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Transcript
Paper chromatography Chemical analysis - technique used to identify food additives. Separates substances in a mixture based on how well they dissolve in a solvent. The solvent e.g. water or ethanol carries the dye up the paper separating them Retention factor = distance moved by the substance/ distance moved by the solvent The Earth is made up of 3 layers - crust, mantle and core crust - relatively thin and rocky. mantle - has the properties of a solid, but can flow very slowly. outer core - made from liquid nickel and iron inner core - made from solid nickel and iron The Continents Supercontinent of Pangaea - 250 million years ago 100 million years ago - Pangaea split into 2. The land continued to move until 50 million years ago. Continents move a few cm’s every year. The Earth’s lithosphere is cracked into tectonic plates, which are constantly moving. Convection currents push the tectonic plates over the surface of Earth, due to radioactive decay. Earthquakes can occur at the plate boundaries because huge forces push the plates against each other. Volcanoes form at weak points in the Earths crust C1b Chemistry The lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. Ozone (O3) forms a shield against ultraviolet rays. The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are thought to be rising, resulting in climate change. 1. Sun’s rays enter the Earth’s atmosphere 2. Heat is reflected back from the Earth’s surface 3. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas and as a result becomes trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere 4. The Earth becomes hotter as a result The air is a mixture of mainly nitrogen, oxygen , variable amounts of water vapour and very small amount of other gases such as carbon dioxide and the noble gases. Carbon moves in and out of the atmosphere due to plants, the oceans and rocks. The amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has risen due to the amount of fossil fuels burnt. Carbon cycle has kept the level of CO2 in the atmosphere steady for the last 200 million years. The Earth’s atmosphere has changed over millions of years. Many of the gases that make up the atmosphere come from volcanoes. E.g. water vapour, ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane. As plants colonised, the levels of Oxygen increased.