Download Grade 9 Unit 4: Space

Grade 9
Unit 4: Space
Chapter 12: Space Exploration
Name: __________________
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Explaining the Early Universe
Galaxy:________________________________________________________________________
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ight Year:_____________________________________________________________________
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1 light year = __________________________________ km
Speed of Light = _______________________________ km/s
Hubble’s Proposal: ______________________________________________________________
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Evidence –Red Shift Analysis
•Based upon _____________________ Radiation (waves)
•A spectroscope allows ________________________to view patterns of different stars, thus
astronomers can identify and _____________________ patterns of stars.
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Theories of the Origin of the Universe
The Big Bang Theory
The Oscillating Theory
Vs.
Theories of the Origin of the Solar System
Stellar Collision Theory
Nebular Hypothesis
Vs.
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Galaxies
Spiral
Elliptical
The Evolution of Stars
Dwarf Stars
Giant Stars
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Black Holes:____________________________________________________________________
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Quasar: _______________________________________________________________________
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The Future of Space Exploration
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Key Terms
Light year:
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Big Bang Theory:
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Red Shift:
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Star:
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Galaxy:
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Nebula:
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Oscillating Theory:
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Quasar:
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Black Hole:
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Spectroscope:
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Comprehension Questions
1. What did Edwin Hubble notice about the direction of the movement of galaxies in space? (p.
429)
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2. Give two main concepts related to Hubble’s proposal. (p. 429)
i.
ii.
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3. What is indicated by a shift of a galaxy’s spectral lines towards the red part of its spectrum?
(p. 430)
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4. Explain the Oscillating theory. (p. 431)
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5. What is the nebular hypothesis of solar system formation? (p.434)
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6. How long ago did our solar system form? (p.435) _________________________________________________
7. What are the two groups into which we divide planets and which planets are included in
each group? (p.435)
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8. Why do astronomers use light-years and not astronomical units to measure distances
outside our solar system? (p. 436)
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9. Describe the difference between the inner and outer planets. (p. 435)
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Space Student Study Guide
Chp 10: Celestial Bodies
1. Observing Celestial Bodies
a. Define celestial body. (352)
b. List examples of constellations and recognize them on a sky chart: (358)
i. Ursa Major, the Great Bear (including the Big Dipper, an asterism)
ii. Ursa Minor, the Little Bear - (including the Little Dipper, an asterism)
iii. Orion
iv. Cassiopeia
v. Leo
c. Describe and explain the apparent motion of celestial bodies. (moon, sun, planets, comets,
and asteroids) (359-361)
i. Identify that celestial bodies move in cyclic paths called orbits and that these orbits
result from gravitational forces.
ii. Identify that planets, suns, and moons revolve (spin) on a central axis.
2. Early Models of the Universe
a. Identify early technologies that advanced scientific observations about the solar system.
(stone circles, astrolabe, telescope) (366-367, 372-374)
b. Describe the contributions made by various individuals to our knowledge and
understanding of celestial bodies and their motions. (Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo,
Kepler, and Newton) (366-378)
i. Particular attention should be paid to the contributions of Kepler and Galileo.
c. Describe the structure of the Solar System. (379-380)
i.
Core Lab “Strolling Through the Solar System” (382-383)
Terms to know:
celestial body
constellation
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Orion
Cassiopia
Leo
Moon
Sun
Planet
Asteroid
Meteoroid
Mercury
Venus
Comet
Orbit
Ellipse
Stone circle
Astrolabe
Optical telescope
Radio Telescope
Aristotle
Ptolemy
Copernicus
Galileo
Kepler
Newton
Solar system
Mars
Earth
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Chp 11: Inside Our Solar System
3. The Sun’s Effect on Earth
a. Define and describe how the following phenomena affect life on Earth. (sun-spots, solar
flares, and solar radiation)(390-396)
4. Characteristics of Celestial Bodies in
the Solar System
a. Compare and contrast the composition
of the four inner rocky (terrestrial)
planets with the four outer gaseous
(Jovian) planets. (398-401)
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b. Explain why Pluto is now called a Dwarf Planet and how it differs from the regular planets.
