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Supplemental
Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
heat movement of thermal energy
conduction transfer of thermal
from a warmer object to a cooler
object
kinetic energy the energy an object
or particle has because it is moving
potential energy stored energy
temperature represents the average
kinetic energy of the particles that
make up a material
thermal energy sum of the kinetic
energy and the potential energy of
all the particles that make up an
object
energy between materials because
of collisions between particles
convection transfer of thermal
energy by the movement of
particles from one part of a
material to another
convection current movement of
fluids in a cycle because of
convection
radiation transfer of thermal energy
from one material to another by
electromagnetic waves
specific heat amount of thermal
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
energy it takes to increase the
temperature of 1 kg of material
by 1°C
thermal conductor material through
which thermal energy flows easily
thermal contraction decrease in a
material’s volume when the
temperature is decreased
thermal expansion increase in a
material’s volume when the
temperature is increased
thermal insulator material through
which thermal energy does not
flow easily
vacuum space that contains little or
no matter
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:08:47 PM
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 3
heat engine machine that converts
thermal energy into mechanical
energy
heating appliance device that
converts electric energy into
thermal energy
refrigerator device that uses electric
energy to pump thermal energy
from a cooler location to a warmer
location
thermostat a device that regulates
the temperature of a system
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:08:48 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
A. Kinetic and Potential Energy
1. Any moving object has
energy.
2. The energy that is stored due to the interactions between objects or particles is
called
energy.
3. A moving soccer ball that has been kicked into the air has kinetic energy
and
energy; together they make up the
energy of the ball.
B. What is thermal energy?
1. The
that make up matter have kinetic energy and
potential energy.
2. The sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy in the particles that make
up an object is called
energy.
3. Thermal energy describes the
of the particles in solids,
liquids, and gases.
C. What is temperature?
energy.
2. The average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material is the
of the material.
a. A material with a(n)
temperature has particles that
have a greater average kinetic energy than a material with a(n)
temperature.
b. Particles whose average kinetic energy is large are moving at a(n)
average speed than particles whose average kinetic
energy is smaller.
3. Two materials can have the same temperature but different
energy. For example, ice and water have the
same average kinetic energy, but liquid water has
thermal energy because its particles have greater potential energy than those of ice.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Scientists define temperature in terms of
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:11:27 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
4. A(n)
is used to measure temperature.
a. A(n)
thermometer has a liquid that
and rises in a(n)
tube
when its temperature goes up; the liquid
drops when the temperature goes down.
and its level
b. A(n)
thermometer measures the resistance in an
electronic circuit and converts this measurement into
a(n)
.
5. Scientists around the world use the
scale.
a. Water freezes at
at
ºC and boils
ºC.
b. Scientists also used the Kelvin scale; water freezes at
and boils at
K
K.
c. The lowest possible temperature for any material is called
zero and is
K; at this
temperature the particles in a material would not be moving and would have no
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
energy.
D. What is heat?
1.
is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer
object to a(n)
2. All objects have
object.
energy, but heating occurs only when
energy is transferred from one object to another object.
a. The rate at which heating occurs depends on the difference in
between two objects; the greater the difference, the
heat is transferred.
b. Heating continues until all substances that are in
have reached the same
Thermal Energy
C354_008_014_CRF_L1_892510.indd 11
.
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3/4/10 4:11:28 PM
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term
is used only once.
1. the energy of motion
A. thermal energy
2. the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential
B. temperature
energy in the particles that make up a material
3. energy stored in the interactions between objects
or particles
C. heat
D. kinetic energy
E. potential energy
4. represents the average kinetic energy of the
particles that make up a material
5. the movement of thermal energy from a warmer
object to a cooler object
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Describe the relationship between the average kinetic energy and air temperature.
7. What tool is used to measure temperature?
8. List three temperature scales. Then write the boiling and freezing points of water on
each scale.
9. On what does the rate at which heating occurs depend?
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:11:33 PM
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms
may be used more than once or not at all.
bulb
closer
farther
fast
greater
kinetic
lesser
slow
stored
temperature
thermal
0K
100 K
1. Anything that moves has
energy.
2. Potential energy is
in the interactions between objects or
particles.
3. The
the particles in an object are from each other, the
the potential energy will be.
4. The air’s temperature depends on how
the air particles
move.
6. Temperature and
energy of particles.
energy are related, but they are not
the same.
7. A
thermometer is a common type of thermometer.
8. If a material is at
, the particles in the material are not
moving and do not have kinetic energy.
