉREZ ET AL.
Figure 2. Magnolia chiguila. A. Flora bud (dried specimen). B. Flower in male phase. C. Flowering branch with flower in female phase.
D. Outer side of fruit (dried). E. Inner side of fruit and seeds, during dehiscence. F. Mature fruit before dehiscence. Photographs: B–C and
E–F by Álvaro J. Pérez; A, D by Antonio Vázquez; all from the holotype.
Magnolia chiguila and M. mashpi
Phytotaxa 286 (4) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 271
Distribution:Six species from the biogeographical Chocó, three in Colombia: M. calimaensis (Lozano 1994: 35)
Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 70), M. calophylla (Lozano 1978: 283) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 70) and M. magnifolia;
and three in Ecuador: M. chiguila and M. mashpi (both described here) and M. striatifolia.
Magnolia chiguila F.Arroyo, Á.J.Pérez & A.Vázquez, sp. nov. (Fig. 2)
Type:—ECUADOR. Pichincha: Saguangal, camino a Magdalena Alto, 828 m, 05 August 2013 (fl bud, fr), Arroyo & Pérez 286 (holotype:
QCA!; isotypes: ECUAMZ!, IBUG!, MOL!, QCNE!).
Magnolia chiguila belongs to M. subsection Chocotalauma and is morphologically similar to M. calimaensis in having
pubescent leaves, petioles and twig internodes, However, it differs from the latter in having larger leaves that are
broadly elliptic vs. elliptic, a larger number of lateral veins, more numerous carpels and stamens and larger flowers.
Trees, 15–30 m tall, 40–80 cm dbh; bark externally gray with patches of light brown, inner bark creamy white,
sapwood beige, heart wood brown reddish; terminal twig internodes 1.5–2.0(–3.5) × 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter, densely
pubescent, the hairs 4–6 mm long, frequently covered with the remains of the stipules, whitish pubescence around the
scars left by the stipules. Leaves with stipules up to 8.0 cm long, densely pubescent; petioles 3.7–5.4 × 0.4–0.5 cm,
densely pubescent, finely sulcate adaxially; leaf blades broadly elliptic to obovate, 21–36 × 9–16 cm, apex acute, margin
entire, base acute to slightly attenuate, glabrous above, white pubescence beneath especially along midrib; lateral veins
16–19 on each side of midrib, midrib and lateral veins flat to slightly impressed above, prominent beneath, reticulate
venation prominulous on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, 22 cm in diameter, floral bud ellipsoid, 6.0–9.0 × 2.5–3.2 cm;
bract 1, covered with whitish pubescence; sepals 3, ovate-oblong, 10.5 × 4.5 cm, apiculate, glabrous or with some hair
tufts externally; petals 10.5 × 4.0 cm, creamy white; stamens 201, 1.5–1.7 × 0.2 cm, linear; gynoecium ovoid, glabrous.
Fruit 15.9–16.4 × 10.0–10.6 cm, globose, carpels 31–50, the dorsal wall 3.0–3.5 cm thick, the basal carpels decurrent
(3 cm long) along the fruit axis, with persistent styles forming a short beak 0.8–1.2 cm long; immature fruit yellowish
green, turning brown at maturity; seeds with a scarlet red to orange sarcotesta, 1.3–1.5 × 1.0–1.2 cm in diam.
Distribution and ecology:—Ecuador, Pichincha and Imbabura provinces: endemic to the Guayllabamba River
basin around the Pichincha-Imbabura borders, in premontane humid forests, forest remnants, or agricultural land.
On flat terrain to moderate slopes between 700–1200 m. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. Interviews with
farmers from the Saguangal Community revealed that the seeds of M. chiguila are dispersed by parrots.
Etymology and ethnobotany:—Its specific epithet “chiguila” refers to its vernacular name in the Saguangal area;
one of its meanings is “piña” (“pineapple”), which seems to be an appropriate term to describe the overall appearance
of its developing yellowish green fruits. However, “chigüi” may also mean a small snail abundant along the rivers
(perhaps referring to the spiral arrangement of the woody carpels, and “chigüilpi” is the name of a community and a
river located ca. 160 km away from the type locality of this species, southeast of Quevedo. Another common name for
this tree is “chirimoyo” (in the Cielo Verde community) for its appearance resembling Annona cherimola Miller (1768:
without page number). It is a timber species used in carpentry, cabinetmaking and house construction.
