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Lesson Plan 4: Pairing a primary & a secondary source times past pages 18-21 Lexile level: 1260L Lower Lexile level (available online): 1090L When Africa Broke Free In 1960, 17 African countries gained independence from European colonial rule. Times Past looks at some of Africa’s successes and struggles since then. Additional Resources upfrontmagazine.com Before Reading 1 List Vocabulary: Share with students the challenging general and domain-specific vocabulary for this article. Encourage them to use context to infer meanings as they read and to later verify those inferences by consulting a dictionary. Distribute or project the Word Watch activity to guide students through this process, if desired. 2 arbitrarily elusive extremism genocide guerrilla tempered Engage: Have students study the map on page 19 for the independence dates of African Print or project: • Word Watch (vocabulary) • U.N. Declaration on Colonialism (also on p. 13 of this Teacher’s Guide) • Article Quiz (also on p. 10 of this Teacher’s Guide) • Analyze the Graph (also on p. 11 of this Teacher’s Guide) • Analyze the Photo (also on p. 14 of this Teacher’s Guide) countries. Discuss any patterns they observe. Analyze the Article 3 Read and Discuss: Have students read the article. Discuss what makes this a secondary source. (It was written in contemporary times by an author who researched the topic but didn’t experience the events firsthand.) Then pose the following critical-thinking questions: uAnalyze what the author means when he writes that 6 • uExplain why many African economies were stunted by Africa’s wind of change “turned out to be not a wind years of colonial rule. (Colonial powers had focused but a hurricane.” (He likely means that huge changes exclusively on generating raw materials and crops in the happened in a relatively brief period of time: By 1960, 27 colonies and exporting them, so economies in the former African nations had secured their independence, including colonies were not well developed. Even the infrastructure 17 in that year alone. There was an atmosphere of great reflected this singular focus: Roads led to mines and farms, celebration and hope.) not to villages.) Upfront • upfrontmagazine.com u Why might some of today’s ethnic turmoil in Africa be uWhat signs does the author point to that suggest attributable to colonialism? (When European powers Africa is on the verge of an economic and social carved up Africa in 1884, they gave little regard to pre- transformation? (Africa’s economy is growing at a pace existing tribal relationships and geographic considerations. twice that of the world as a whole. African nations are The borders they created were arbitrary and in some cases embracing technology, and their middle classes are growing. led to today’s conflicts.) Honest leadership is replacing corrupt governments.) 4 Integrate the Primary Source: Project or distribute the PDF U.N. Declaration on Colonialism (p. 13 of this Teacher’s Guide), which features an excerpt from a 1960 United Nations document on colonialism. Discuss what makes it a primary source. (It was drafted in 1960 about events of that time.) Have students read the excerpt and answer these questions (which appear on the PDF without answers). Discuss. uFor what audience is the declaration written? u How would you describe the tone of the declaration? (The declaration, which documents the U.N.’s stand on (The tone of the U.N.’s declaration can be described as colonialism, is meant for a global audience. Its writers may hopeful, impassioned, and decisive or authoritative. have hoped to appeal to the world’s colonial powers.) Students may choose other descriptors.) uWhat are some of the grounds on which the United u The writers note that colonialism “impedes the social, Nations calls for an end to colonialism? (The U.N. cultural and economic development of dependent argues that colonized peoples yearn to be free and have peoples.” Based on the Upfront article, why might this the right to be free. It also argues that denying freedom has be so? Do you think the end of colonialism in Africa caused conflicts, “which constitute a serious threat to world resolved this problem? Explain. (The article notes that peace,” as well as economic problems for both the colonized colonizers created political, social, and economic structures territory and the world at large.) that served their own ends. For example, colonial economies were meant only to generate raw materials for the colonial uWhat do you think the writers of the declaration mean powers. Colonial governments were meant to keep the state when they note that the “process of liberation is secure, not to improve people’s lives. The end of colonialism irresistible and irreversible”? Do you agree? Explain. in Africa did not suddenly resolve these problems. The (To call the drive for freedom “irresistible and irreversible” former colonies had to build much of their social, political, means that it is a force that can no longer be stopped or and economic systems from the ground up.) dialed back. Student responses will vary.) Extend & Assess 5 Writing Prompt How would you summarize 6 Classroom Debate Is the recent rise in Islamic 8 Paired Texts Try pairing the article with the the legacy of colonialism in Africa? extremism in some African countries novel Waiting for the Barbarians by Is Africa ready to move beyond its part of the legacy of colonialism? J. M. Coetzee. Discuss the ways in colonial past? Use evidence from the Upfront article as well as the primary source text to support your response. 7 which the novel serves as an allegory Quiz about African colonialism. Use the quiz on page 10 of this Teacher’s Guide. Find all activity sheets and other support materials at upfrontmagazine.com A p r il 20, 20 1 5 • u p f r o nt m aga z in e .co m • 7