9. The rate at which heating occurs depends on the difference in
between the two objects.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Temperature represents the average
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:11:34 PM
Name
Date
Math Skills
Class
LESSON 1
Convert Between Temperature Scales
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy on the molecules in a material. Two
common temperature scales are Fahrenheit and Celsius.
To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the formula:
(°F - 32)
°C = ________
1.8
To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the formula:
°F = (°C × 1.8) + 32
Convert 113°F to Celsius.
Step 1 Identify what you want to find and the value given in the problem.
You want to convert the given, 113°F, to Celsius degrees.
Step 2
Substitute the values into the correct formula and solve. Work inside the
parentheses first.
To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, use the formula with Celsius degrees on the left
side.
(113 - 32)
°C = _________
1.8
81
°C = ___
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1.8
°C = 45
A temperature of 113°F is equivalent to 45°C.
Practice
1. Convert 140°F to Celsius.
4. Convert 14°F to Celsius.
5. If a solution has a temperature of −20°C,
2. Convert 25°C to Fahrenheit.
3. A temperature of 100°C is equivalent
to what Fahrenheit temperature?
Thermal Energy
C354_015_015_CRF_L1Math_892510.i15 15
what is the temperature of the solution
in degrees Fahrenheit?
6. A cup of tea has a temperature of
158°F. What is the temperature of the
tea in degrees Celsius?
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
Key Concept How are heat and temperature related?
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
120
50
100
40
80
60
40
20
0
30
308
20
293
10
283
0
273
10
20
°F
°C
K
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. At what temperature on the Celsius scale does water freeze?
2. List room temperature on all three temperature scales.
3. Convert 180°F to Celsius.
4. Convert 75°C to Fahrenheit.
5. At what temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale does water freeze?
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Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:13:24 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term
is used only once.
heat
kinetic energy
temperature
thermal energy
1.
potential energy
is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in
the particles that make up a material.
2. The energy of motion is
3.
.
is the energy stored in the interactions between objects or
particles.
4.
represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that
make up a material.
5. The movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is
called
.
Multiple Choice
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
6. What happens to the temperature of water in a cup when the average kinetic
energy of the water particles decreases?
A. It increases.
B. It decreases.
C. It is not affected.
7. The particles in a melting ice cube change from solid to liquid, but their
temperature does not change. As the ice melts, the particles gain
A. kinetic energy and thermal energy.
B. potential energy and kinetic energy.
C. thermal energy and potential energy.
8. On which temperature scale does water freeze at 0°?
A. Kelvin
B. Celsius
C. Fahrenheit
Thermal Energy
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Not all
terms are used.
heat
kinetic energy
mechanical energy
temperature
thermal energy
thermometer
1.
potential energy
is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in
the particles that make up a material.
2. The energy of motion is
3.
.
is the energy stored in the interactions between objects or
particles.
4.
represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that
make up a material.
5. The movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is
called
.
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A temperature change in a substance always indicates that the
A. state of the substance has changed.
B. kinetic energy of the particles has changed.
C. potential energy of the particles has changed.
D. mechanical energy of the substance has changed.
7. As water undergoes a state change, its
A. temperature and thermal energy change.
B. temperature and thermal energy stay the same.
C. thermal energy changes and its temperature stays the same.
D. temperature changes and its thermal energy stays the same.
8. The temperature at which all particle motion stops is
A. 0 Kelvin.
B. 0° Celsius.
C. 373 Kelvin.
D. 32° Fahrenheit.
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Thermal Energy
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
A. How is thermal energy transferred?
1. A car that has been outside on a sunny summer day will be
inside.
2. Thermal energy can be
from one object to another by
, conduction, and convection.
B. Radiation
1.
is the transfer of thermal energy from one material to
another by electromagnetic waves.
2. All objects, even ice cubes, radiate
energy.
3. The only way for thermal energy to travel from the
to
Earth is through radiation; that is because radiation is the only way for thermal
energy to travel through the
4.
of empty space.
occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.
C. Conduction
1. When particles that have different kinetic energies
, the
kinetic energy transfer energy to
particles that have
kinetic energy; in this way, the
average kinetic energy, or
, of the materials changes.
a. Because kinetic energy is being transferred,
energy is
also being transferred.
b.
is the transfer of thermal energy between materials
because of collisions between the particles.
c. Conduction does not stop until the
energy of all the
particles that are in contact is
.