Conservation status:—Vulnerable (VU). A narrow endemic to Pichincha and Imbabura, only known from the
Guayllabamba River basin, on the western slopes of the Andes, on heavily deforested areas; solitary trees often are
kept within the agricultural landscape along the side roads for latter use as a source of wood.
Additional specimens examined:—ECUADOR. Pichincha: Saguangal, Hacienda Conquista, water catchment
forest reserve 2 km S of hacienda, 770 m, 9–12 March 1995, Øllgaard et al. 1105 (AAU, QCA, QCNE); Saguangal,
cuenca del Río Guayllabamba, 700 m, 19 April 2003, Jaramillo et al. 24192 (QCA); Saguangal, cuenca del Río
Guayllabamba, Pérez et al. 6620 (QCA); Parroquia García Moreno, Comunidad Villaflora, sendero a la Reserva Río
Manduriacu, 900–1200 m, 16 February 2014 (fl), Perez et al. 6900 (QCA). Imbabura: sector Cielo Verde, 545 m,
00°13´32” N, 78°52´56” W, March 2014 (fl), Pérez et al. 6907 (QCA); Cotacachi, Valle del Intag, sitio Getzemení,
1000 m, October 1997, Palacios 13940 (MO, QCNE).
Magnolia mashpi Á.J.Pérez, F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez, sp. nov. (Fig. 3)
Type:—ECUADOR. Pichincha: Pacto, Reserva Mashpi, a 10 m de la estación 4 del teleférico, 1000 m, 0°9’30.6”N, 78°53’7.8”W, 13
September 2014 (fl, fr), Pérez, Zapata, Morochz & Narváez 7557 (holotype: QCA!; isotypes: ECUAMZ!, IBUG!).
Magnolia mashpi belongs to subsection Chocotalauma, and it shares with M. striatifolia the overall habit and appearance
of flower and fruits, but it differs from the latter in having wider leaves that are broadly elliptic to obovate with strongly
arched lateral veins, bullate and abaxially pubescent vs. narrower and mostly elliptic, with barely arched lateral veins,
non-bullate, and mostly abaxially glabrous, except the midvein and nearby; stamens more numerous (120–)131–132
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PÉREZ ET AL.
vs. 116–120; carpels prominently vs. shortly apiculate; sepals longer 5.5–5.6 × 3.0–3.5 vs. 4.3 cm, outer petals larger
5.8–6.0 × 3.2–3.5 vs. 3.8 × 2.0–2.5; inner petals larger 5.7–5.8 × 2.5–2.6 vs. 3.3 × 1.6 cm; peduncular internodes
glabrous vs. pubescent.
Figure 3. Magnolia mashpi. A. Leaves, with stipules. B. Spathaceous bract protecting the flower bud. C. Inner side of fruit and seeds. D.
Outer side of fruit. E. Flower showing 3 sepals, 8 petals, gynoecium and stamens. F. Pubescence on the abaxial side of leaves. Photographs:
All by Álvaro J. Pérez, from the holotype.
Magnolia chiguila and M. mashpi
Phytotaxa 286 (4) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 273
Trees 27–40 m tall; 0.9–1.3 m dbh; first branches 15–25 m high; outer bark smooth, with lenticels, fragrant and
creamy-white; twig internodes 1.0–2.1(–5.6) × 0.6–9.0(–13) cm, glabrous, with oblong lenticels in mature leaves.
