Download INTRODUCTION/METRIC SYSTEM

Earth Science Semester 1 Exam Review
Name: _________________________
Intro to Earth Science, Metric System, and Measurement
1. List and describe the 4 main branches of Earth Science.
2. Describe what kind of info goes into the observation part of a lab report vs. what kind of info
goes into the analysis part of a lab report
3. Convert the following metric measurements:
a) 34.9g  kg
b) 0.52km  cm
c) 230 mL  L
4. Identify the appropriate METRIC tool and METRIC unit for length, mass, and volume.
5. Calculate volume (mL) and density (g/mL) of an object using the following information:
"A mineral with a mass of 30g is placed in 63-mL water. The water level then raises to 67-mL."
Solar System Motions
6. Describe a planet’s rotation, revolution, and precession (include time needed for each motion).
7. Describe ASTRO contributions that the Greeks, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton each made.
8. Describe each of Kepler's planetary motion laws: ellipses, equal areas, and periods.
9. Describe how Newton used gravity and inertia to explain a planet’s revolution/orbit.
10. Describe retrograde motion of a planet (include which planets retrograde from Earth).
11. Name the dates for the winter/summer solstices and spring/fall equinoxes, diagram Earth’s tilt
on these 4 dates, and use the tilt to explain the reason for seasons.
12. Describe characteristics of meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites in our solar system.
13. Describe the qualities of a dwarf planet and where they are located in our solar system.
14. List our Moon's period of rotation (days) and explain how that affects its surface temperature.
15. Explain what causes the Moon to appear as different phases during the month.
Draw moon phases diagrams (both space-view and Earth-view).
16. Explain what causes a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse to occur, + why they are rare.
17. Explain what causes normal, spring, and neap tides (include proper moon phases).
Stellar Astronomy
18. Explain how a star's spectrum tells us its composition and also its temperature.
19. Sketch the visible light spectrum (ROYGBIV) and label changes in  and frequency.
20. Sketch the 7 parts of the EM spectrum (RMIVUXG) and label changes in  and frequency.
21. Define parallax and describe how it helps compare (relative) distances to stars.
22. Explain what a Doppler red shift tells us versus what a shift towards the blue end tells us.
23. Outline the activity that occurs in each of the 6 layers of the Sun.
Core
Rad Zone
Conv Zone
Photosphere
Chromosphere
Corona
24. Describe the cause of auroras on Earth. Where (latitudes) are they more commonly found?
Cosmology
25. Contrast what makes a statement a hypothesis, theory, or law.
26. Describe the nebular theory explaining how our Sun and planets formed.
27. Scientifically explain "Big Bang” theory, and describe 3 pieces of evidence that support it.
28. Outline and describe each stage in the events in the life cycle of a less massive (Sun-like) star.
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Nebula
Protostar
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Main Sequence
Red Giant
White Dwarf
Planetary Nebula
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Nova (event)
Black Dwarf
29. Starting at Main Sequence, outline and describe events in the life of a more massive star.
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Red Supergiant
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Supernova
Neutron Star
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Black Hole
30. Describe what makes nuclear fusion possible in a star's core.
31. Explain how fusion in main sequence stars differs from fusion in red giant stars.
32. Describe key physical characteristics for the 3 main groupings on the H-R diagram:
a.
Main Sequence
b.
Red Giants
c.
White Dwarfs
Earth Science Semester 1 Exam Review
Name: _________________________
Intro to the Atmosphere
33. Explain the difference between weather and climate.
34. List (with %) the 2 main gases of Earth’s present atmosphere.
35. Describe why it is important to have water vapor, ozone, dust/nuclei in the atmosphere.
36. Describe the composition of a CFC, how it destroys ozone, and the effect at the Earth's surface.
37. Identify the 4 layers of Earth’s atmosphere from bottom to top. Explain the different reasons
for temperature changes in the: 1) troposphere and 2) stratosphere.
38. Describe conduction, convection, and radiation (+how each leads to daily troposphere heating).
39. Define albedo and describe why different surface colors are warmer or cooler than others.
40. Describe how 1) latitude, 2)elevation, and 3) maritime location each influence temperature.
Water in the Atmosphere
41. Describe the phase changes involved in evaporation, condensation, freezing, and sublimation.
42. Define humidity, relative humidity, and dew point temperature.
43. Explain and describe the ingredients needed for clouds to form.
44. Describe how morning fog forms causes (radiation, advection, upslope, & steam).
45. Describe the difference between the cloud forming processes of convective cooling, orographic
lifting, and frontal wedging. (which occur most often in Michigan?).
46. Draw/describe stratus, cirrus, cumulus, nimbostratus, cirrostratus, and cumulonimbus clouds.
47. Explain how the rainshadow effect causes different weather on each side of a mountain.
Weather Forecasting and Severe Weather
48. Describe mT, cP, mP, and cT air masses that that affect the U.S., and where each forms.
49. Describe how air moves near HIGH pressure vs. LOW pressure centers.
50. Explain why Michigan has clearer skies with HIGH pressure than with LOW pressure.
51. Predict temperature and cloud changes as warm and cold fronts each approach.
52. Describe how an occluded front develops.
53. Describe rules to use with isobar maps to indicate wind direction and wind speed.
54. Describe the ingredients needed for severe thunderstorm and tornado formation.
55. Explain the scientific cause of hail, lightning, and thunder.
56. Describe basic lightning safety steps to take in Michigan.
57. Explain what makes the south-central US (tornado alley) a prime location for tornadoes.
58. Describe hurricane formation, identify steering wind belts, and explain the reason for most
hurricanes occurring in August/September.
59. Contrast what causes the most damage in tornadoes vs. hurricanes.
Climatology
60. Describe how pollen, tree rings, fossils, and ice cores each help study paleoclimate.
61. Describe causes the normal greenhouse effect vs. causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
62. Describe the 4 main greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.
63. Explain specific causes for an increase in carbon dioxide and methane levels since 1850.
64. Describe effects warmer atmospheres have on the hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.
65. Create an example where each pair of spheres interacts in the Earth System.
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Atmosphere & Hydrosphere
Biosphere & Hydrosphere
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Biosphere & Atmosphere
Cryosphere & Hydrosphere