2. A material through which thermal energy flows easily is called
a(n)
not flow easily is called a(n)
a.
; a material through which thermal energy does
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
particles that have
are good thermal conductors because they have
that move easily, so they often collide with other
particles and transfer
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C354_028_034_CRF_L2_892510.indd 30
energy easily.
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:15:30 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
b.
are good thermal insulators because their electrons
do not
easily, so compared with thermal
conductors, few
of insulators.
3.
occur between electrons and atoms
is the amount of thermal energy it takes to increase the
temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1ºC.
a. Thermal
have a(n)
specific heat compared with thermal
low
, which have a
.
b. Water has a(n)
specific heat, which makes this liquid
good for
.
D. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
1. An increase in a material’s volume when the temperature is increased is
called
; this occurs because particles spread out as their
energy increases.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. A decrease in a material’s volume when the temperature is decreased is called
; this occurs because
closer together as their kinetic energy decreases.
get
E. Convection
1. The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a
material to another is called
; convection occurs in
—liquids and gases.
2. Convection occurs, in part, because of differences in
due to thermal
parts of the material.
,
and thermal contraction in different
3. The movement of fluids up and down in a cycle because of convection is called a(n)
; these
cause patterns in
Earth’s climate.
Thermal Energy
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
conduction
convection
convection current
radiation
specific heat
thermal conduction
thermal contraction
thermal expansion
thermal insulator
1. The movement of fluids up and down in a cycle because of convection is
a
2.
.
is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of
particles from one part of a material to another.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. A
is a material through which thermal energy flows easily.
4.
is the amount of thermal energy it takes to increase the
temperature of 1kg of a material by 1°C.
5.
is the transfer of thermal energy from one material to
another by electromagnetic waves.
6. A
is a decrease in a material’s volume when the
temperature is decreased.
7. The transfer of thermal energy between materials because of collisions between the
particles is called
.
8. A material through which thermal energy does not flow easily is
a
9.
.
is an increase in a material’s volume when the temperature
is increased.
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:15:38 PM
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
Directions: Complete the table by writing each phrase or statement statement under the correct heading. Each
phrase or statement is used only once.
• A car receives thermal energy from the Sun through this.
• All matter radiates thermal energy.
• continues until the thermal energy of all particles in contact is equal
• involves the movement of thermal energy in a liquid
• occurs in fluids
• the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one
part of a material to another
• the transfer of thermal energy between materials because of collisions
between the particles
• the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by
electromagnetic waves
• When particles with different kinetic energies collide, the particles with
higher kinetic energy transfer energy to particles with lower kinetic energy.
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Definition:
Definition:
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Definition:
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:15:39 PM
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
Key Concept In what ways can thermal energy be transferred?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Describe the thermal energy and air near the equator.
2. Describe how radiation from the Sun heats Earth.
3. Where are most rain forests located?
4. What happens as the rising air radiates thermal energy back into space?
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:16:18 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term
is used only once.
1. the transfer of thermal energy from one material
to another by electromagnetic waves
2. the transfer of thermal energy between materials
because of collisions between the particles
A. conduction
B. specific heat
C. radiation
D. convection
3. the amount of thermal energy it takes to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of material by 1°C
4. the transfer of thermal energy by the movement
of particles from one part of a material to another
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
6. In which material would thermal expansion and thermal contraction be most
noticeable?
A. the water in a cup
B. the air in a balloon
C. the metal parts of a car
7. Thermal energy from the Sun transfers to Earth by
A. radiation.
B. convection.
C. conduction.
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C354_042_043_CRF_L2Quz_892510.in42 42
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Which material is a good thermal conductor?
A. cloth
B. water
C. metal
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:19:41 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Thermal Energy Transfers
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms
are used.
1. the transfer of thermal energy from one material
to another by electromagnetic waves
2. the transfer of thermal energy between materials
because of collisions between the particles
3. the amount of thermal energy it takes to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of material by 1°C
A. conduction
B. thermal insulator
C. thermal contraction
D. specific heat
E. radiation
F. convection
4. the transfer of thermal energy by the movement
of particles from one part of a material to another
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
5. Identify one material that is a good thermal conductor and one material that is a
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
good thermal insulator.
6. Identify the type of energy transfer by which the Sun’s energy travels to Earth.
7. Relate Tell how the volume of a material is related to its temperature. Use the terms
thermal expansion and thermal contraction in your response.
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:19:42 PM
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
A. Thermal Energy Transformations
1. People can convert many forms of energy such as mechanical energy or chemical
energy into
energy; we can also convert thermal energy
into other
of energy such as mechanical energy.
2. Although energy can be transformed from one kind to another,
cannot be created or destroyed.
B. Heating Appliances
1.
are devices that convert electric energy into thermal
energy; some examples are clothes irons, and coffee makers.
2.
devices such as cell phones and computers also get hot
when they are in use; however, the
produce does not serve a useful purpose.
energy they
C. Thermostats
1. A device that regulates the temperature of a system is called a(n)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
.
2. A thermostat has a
coil made of two types of metals
that
and contract at different rates; the coil curls and
uncurls, depending on the air
, to move a switch that
controls a(n)
.
D. Refrigerators
1. A(n)
is a device that uses electric energy to pump
thermal energy from a cooler location to a warmer location.
2. A(n)
, which is a fluid, flows through pipes that
surround the compartments of the refrigerator;
energy
is transferred from the inside of the refrigerator to the coolant, which is why the
refrigerator stays
.
3. A refrigerator uses
energy to move the
through the refrigerator pipes.
a. Starting as a liquid, the coolant passes through a(n)
changes into a gas, and becomes
Thermal Energy
C354_045_051_CRF_L3_892510.indd 47
,
.
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
b. The coolant removes the
energy from the inside of
the refrigerator, so the refrigerator cools off.
c. In the bottom of the refrigerator, there is a(n)
that
forces the coolant into a smaller space, which increases the
energy of the coolant.
d. The
releases thermal energy into the
around the refrigerator.
e. This change causes the
to become a liquid, and then
the cooling cycle begins again.
E. Heat Engines
1. A machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is a(n)
.
2. A(n)
engine, such as those found in moving vehicles
and lawn
, converts thermal energy into
energy.
a. In a car engine, a spark ignites a fuel-air mixture, which
b. In an automobile engine, only about
percent of the
energy of the fuel (gasoline) gets converted into
energy; the rest become heat, which causes the car’s
to become hot.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
and pushes a piston down; this motion turns the
crankshaft—the mechanical energy that moves the car.
Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:27:49 PM
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Some terms
will be used more than once.
1. a device that converts electric energy into
thermal energy
A. heating appliance
B. thermostat
2. a device that is not efficient
C. refrigerator
3. a device that uses electric energy to pump
D. heat engine
thermal energy from a cooler location to a
warmer location
4. Most contain a bimetallic coil.
5. curling irons, coffee makers, and clothes irons
6. a device that regulates the temperature of a
system
7. Kitchen refrigerators, toasters, coffee makers, and
ovens are equipped with these.
8. transfers thermal energy from one place to
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
another
9. a machine that converts thermal energy into
mechanical energy
10. Thermal energy from inside transfers to the
coolant, keeping the inside cold.
11. typical automobile engine
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Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:27:53 PM
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1.
cannot be created or destroyed.
A. Heat
B. Metal
C. Energy
2. Coolant in a refrigerator moves
A. heat
B. electric
C. thermal
energy from one place to another.
3. Computers and cell phones get hot when you use them because some
energy is always converted into
A. heat; electric
B. thermal; heat
C. electric; thermal
energy in an electronic device.
4. A
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
coil is made up of two types of metal joined together and bent into
a coil.
A. bimetallic
B. thermostat
C. heat engine
5. To
something is to force it into a smaller space.
A. cool
B. heat
C. compress
6. Internal combustion engines use
A. electrical
B. chemical
C. mechanical
energy to produce thermal energy.
7. When a heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy,
energy moves a vehicle.
A. electrical
B. chemical
C. mechanical
Thermal Energy
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3/4/10 4:27:54 PM
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
Key Concept What are the energy transformations in a car engine?
Directions: Use the diagram to answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
Intake valve
Cylinder
Fuel-air mixture
Piston
Spark plug
Exhaust valve
Crankshaft
Exhaust
gases
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. How are the piston and intake valve related?
2. Explain the role of the spark plug in an internal combustion engine.
3. What would happen if the piston in the diagram failed to move up?
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Thermal Energy
3/4/10 4:26:51 PM
Name
Date
Lesson Quiz A
Class
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
heat engine
heating appliance
refrigerator
thermostat
1. A device that converts electric energy into thermal energy is
a
.
2. A
is a device that regulates the temperature of a system.
3. A
is a device that uses electric energy to pump thermal
energy from a cooler location to a warmer location.
4. A machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is
a
.
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Which device is a heating appliance?