Leaves chartaceous; petioles 1.5–2.3(–3.5) × 0.3–0.7(–0.8) cm, without adaxial stipular scars, pubescent, the hairs
0.3–0.5 cm long, to glabrous in juvenile leaves; blades broadly elliptic, 16.0–23.0(–39.5) × 8.0–12.4(–21.6) cm, green
and glabrous above, pale green below, apex acute, acute and decurrent basally, margin entire and, the blades bullate,
undulate; lateral veins 14–17(–21) on each side of midrib, midrib canaliculate above, raised beneath; reticulate tertiary
venation; pubescent beneath with short creamy-white hairs; stipules 7.2–10.5(–19.5) glabrous and serotinous. Flowers
solitary, 10–12 cm in diameter; bract 1, embracing, 3.7–2.4 × 1.9–2.3 cm, broadly ellipsoid, coriaceous, glabrous,
glaucous-green, serotinous; flower buds ellipsoid; peduncle 1.0–1.5(–2) cm long, lower internodes 1.4–2.0(–2.5) cm
long, glabrous; sepals 3, navicular, obovoid, 5.5–5.6 × 3.0–3.5 cm, glabrous, base truncate, apex obtuse to rounded,
chartaceous; petals 6, cochleate, navicular, fragrant, the three outer ones broadly obovate, 5.8–6.0 × 3.2–3.5, creamywhite; ivory-white, the inner-ones 5.7–5.8 × 2.5–2.6 cm, obovate and gradually narrower basally, creamy white;
stamens (120–)131–132, 0.4–0.8 × 0.1–0.2 cm; connective obtuse to rounded, thecae 7 mm long; gynoecium globose
depressed, 2.0–2.4 × 1.8–2.2 cm, stigma 1.8 mm long, deciduous, whitish green, glabrous. Fruit globose 5.0–5.5 ×
5.0 cm; carpels 32, decurrent, the basal ones 3.0–3.8 × 0.8–1.2 mm, longitudinally ribbed where ‘stamens’ developed,
circumscissal, apiculate apically, the tip 0.30–0.35 cm long, glabrous; seeds 1–2 per carpel, sub-prismatic, angled, 8–9
× 4–5 mm, slightly wrinkled, shiny, with a red sarcotesta, fragrant.
Discovery:—This species was first collected from the Mashpi Reserve in September 2014; the discoverers knew
about this species from a picture taken by Germán Toasa six months earlier at the same locality, but no specimens were
made at the time of that first observation. The lack of a stipular scar made us think to place this Magnolia species in
section Dugandiodendron, as it is morphologically similar to M. striatifolia. However, after field work and monitoring
of the species, we concluded that it is actually a new species belonging to a new section.
Distribution and ecology:—Ecuador, endemic to the Mashpi Reserve in Pichincha province, in subtropical to
cloud forest ecotone, between 800–1000 m. Flowering March–April, fruiting September–October. Abundant, dominant,
over one hundred individuals within 1200 ha, all ages included.
Eponymy and ethnobotany:—This species is named after its type locality, the Mashpi Reserve. It is used for its
wood. Its vernacular name is cucharillo (spoon-shaped).
Conservation status:—Vulnerable (VU). Only known from the type locality. Found in a small protected reserve
(1200 ha) within a region that has been subject widespread deforestation and conversion of natural forest to agricultural
lands in recent decades.
Additional specimens examined:—ECUADOR. Pichincha: Pacto, Reserva Mashpi, a 10 m de la estación 4
del teleférico, 1000 m, 0°9’30.66”N, 7 8°53’7.8”W, 13 September 2014 (fl bud), Pérez, Zapata, Morochz & Narváez
7558 (QCA, QAP); Pacto, Reserva Mashpi, a 10 m de la estación 4 del teleférico, 1000 m, 0°9’30 .66”N, 78°53’7.8”W
(fl, fr), Pérez, et al. 7759 (QCA, QCNE), Pacto, Reserva Mashpi, a 10 m de la estación 4 del teleférico, 1000 m,
0°9’30. 66”N, 78°53’7.8”W (sterile), P ére z, e t al. 7560 (QCA).
Key to species of Magnolia subsections Chocotalauma and Dugandiodendron
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
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9.
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10.
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Fruit globose, rarely pyriform; stamens without a long connective appendage embedded in the gynoecium, Subsect.
Chocotalauma .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2.
Fruit elipsoidal; stamens with a long connective appendage embedded in gynoecium, Subsect. Dugandiodendron ..................... 8.
Leaf blades broadly elliptical to obovate ......................................................................................................................................... 3.
Leaf blade elliptical .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5.
Stamens 115–135................................................................................................................................................................. M. mashpi
Stamens 165–205 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4.
Lateral veins 22 per side; stamens 168 . ....................................................................................................................... M. magnifolia
Lateral veins 16–19 per side; stamens 201 . ..................................................................................................................... M. chiguila
Carpels 17–18, fruit pyriform . ................................................................................................................................... M. calimaensis
Carpels 27–39, fruit globose ............................................................................................................................................................ 6.
Twig internodes yellowish pubescent; leaves chartaceous; stamens 155 . ................................................................. M. calophyllum
Twig internodes with sparse creamy white hairs; leaves papyraceous; stamens 116–120 . ....................................... M. striatifolium
Number of stamens 106–171 . ...........................................................................................................................................................8.
