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KSS Psych 12 Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY __________________ a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy ___________________ a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events _____________________ analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information ______________________ information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations Sensation- Basic Principles ______________________ study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness Thresholds ________________________________ minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time _________________________________ minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time just noticeable difference (JND) increases with magnitude _______________________________ predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) assumes that there is no single absolute threshold detection depends partly on person’s experience expectations motivation level of fatigue Sensation- Thresholds When stimuli are detectable less than 50% of the time (below one’s absolute threshold) they are “subliminal”. __________________- to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3% _____________________- diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation ____________________- conversion of one form of energy to another ____________________- the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next Hue- dimension of color determined by wavelength of light. (red to violet) Intensity- amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness Vision- Physical Properties of Waves Chapter 5 6e KSS Psych 12 Vision Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the eye Iris- a ring of muscle the forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina ______________________ change in shape of lens focus near objects ___________________ inner surface of eye light sensitive contains rods and cones layers of neurons beginning of visual information processing ____________________- the sharpness of vision _____________________ nearby objects seen more clearly lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina _______________________ faraway objects seen more clearly lens focuses near objects behind retina ________________ near center of retina (fovea) fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions ________________ peripheral retina detect black, white and gray twilight or low light ____________________- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there ________________- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster Feature Detectors neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features shape angle movement Visual Information Processing _______________________________________ simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways color motion form depth __________________________ (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors red green blue Color-Deficient Vision People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design KSS Psych 12 Visual Information Processing Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision “ON” “OFF” red green green red blue yellow yellow blue black white white black Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect Audition Audition the sense of hearing Frequency the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time Pitch a tone’s highness or lowness depends on frequency The Intensity of Some Common Sounds On the decibel scale, the smallest audible sound (near total silence) is 0 dB. A sound 10 times more powerful is 10 dB. Memory trick- the first digit in the decibel number is the number of zeros after the 1 A sound 100 times more powerful than near total silence is 20 dB. Note that the 2 in 20dB is the number of zeros in 100. 100 times as loud as the faintest sound A sound 1,000 times more powerful than near total silence is 30 dB. Here are some common sounds and their decibel ratings: Near total silence -__________________ A whisper - __________________ Normal conversation -__________________ A lawnmower -__________________ A car horn -__________________ A rock concert or a jet engine -__________________ A gunshot or firecracker -__________________ Audition- The Ear Outer Ear Auditory Canal Eardrum __________________ Ear hammer anvil stirrup ___________________ Ear oval window cochlea basilar membrane hair cells Audition ________________________ the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated ____________________________________ the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch _______________________ Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea KSS Psych 12 ______________________ Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies Touch Skin Sensations pressure only skin sensation with identifiable receptors warmth cold pain Pain _______________________________ Theory theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain “gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers “gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain Taste Taste Sensations sweet sour salty bitter umami Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste Smell Age, Sex and Sense of Smell Body Position and Movement Kinesthesis the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts Vestibular Sense the sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance
