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PSYCHOANALYSIS
SIGMUND FREUD born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)
was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, Freud worked and gained respect as a
physician. Through his work with respected French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud
became fascinated with the emotional disorder known as hysteria. Later, Freud and his friend
and mentor Dr. Josef Breuer introduced him to the case study of a patient known as Anna O.,
who was really a woman named Bertha Pappenheim. Her symptoms included a nervous
cough, tactile anesthesia and paralysis. Over the course of her treatment, the woman recalled
several traumatic experiences, which Freud and Breuer believed contributed to her illness.
The two physicians concluded that there was no organic cause for Anna O's difficulties, but
that having her talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. Freud and
Breuer published the work Studies in Hysteria in 1895. It was Bertha Pappenheim herself
who referred to the treatment as "the talking cure."
HYSTERIA is a psychoneurosis, in which unconscious emotional conflicts appear as severe
mental dissociation or as physical symptoms (conversion reactions), is not dependent upon
any known organic or structural pathology. The underlying anxiety is assumed to have been
"converted" into a physical symptom.
Later works include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Three Essays on the Theory
of Sexuality (1905). These works became world famous, but Freud’s theory of psychosexual
stages has long been a subject of criticism and debate. While his theories are often viewed
with skepticism, Freud’s work continues to influence psychology and many other disciplines
to this day.
Sigmund Freud was the founder of PSYCHOANALYSIS:
- Psychodiagnostic and psychotherapy methods
Psychoanalysis is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of the factors
that determine their emotions and behavior.
It is a comprehensive theory about human nature, motivation, behavior, development and
experience. And it is a method of treatment for psychological problems and difficulties in
living a successful life.
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS:
Is an example of a global therapy which has the aim of helping clients to bring about major
change in their whole perspective on life. This rests on the assumption that the current
maladaptive perspective is tied to deep-seated personality factors. Global therapies stand in
contrast to approaches which focus mainly on a reduction of symptoms, such as cognitive and
behavioral approaches, so-called problem-based therapies.
Anxiety disorders such as phobias, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive disorders and
post-traumatic stress disorder are obvious areas where psychoanalysis might be assumed to
work. The aim is to assist the client in coming to terms with their own id impulses or to
recognize the origin of their current anxiety in childhood relationships that are being relived
in adulthood.
Depression may be treated with a psychoanalytic approach to some extent. Psychoanalysts
relate depression back to the loss every child experiences when realizing our separateness
from our parents early in childhood. An inability to come to terms with this may leave the
person prone to depression or depressive episodes in later life.
METHODS:
1.) Hypnosis: Hypnosis may be self-induced by trained relaxation or by a variety of practices
found in many mystical, philosophical and religious systems. Induction of hypnosis is
generally preceded by the establishment of suitable rapport between hypnotist and subject
who must be willing, cooperative and trust the hypnotist.
2.) Free association: This method is the golden rule of the psychoanalytic therapy.
Patient is talking about own experiences.
3.) Dreams, analysis of dreams: First interpretation of dreams. Dreams were a
representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations.
4.) Slip of the tongue: Is interpreted incorrectly as expression of our unconscious desires.
Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious mind in the form of
parapraxes, popularly known as “Freudian slips” or “slips of the tongue“. We reveal what
is really on our mind by saying something we didn’t mean to.