Number of stamens 40–100 . .......................................................................................................................................................... 10.
Carpels 15; number of stamens 113–132..................................................................................................................... M. colombiana
Carpels 17–25, number of stamens 144–171 ................................................................................................................................... 9.
Leaves broadly elliptical, 15.5–29.5 cm in length............................................................................................................ M. jaenensis
Leaves suborbicular, 12.7–22.0 cm in length.............................................................................................................. M. argyrotricha
Trees 13–35 m tall, number of stamens 58–98 . ............................................................................................................................. 11.
Trees 3–11.5 m tall, number of stamens 40–55 . ............................................................................................................................ 20.
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Carpels 5–6, number of stamens 58–79 ......................................................................................................................................... 12.
Carpels 7–15, number of stamens 86–98 ........................................................................................................................................13.
Petals 9–10, lateral leaf veins per side 17........................................................................................................................ M. mahechae
Petals 7–8, lateral leaf veins per side 14..................................................................................................................... M. chimantensis
Leaves 18.0–22.0 × 10.5–13.5 cm ................................................................................................................................................. 14.
Leaves 10.0–12.0 × 4.6–9 cm ........................................................................................................................................................ 15.
Carpels 15, petals 9, petioles 3.5–4.0 cm long ............................................................................................................ M. lenticellata
Carpels 8, petals 6, petioles 1.0–1.5 cm long .............................................................................................................. M. yantzazana
Tree height 13–15 m, lateral leaf veins per side 10–13 . ................................................................................................................ 16.
Tree height 20 m, lateral leaf veins per side 14–17 . ...................................................................................................................... 17.
Carpels 10, petioles 0.89 cm long, petals 9–10 ............................................................................................................... M. coronata
Carpels 15, petioles 4.20 cm long, petals 7–8 ............................................................................................................ M. cararaensis
Petals 8, leaf 12.42 × 8.88 cm.................................................................................................................................... M. yarumalense
Petals 9–10, leaf 10.00–11.00 × 6.00–8.00 cm .............................................................................................................................. 18.
Carpels 12, petioles 1.70 cm long, petals 10, leaf 6 cm wide ..................................................................................... M. guatapense
Carpels 8–9, petioles 0.55 cm long, petals 9, leaf 8 cm wide...................................................................................... M. urraroensis
Carpels 7–9, lateral veins per side 17–18, petiole 0.9–1.2 cm long................................................................................................ 20.
Carpels 14–30, lateral veins per side10–16, petiole 2.00–2.75 cm long ........................................................................................ 22.
Trees 10 m tall, leaves 15.9 × 9.95 cm ........................................................................................................................ M. shuariorum
Trees 3 m tall, leaves 8.50 × 4.10 cm ................................................................................................................................. M. lozanoi
Trees 3 m tall, carpels 30; petioles 2.00 cm long, petals 9 . ............................................................................................ M. azulensis
Trees 11–12 m tall, carpels 14–17; petioles 2.40–2.75 cm long, petals 6–8 .................................................................................. 22.
Petals 8, carpels 14, lateral veins per side 10–11, stamens 45, bracts 2 . ................................................................ M. bankardiorum
Petals 6, carpels 16–17, lateral veins per side 16, stamens 55, bracts 1 . ....................................................................................... 23.
Stipules abaxially densely velvety pubescent, the petioles densely velvety-pubescent and stout, sepals 5.0 × 2.0 cm; petals 4.0–4.7
× 2.0 cm, terminal twig internodes pubescent . ............................................................................................................... M. roraimae
Stipules, petioles and twig internodes glabrous; sepals 4.0–4.5 × 2.0 cm; petals 4.2 × 1.5–2.0 cm . ...................... M. ptaritepuiana
Acknowledgements
The authors thank C. Morochz and J. C. Narvaez, from the Mashpi Reserve for their support during fieldwork and
monitoring of the Magnolia trees, Lucas Bustamante for providing pictures of flowers and herbaria curators at QCA
and QCNE for facilities to study the herbarium specimens. This work was also supported by Secretaría de Educación
Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la República del Ecuador (PROMETEO program) and the Universidad
Estatal Amazónica (in Ecuador) and the Universidad de Guadalajara-CUCBA, PROMEP-SEP, SNI-CONACyT, (in
México). We thank the Ecuadorian Ministerio del Ambiente for granting permit No. 005-13 IC-FLO-DNB/MA.
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