(403)
c. Describe the composition of Comets and define periodicity as it relates to Comets. (404406)
d. Compare and contrast asteroid, meteor and meteorite. (403, 406)
e. Define impact sites. (407)
5. Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration
a. List Canadian contributions and partnerships to space research and exploration: (412-415)
i. The Canadarm 1
ii. The International Space Station
iii. Canadian Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) or Canadarm 2
iv. Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) or Canadahand
b. Give examples of Canadian Astronauts. (Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Chris Hadfield)
6. Technologies Used to Explore Space
a. Describe the science underlying some technologies designed to explore space. (rocket
propulsion, space suits, satellite orbiting, probes, rovers, optical telescopes, radio
telescopes) (413-420)
Terms to know:
Sunspot
Solar flare
Solar Prominence
Solar Radiation
Solar Wind
Terrestrial
Jovian Planets
Dwarf Planet
Impact Sites
Impact Crater
Planets
Asteroid
Meteoroid
Meteor
Meteorite
Comet
Canadarm 1
Space Station
Canadarm 2
Canadahand
Roberta
Bondar
Marc Garneau
Chris Hadfield
Rocket Propulsion
Space suit
Satellite
Probe
Rover
Optical telescope
Radio telescope
Chp 12: The Universe
7. Theories for the Origin of the Universe
a. Define galaxy, solar system, and universe. (428)
b. Describe how Edwin Hubble used red shift analysis to explain how our universe is
expanding. (428-430)
c. Describe theories on the origin and evolution of the universe (Big Bang Theory and
Oscillating Theory) (431-433)
d. Describe past and present theories related to the formation of our solar system. (Stellar
Collision Theory and Nebular hypothesis) (434-435)
e. Define and explain a light year. (436)
8. Components of the Universe
a. Describe and classify the major components of the universe. (nebula, spiral and elliptical
galaxies, giant stars, dwarf stars, quasars, and black holes) (444-450)
b. Describe the formation and life cycle of stars. (447-450)
c. Compare some well known stars relative to our solar system. (Vega, Canopus, Sun,
Arcturus, Betelgeuse, Rigel, and Delta Orionis) (450)
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9. The Future of Space Exploration
a. Describe examples of science and technology-based careers in Canada that are associated
with space exploration. (astronauts, scientists, engineers, doctors, pilots, and technicians)
(453)
b. Identify potential scientific and social benefits and negative consequences of Canadian
partnerships in space exploration. (medical, industrial, agricultural, meteorological, and
military) (461-466)
c. Identify the risks associated with space exploration and travel. (461-466)
Terms to know:
Universe
Theory
light year
nebulae
Galaxy
giant stars
dwarf stars
quasars
Solar system
Big Bang Theory
Oscillating Theory
elliptical galaxies
Edwin Hubble
spiral
black holes
Red shift analysis
Stellar Collision Theory
Nebular hypothesis
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Unit 4 Practice Test
1. What part of the Sun’s atmosphere is visible only during a total solar eclipse?
A. corona
B. solar flare
C. solar prominence
D. sunspot
2. What are the two most common elements found in the Sun?
A. hydrogen and helium
B. neon and magnesium
C. oxygen and iron
D. silicon and chlorine
3. Which of the following planets has only one moon?
A. Earth
B. Jupiter
C. Mercury
D. Venus
4. Which are characteristics of outer planets?
A. large radius, made mostly of gas
B. large radius, rocky
C. small radius, made mostly of gas
D. small radius, rocky
5. How long ago do astronomers believe the Big Bang occurred?
A. 13.7 billion years
B. 13.7 million years
C. 13.7 thousand years
D. 13.7 trillion years
6. How do most stars form?
A. from the collapsing of dust and gas in a nebula
B. from the collision of two galaxies
C. from the core of a dead star
D. from the nuclear explosion of the Big Bang
7. Astronomers observe light from a distant galaxy to be “red-shifted.” What does this red
shift mean?
A. The galaxy is approaching Earth.
B. The galaxy is moving at the same speed as Earth.
C. The galaxy is moving away from Earth.
D. The galaxy is not moving at all relative to Earth.
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8. Why does a comet’s tail always point away from the Sun?
A. Small particles break off the comet, leaving a trail.
B. The comet material is melting as it approaches the Sun.
C. The solar wind blows the tails away from the Sun.
D. The tails are magnetically attracted to Earth.
9. Which unit is commonly used to measure distances between stars?
A. astronomical unit
B. kilometers
C. light years
D. light kilometers
Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right.
Each Descriptor may be used only once.
Term
_______ 10. supernova
_______ 11. nebula
_______ 12. spiral galaxy
_______ 13. elliptical galaxy
_______ 14. irregular galaxy
_______ 15. asteroid
_______ 16. meteorite
_______ 17. meteoroid
_______ 18. quasar
Descriptor
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Milky Way is an example
created by a high mass star collapsing
mostly hydrogen and dust
area of extremely powerful electromagnetic
radiation
mix of newly forming stars and old stars
contains the oldest stars in the universe
remains of the formation of the solar system
pieces of rock floating through space
pieces of rock that have entered Earth’s
atmosphere
Short Answer Questions
19. How did people in early civilizations use their knowledge of the positions of the Sun,
planets, and stars?
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20. Sir Isaac Newton made this statement about his work in astronomy. “If I have seen
further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”. What do you think it means?
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21. What explanation did American astronomer Edwin Hubble give for the reason the
spectra of all galaxies he observed were shifted to the red part of the spectrum?
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22. Explain the statement: “Stars have a life cycle.”
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23. Imagine a new planet has been discovered between Jupiter and Saturn. Describe three
characteristics you would expect the planet to have.
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24. Explain how comets and asteroids are different.
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