A. computer
B. cell phone
C. clothes iron
6. In which device would you find a fluid called a coolant?
A. thermostat
B. refrigerator
C. heating appliance
7. In an internal combustion engine, what form of energy is converted to thermal
energy?
A. electric energy
B. chemical energy
C. mechanical energy
Thermal Energy
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Name
Date
Lesson Quiz B
Class
LESSON 3
Using Thermal Energy
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast a coffeemaker and a computer in terms of the thermal energy
they produce.
2. Summarize the function of the coolant in a refrigerator.
3. Explain how chemical energy is transformed in an internal combustion engine.
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Not all
terms are used.
coolant
cylinder
heat engine
heating appliance
refrigerator
thermostat
4. A device that converts electric energy into thermal energy is
a
.
5. A
is a device that regulates the temperature of a system.
6. A
is a device that uses electric energy to pump thermal
energy from a cooler location to a warmer location.
7. A machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is
a
62
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.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Completion
Thermal Energy
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
1. Any moving object has kinetic energy.
A. Kinetic and Potential Energy
2. The energy that is stored due to the interactions between objects is called potential
energy.
3. A moving soccer ball that has been kicked into the air has kinetic energy and
potential energy; together they make up the mechanical energy of the ball.
B. What is thermal energy?
1. The particles that make up matter have kinetic energy and potential energy.
an object is called thermal energy.
2. The sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy in the particles that make up
3. Thermal energy describes the energy of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
Thermal Energy
c. The lowest possible temperature for any material is called absolute zero and is
0 K; at this temperature the particles in a material would not be moving and
would have no kinetic energy.
b. The Kelvin scale is also used by scientists; water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.
a. Water freezes at 0ºC and boils at 100ºC.
5. Scientists around the world use the Celsius scale.
and converts this measurement into a(n) temperature.
b. A(n) electronic thermometer measures the resistance in an electronic circuit
a. A(n) bulb thermometer has a liquid that expands and rises in a(n) glass tube
when its temperature goes up; the liquid contracts and its level drops when the
temperature goes down.
4. A(n) thermometer is used to measure temperature.
3. Two materials can have the same temperature but different thermal energy. For example,
ice and water have the same average kinetic energy, but liquid water has greater thermal
energy because its particles have greater potential energy than those of ice.
speed than particles whose average kinetic energy is smaller.
b. Particles whose average kinetic energy is large are moving at a(n) greater average
kinetic energy than a material with a(n) lower temperature.
a. A material with a(n) high temperature has particles that have a greater average
temperature of the material.
2. The average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material is the
1. Scientists define temperature in terms of kinetic energy.
C. What is temperature?
T2
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Lesson Outline continued
1. Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a(n) cooler object.
D. What is heat?
transferred from one object to another object.
2. All objects have thermal energy, but heating occurs only when thermal energy is
between two objects; the greater the difference, the faster heat is transferred.
a. The rate at which heating occurs depends on the difference in temperature
temperature.
b. Heating continues until all substances that are in contact have reached the same
Discussion Question
If no object has ever reached 0 degrees Kelvin, how is the Kelvin scale useful for scientists?
T3
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Possible answer: In some fields of science, getting materials very, very cold might be
useful—for example, electric current and other forms of energy travel more easily through
very cold materials; when working with low temperatures, it is easier to make calculations
and communicate using a scale that uses positive rather than negative numbers.
Thermal Energy
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Thermal Energy Transfers
A. How is thermal energy transferred?
1. A car that has been outside on a sunny summer day will be hot inside.
conduction, and convection.
2. Thermal energy can be transferred from one object to another by radiation,
B. Radiation
electromagnetic waves.
1. Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by
2. All objects, even ice cubes, radiate thermal energy.
3. The only way for thermal energy to travel from the Sun to Earth is through
radiation; that is because radiation is the only way for thermal energy to travel
through the vacuum of empty space.
4. Radiation occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.
Thermal Energy
b. Water has a(n) high specific heat, which makes this liquid good for cooling.
conductors, which have a low specific.
a. Thermal insulators have a(n) high specific heat compared with thermal
of 1 kg of a material by 1ºC.
