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Reproductive Biotechnologies – Andrology I Anatomy and physiology of the male Prof. Alberto Contri Anatomy of the male • • • • Testis and membranes of the testis Excurrent duct system Glands of the reproductive tract Structures for the copulation Anatomy of the male Gonads localization Perienal What is common? Suspended outside the abdomen Inguinal Anatomy of the male Scrotum - layers Integument Superficial Dartos Spermatic fascia Cremaster muscle Vaginal tunic Deep parietal visceral Anatomy of the male Cremaster muscle Scrotum Integument Dartos Spermatic fascia Vaginal tunic parietal visceral Anatomy of the male Layers derived from the absominal wall Integument Scrotum Superficial abdominal fascia Superficial vaginal fascia Muscles of the abdomen Cremaster muscle Deep abdominal fascia – transversalis fascia Deep vaginal fascia Peritoneo Tonaca vaginale Anatomy of the male Scrotum – skin and dartos • Suspension and protection of the testis • Involved in the termoregulation Anatomy of the male Cremaster muscle • Striated muscle • Voluntary muscle • Connected with the inguinal ring Anatomy of the male Spermatic fascia Component of the inguinal canal Aid movement of the testis Anatomy of the male Vaginal tunic Derived from the peritoneum Superficial Deep Form a vaginal cavity Follow the testes during the descent Anatomy of the male Testis Two crucial functions 1 - Gametogenic 2 - Endocrine Anatomy of the male Testis Different orientation in different species cranial cranial caudal caudal Stallion – ventrocaudal major axis Ruminants – vertical major axis caudal Dog and boar – dorsocaudal major axis cranial Anatomy of the male Vessels of the testis Spermatic cord Within the vaginal canal - deferent duct - testicular arteria - venous arteria Physiology of the male Descent of the testis Original position near the kidney Moves at different ages – fetus Drived by the gumernaculum testis Physiology of the male Descent of the testis Residuals of the gubernaculum testis testicular proper ligament ligament of the epididymis tail scrotal ligament Physiology of the male Thermoregulation Working temperature lower (2-6°C) than body temperature Increased temperture affect sperm production Relative common cause of infertility in some species Physiology of the male Thermoregulation Mechanisms of thermoregulation: Mechanic: crematere muscle – tunica dartos Thermic exchange: pampiniferous plexus Physiology of the male Thermoregulation Evaporation at the scrotal surface Reduced temperature of the arterial blood Reduced temperature of the venous blood Thermal exchange between V and A at the pampiniferous plexus Physiology of the male Thermoregulation Crucial effect of the temperature Transient temperature of 40.5°C for 2 h Increased requirement of metabolic support Cellular suffering and apoptosis (primary spermatocytes; spermatogonia B; shperical spermatids) Anatomy of the male Testis Structure Deep vaginal tunic Albuginea tunic Testicular capsule Connective supports to the lobuli (200-300) testicular mediastinum Anatomy of the male Testis Structure Each testicular lobule scaffold of connective tissue capillar network compaction of the seminuferous tubules Anatomy of the male Testis Structure Seminiferous tubule Convoluted portion (spermatogenesis) Straight portion (excretion) Anatomy of the male Testis C. Seminiferous tubule 1) Interstitial 2) Basal 3) Adluminal Lumen Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Interstitial compartment Loose connective tissue– myoid cells Blood vessels Leydig cells in small clusters Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Leydig cells Close proximity to the vessels Secretion of steroid hormones Regulation of the spermatogenesis Control of the reproductive endocrine axis Activity of accessory sexual glands Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Basal compartment Sertoli cells Germinal cells (Spermatogonia) Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Sertoli cells Rest on the lamina propria Extensive cytoplasma to the lumen Pivotal role in the spermatogenesis Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Sertoli cells 1) blood-testis barrier 2) support and nutrition of germinal cells 3) movement of germinal cells to the lumen 4) discharge of mature spermatids 5) phagocytosis of degenerated cells 6) secretion of fluids 7) cell-to-cell comunication Anatomy of the male Cells of the testis Germinal cells Spermatogonia Basal c. Spermatocytes different types Spermatids Spermatozoa for different develpmental stages Adluminal c. Anatomy of the male Excurrent duct system Straight portion of the seminiferous tubule Rete testis – a network of small cannals Efferent ducts Epididymis Deferent duct Urethra Anatomy of the male Epididymis Continuates the efferent ductules Unique high-convoluted canal with different regions Anatomy of the male Epididymis 1) 2) Sperm maturation Synchronization Spermatogenesis Ejaculation Anatomy of the male Epididymis Macroscopic-based classification of the portion of the epididymis Anatomy of the male Epididymis Microscopic-based classification of the portion of the epididymis Functional point of view region 1: resorption and secretion region 2: maturation region 3 storage Anatomy of the male Deferent duct Continuation of the epididymis Thick wall of smooth muscle Limited role in the maturation Movement of spz to urethra In some species, modified distal portion - ampulla Anatomy of the male Accessory sexual glands Liquid component of the semen Part related to the reproductive system vesicular glands Part related to the urethra prostate bulbo-urethral glands Anatomy of the male Accessory sexual glands Different features in different species Vesicular glands Stallion Prostate Bulbourethral glands Anatomy of the male Accessory sexual glands Vesicular glands Bull Prostate Bulbourethral glands Anatomy of the male Accessory sexual glands Different features in different species Dog Prostate Anatomy of the male Accessory sexual glands Vesicular glands Boar Prostate Bulbourethral glands Anatomy of the male Penis Structure for the deposition of the semen in the female genital tract Wide functional differences at reproductive rest at reproductive stimulation Anatomy of the male Penis Structural composition urethra erectile strucures skin pouch (at rest) Anatomy of the male Penis Erection modification of the blood balance Increase in arterial imput Decrease in venous output accumulation of blood in cevernous tissue Anatomy of the male Penis Structural classification different feature of the erectile structures cavernous fibro-elastic Anatomy of the male Penis Structural classification different feature of the erectile strucures cavernous Anatomy of the male Penis Structural classification different feature of the erectile strucures fibro-elastic
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