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Organ Systems
What is the human body?
The human body is made up of
several organ systems that all
work together as a unit to
make sure the body keeps
functioning.
There are eleven major organ
systems in the body, each of
which plays a different role in
helping the body work.
The 11 body systems
1. Nervous system
7. Muscular system
2. Integumentary system
8. Circulatory system
3. Respiratory system
9. Endocrine system
4. Digestive system
10. Reproductive system
5. Excretory system
11. Lymphatic (immune)
system
6. Skeletal system
Nervous System
The nervous system is the
control centre of the human
body. It is made up of the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
It receives and interprets
stimuli and transmits impulses
to organs.
Your
brain
uses
the
information it receives to
coordinate all of your actions
and reactions.
Integumentary system
This system consists of the
skin, hair, nails, and sweat
glands. Its main function is to
act as a barrier to protect the
body from the outside world.
It also functions to retain body
fluids, protect against disease,
eliminate waste products, and
regulate body temperature.
Excretory System
The Excretory system is
responsible for the elimination
of wastes produced by
homeostasis.
There are several parts of the
body that are involved in this
process, such as sweat glands,
the liver, the lungs and the
kidney system.
Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides
the shape and form for our
bodies
in
addition
to
supporting and protecting our
bodies,
allowing
bodily
movement, producing blood
cells, and storing minerals.
This system consists of bones,
cartilage, and joints.
Muscular System
This system is made up of
muscle tissue that helps move
the body and move materials
through the body. Quite
simply, muscles move you.
Muscles are bundles of cells
and fibers that work in a
simple way: they tighten up
and relax.
Endocrine System
This system is made up of a
collection of glands, including the
pituitary and thyroid glands, as
well as the ovaries and testes. It
regulates,
coordinates,
and
controls a number of body
functions by secreting chemicals
into the bloodstream.
These secretions help control
moods, growth and development,
and metabolism.
Reproductive System
The
human
reproductive
system ensures that humans
are able to reproduce and
survive as a species.
It is made up of organs such as
the uterus, penis, ovaries, and
testes.
Lymphatic (Immune) System
The immune system helps
our body fight infection.
White
blood
cells,
lymphocytes and antibodies
form part of the defence
We will be learning about these
particular systems in detail…
What were cells again?
Cells make up all living things!
REMEMBER…
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
What do humans need to survive?
There are two simple things that all living things need to
survive, including humans.
1. Oxygen
2. Nutrients
How do we get these into our bodies? Which systems
are important to ensure we get these things?
How do we get our nutrients?
The digestive system breaks down
food and provides nutrients to
every cell in the body.
The digestive tract starts at the
mouth and ends at the anus.
What organs are part
of the digestive system?
Using your textbook (Chapter 4) , label the organs that
belong to the digestive system.
Glue the diagram into your book. You need to be able to
label any digestive system diagram I give you so start
becoming familiar with the shapes and sizes of the
organs.
Were you right?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Mouth (salivary glands)
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
From sandwich to sewage…
What exactly happens when we
eat something?
Food goes into our mouths of
course but what happens in
there?
What things inside your mouth
assist with digestion of the food?
What type of digestion is this?
So, did you find out the different types of
teeth you have in your mouths?
Mechanical vs Chemical Digestion
 Mechanical: when food is physically broken down
(like chewing or organ movement)
 Chemical: food broken down by chemicals like saliva.
There are some special things in your saliva called
ENZYMES. Enzymes will break down food into different
components so your body can absorb the nutrients
faster. Without enzymes in your body, an average
dinner meal can take many years to fully digest!
Today’s Practical
Does temperature affect enzymes?
Refer to Practical sheet given to you by Ms Wasif
Can you eat upside down?
 What was your answer?
 OF COURSE YOU CAN!
HOW AND WHY?
 What makes your food
go down your
oesophagus?
PERISTALISIS
 Peristalsis is a wave-like movement (by muscular
contractions) that pushes food in one direction down
into your stomach.
 Watch video
Food just doesn’t ‘slip’ into your stomach…
 At the junction of the
oesophagus and stomach,
there is a ring-like muscle,
called the lower oesophageal
sphincter, closing the passage
between the oesophagus and
stomach.
 As food approaches the closed
sphincter, the sphincter relaxes
and allows the food to pass
through to the stomach.
Oesophagus
After biting and chewing…
Oesophagus
 In your stomach, you have an acid called
hydrochloric acid along with enzymes that
continue to chemically digest food.
 Your stomach also acts like a punch bag
that will mechanically break down any
food that has not been properly chewed in
the mouth.
 Digestion in your stomach involves both
chemical and mechanical digestion.
 Let’s demonstrate….
From the stomach to
the small intestine (6m worth!)
 Food moves through it by peristalsis.
 The small intestine makes enzymes that complete the digestion
process.
 It is in the small intestine that nutrients (like proteins,
carbohydrates, fats etc) from now almost totally digested food
are absorbed into your bloodstream.
(Blood then carries the nutrients to all of the cells of your body).
Question time!
1. What is peristalsis?
2. What will sometimes slow food down from entering
your stomach all at once?
3. Describe the chemical digestion that continues in
your stomach.
4. Describe the mechanical digestion that takes place
in your stomach.
5. Where does the food go after your stomach and
why is this organ so important?
Homework Question
What structure in the small intestine
allows for nutrients to absorbed
through the walls?
Find out as much as you can about it!
Let’s re-cap…
 Refer to labelled diagram.
Small intestine
 Most nutrients are
absorbed into your
blood stream when
they get to the last
section of your small
intestine.
 The walls of this part
of your intestine are
lined with finger-like
projections called villi.
‘Fingers’ of absorption
 The shape of villi increases
the surface area through
which nutrients can pass
through them.
 Nutrients
are
then
transported to other parts
of your body.
Design your own experiment
Aim: Design your own experiment that will test surface area vs.
absorbency.
Parameters:
 materials (able to get from a hardware shop or supermarket)
 water to test for absorbency.
 FIRST: find out what exactly is surface area and what materials
differ in this property (flat paper towel vs. wavy paper towel)
 SECOND: what method will you put together to test for
absorbency using these materials.
Finally… the LARGE intestine
 Using your textbook, very quickly find out what is so
unique about the large intestine.
 Is it really larger than the small intestine and why is
named the way it is?
 What happens in the large intestine and what
happens to the food after it has passed through this
organ?
What are the similarities between the
small and large intestine?
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Which organs haven’t we studied?
That’s right!
 That’s because so far, we have just learnt about the
digestive TRACT!
 The digestive tract is the pathway in which food goes
into your mouth and all the way to your anus.
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small
Intestine
Large
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Assistants TO the digestive TRACT
PANCREAS
This is where pancreatic juices are
made. It neutralises the stomach
acid.
The enzymes used to break down
food in the stomach are created in
the pancreas.
Assistants TO the digestive TRACT
LIVER:
It is in fact the LARGEST internal organ
in the human body.
It helps to break down fats into small
droplets in the stomach by creating a
substance called bile.
It also controls blood sugar, destroys
poisons and stores some vitamins and
iron.
Assistants TO the digestive TRACT
GALL BLADDER
Bile made in the liver is stored
here and ready to be released
when required by the stomach.
So, what does the digestive system
involve?
All the organs we have spoken about
over the past few weeks make up the
digestive system. This is different to
the digestive tract.
Can you explain how the digestive
system is different to the digestive
tract?
So, after all this…
 A short video.
 Looking at a real digestive system!
 An assignment!
 Revise for a short test on the Digestive System.