3. Specific heat is the amount of thermal energy it takes to increase the temperature
b. Nonmetals are good thermal insulators because their electrons do not move
easily, so compared with thermal conductors, few collisions occur between
electrons and atoms of insulators.
so they often collide with other particles and transfer kinetic energy easily.
a. Metals are good thermal conductors because they have electrons that move easily,
2. A material through which thermal energy flows easily is called a(n) thermal
conductor; a material through which thermal energy does not flow easily is called
a(n) thermal insulator.
c. Conduction does not stop until the thermal energy of all the particles that are in
contact is equal.
collisions between the particles.
b. Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between materials because of
transferred.
a. Because kinetic energy is being transferred, mechanical energy is also being
1. When particles that have different kinetic energies collide, the particles that have
more kinetic energy transfer energy to particles that have less kinetic energy; in this
way, the average kinetic energy, or temperature, of the materials changes.
C. Conduction
T4
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Lesson Outline continued
D. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
1. An increase in a material’s volume when the temperature is increased is called
thermal expansion; this occurs because particles spread out as their thermal energy
increases.
2. A decrease in a material’s volume when the temperature is decreased is called
thermal contraction; this occurs because particles get closer together as their kinetic
energy decreases.
E. Convection
1. The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of
a material to another is called convection; convection occurs in fluids—liquids
and gases.
expansion and thermal contraction in different parts of the material.
2. Convection occurs, in part, because of differences in density, due to thermal
a(n) convection current; these currents cause patterns in Earth’s climate.
3. The movement of fluids up and down in a cycle because of convection is called
Discussion Question
Compare and contrast the three different ways that thermal energy is transferred.
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T5
Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy as electromagnetic radiation, which can occur
through all three states of matter, as well as through a vacuum; radiation is the only way
thermal energy can be transferred that does not necessarily involve matter. Conduction is
the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between particles; it occurs in all three
states of matter, but occurs most efficiently in specific solids called thermal conductors.
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy due to movement of particles from one part of
a particular material to another; convection occurs in fluids, including air and liquids, due
to differences in the density of the material.
Thermal Energy
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 3: Using Thermal Energy
Lesson Outline continued
mowers, converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
2. A(n) internal combustion engine, such as those found in moving vehicles and lawn
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. In a car engine, a spark ignites a fuel-air mixture, which expands and pushes
a piston down; this motion turns the crankshaft—the mechanical energy that
moves the car.
A. Thermal Energy Transformations
1. People can convert many forms of energy such as mechanical energy or chemical
energy into thermal energy; we can also convert thermal energy into other forms
of energy such as mechanical energy.
b. In an automobile engine, only about 20 percent of the chemical energy of the
fuel (gasoline) gets converted into mechanical energy; the rest become heat,
which causes the car’s engine to become hot.
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Thermal Energy
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T7
Despite the name, a cooler does not actually cool an area; it is not a refrigerator because
it doesn’t use electric energy at all; instead of cooling an area, a cooler insulates a
compartment, slowing the transfer of thermal energy from the warm area outside the cooler
to the compartment that has cool materials inside it.
Is a plastic cooler an example of a refrigerator? Explain your answer.
Discussion Question
2. Although energy can be transformed from one kind to another, energy cannot be
created or destroyed.
B. Heating Appliances
some examples are clothes irons, and coffee makers.
1. Heating appliances are devices that convert electric energy into thermal energy;
use; however, the thermal energy they produce does not serve a useful purpose.
2. Electronic devices such as cell phones and computers also get hot when they are in
1. A device that regulates the temperature of a system is called a(n) thermostat.
C. Thermostats
2. A thermostat has a bimetallic coil made of two types of metals that expand
and contract at different rates; the coil curls and uncurls, depending on the air
temperature, to move a switch that controls a(n) furnace.
D. Refrigerators
a cooler location to a warmer location.
1. A(n) refrigerator is a device that uses electric energy to pump thermal energy from
2. A(n) coolant, which is a fluid, flows through pipes that surround the compartments
of the refrigerator; thermal energy is transferred from the inside of the refrigerator
to the coolant, which is why the refrigerator stays cold.
3. A refrigerator uses electrical energy to move the coolant through the refrigerator pipes.
and becomes cooler.
a. Starting as a liquid, the coolant passes through a(n) valve, changes into a gas,
the refrigerator cools off.
b. The coolant removes the thermal energy from the inside of the refrigerator, so
into a smaller space, which increases the thermal energy of the coolant.
c. In the bottom of the refrigerator, there is a(n) compressor that forces the coolant
d. The coolant releases thermal energy into the air around the refrigerator.
begins again.
e. This change causes the coolant to become a liquid, and then the cooling cycle
Thermal Energy
1. A machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy is a(n) heat engine.
E. Heat Engines
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T6
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.