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PSYCHOLOGY The Psychological Therapies History of Treatment History of Treatment Reformers of treatment of the mentally ill: Dorothy Dix Philippe Pinel Treatment depends on: Therapist view of the problem: Learned Biological/genetic Social conditions Therapy Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy Therapy Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties TherapyPsychoanalysis 1. Psychoanalysis (Freud) • Goal: Method that attempts to gain insight into unconscious origins of the problem • • Uncover repressed impulses/conflicts identify cause of behavior Psychoanalysis • Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences (and the therapist’s interpretations of them) released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight Therapy- Psychoanalysis Resistance • blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material TherapyPsychoanalysis Transference the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships e.g. love or hatred for a parent 2. Humanistic Therapy • humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy • therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth • Provide psychological Mirror • Concentrate on present & future • Look to explain cause Humanistic Therapy Active Listening-empathic listening in which the Therapist/listener echoes, restates, and clarifies 3. Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy Goal: therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors Classical conditioning - Pavlov Operant conditioning - Skinner, Watson Behavior Therapy A. Counterconditioning • procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors Includes: • systematic desensitization • aversive conditioning • exposure therapy/flooding • virtual reality Behavior Therapy 1. Systematic Desensitization • type of counterconditioning • associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli • Ex. Of Peter with hierarchy of increases • commonly used to treat phobias Behavior Therapy Exposure Therapy / flooding/ virtual reality treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Counter conditioning 2. Aversive Conditioning type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior Reverse/opposite of desensitization Examples: nausea ---> alcohol Stop nail biting by painting nails with terrible taste polish and stop biting behavior Behavior Therapy Aversion therapy for alcoholics Behavior Therapy B. Token Economy an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats 4.Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy Who: Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, Adele Rabin Goal: teaches people new, more adaptive & constructive ways of thinking and acting Stress inoculation training • Discover irrational thinking • Interpretation of life events in new perspective • Reverse self defeating thinking • based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Cognitive Therapy A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders Cognitive Behavior Therapy Type of cognitive behavior therapy: RET (Rational Emotive Therapy) Albert Ellis • Help one change their thinking • Shows them the irrational thinking • Demonstrates a way change behavior Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Group and Family Therapies Family Therapy treats the family as a system views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication Cognitive Therapy The Cognitive Revolution Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for depression