Download [Political]:(Pax Romana)

Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: C [Political]:(Pax Romana) Pax Romana translates to Roman peace and was one of the longest periods of peace in its time. The Pax Romana was a 200 year period from 27 B.C.E to 180 C.E. that brought peace and economic prosperity to Rome. After the Senate gave power to Augustus, he laid the groundwork for the stability of the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana was considered the golden age of Rome and brought a stable economy and a united land. During this period, the population of the Roman empire rose to 70 million people and the land area of the empire had reached its peak. In order to maintain the proliferating empire, the Romans built extensive roads to ease the movement of military and communication. Aqueducts were built to supply the increasing population and provide water to cities and farms. Advances in architecture were made through the discovery of concrete. The first library was created along with the Pantheon and the police force. Augustus also created new laws to be fair to non­roman people. People of conquered nations were allowed to get a Roman citizenship.The period of the Pax Romana brought many successes to the Roman empire and allowed Rome to become the economic and political capital of the West. The Pax Romana ended with Marcus Aurelius, whose reign was followed by his disastrous son. The empire began experiencing attacks and hardships during the end of the Pax Romana. Mikhal Ben-Joseph
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AP World History Period 3
Packet: C
Political: Darius I (Module 7)
Darius the First can be considered the second emperor of the Persian Empire which began
to develop in 2000 BCE. At this time, Achaemenids in the northwest were forming a complex
political organization and expanding west and southeast, where the Persian Iranians lived. Cyrus,
later known as Cyrus the Great, was the son of a Persian chief and a Median (Achaemenid)
princess, and eventually overthrew the Median government. The expanding empire’s throne was
then handed down to Cyrus’ son Cambyses, and then to Darius I, a distantly related nobleman
who, unlike his predecessors, did not allow significant Median involvement in the government.
Darius I was extremely motivated to expand Persian control, and managed to gain control of land
as far east as the Indus Valley, northeast as Greece and Bulgaria, and west as Europe. His
cultivation of maritime routes was equally as impressive, and explored waters from the Delta to
the Red Sea and completed a canal from the Red Sea to the Nile. Perhaps the key factor in
Darius’ production of this huge empire was his decentralized political organization. About 20
satraps, or governors, dealt with judicial and legislative matters and collected tributes in
provinces that were distant from the King’s central administration location: Susa in Ancient
Mesopotamia/Elam. Darius I is also known for the construction
of Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of Persia in the homeland.
Darius’s son Xerxes, was the next great king of Persia.
Vincent Brando
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World History AP/Period 3
Packet: C
​ [​Political] - [​Revolts and Revolutions
​
]
Third Century Crisis:​ It is 235 AD and the Roman Republic is on its knees. The once
prosperous civilization of science and culture was beaten down by repeated harrowing from
multiple different sources. The first of which was invasion and war. The Hunnic invaders from
the Central Asian steppes pressured the Germanic tribes of northeastern Europe to attack Rome.
As their armies clashed, other more internal conflicts erupted in Rome. Pestilence and plague
worked its way through the streets of roman cities, as a result of population cluster and lack of
natural immunity from diseases. This occurred due to migrations. As people from other
civilizations crossed Roman borders,
population became more concentrated,
and pathogens were introduced to the
Roman populace that they hadn’t built
up natural immunity for. All this,
coupled with catastrophic economic
collapse, became what is now known as
the Third Century Crisis of 235 AD to
284 AD.
Gabi Coutinho
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period III
Packet C
Political: Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II, Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E) was a successful military
commander and responsible for the conquering and fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. He
was a brilliant military strategist and very skilled on the battlegrounds. One of his diplomatic
strategies was to adopt the customs of the people he conquered in order to rule large empires and
count on collaboration. However, he was ruthless to those who threatened his power.
As King of Macedonia in northern Greece,
Alexander’s father had turned it into a major Greek
military power. He hired Aristotle to tutor Alexander,
and recognizing his son’s leadership ability, Philip
gave him power to command armies. At age eighteen
he won the Battle of Charonea. Upon his father’s
assassination, Alexander became King of Macedonia at age twenty, conquered the Persian
Empire, and defeated King Darius III’s men at Gaugamela. He expanded his empire and began
Hellenization of western Asia. He founded many city-states, such as Alexandria in Egypt. The
Egyptians welcomed the Macedonians, preferring their control to Persians’. After his death at
age thirty-two, Alexander’s empire was broken down, after a period of chaos, into three
kingdoms: the Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid.
Luis Garcia
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Period 3
Packet: C
Political: Hellenistic Age
The Hellenistic Age is the historical era in which Greek culture was spread and diffused across
western Asia and northeast Africa by the political conquest of Alexander the Great. Alexander
the Great of Macedonia gained control of one of the largest empires of history through his
various political campaigns, including the conquest of the Persian empire. The Hellenistic Age
marked the peak of Greek strength and influence. After Alexander’s death, Hellenistic Greece
was broken into three major kingdoms, including the Seleucid Dynasty controlling Mesopotamia
and surrounding lands, the Ptolemaic Dynasty controlling Egypt and the Hellenistic capital of
Alexandria, and the Antigonid Dynasty that remained in northern Greece.
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Theme 3: Third Century Crisis
The Third Century Crisis was a
period in which the Roman Empire almost
collapsed under the combined pressures of
invasion, civil war, plague, and economic
depression. The crisis began with the
assassination of Emperor Severus
Alexander by his own troops in 235 C.E.,
initiating a fifty-year period where there were at least 26 claims to the title of emperor. All 26
men were accepted by the Roman Senate, and therefore became legitimate emperors. By 268 the
Empire split into three competing states, but Aurelian reunited the empire from 270-275. The
crisis ended in 284 with the rise and changes to the Empire made by Diocletian.
The Crisis had several major economic impacts, including a disruption to Rome’s
extensive inner trade network
and increased localism. The
empire also faced
hyperinflation caused by years
of coinage devaluation.
Rishab Jain Mr. Tavernia AP World History/P.3 Packet C [Political]: Satraps Satraps were elite people chosen by the king that would look over sectors of the empire. Satraps were a key component of the political system set up in the Achaemenid empire. Satraps was a bureaucracy in a way that acted as an administrative unit used to keep each individual province in order. Satraps was a decentralized form of government in which the king had these satraps to make sure that each area was secure. Under Cyrus the great the idea of satraps was introduced. Although he was the first to implement this form of government, Darius the first was the first emperor to give the satraps more power and increased their number to 36. The job description of the satraps included collecting taxes, controlling local officials, and judge of the land. To make sure that the satraps didn’t take power over their land there were checks and balances such as a scribe and a general that commanded a local militia. Satraps may have solve the local problems of the people overtime it lead to rebellions due to the abuse of power. Darius the first had to deal with a lot of rebellion and violence due to the satraps he appointed. Overall, satraps were local governors that ensured the smooth running of local areas. Paridhi Kapadia
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AP World History, Pd. 3
Packet C
Political: Han Dynasty
The Han dynasty was the dynasty of emperors that ruled ancient China from 202 BCE to 220 CE. With it
came the idea of an imperial China, that was unified politically and culturally, and which remained in
place for a long time. After the political instability and unrest caused by the Xin dynasty, Liu Bang
asserted power as empire and began the Han dynasty. One method of appeasement is used for the White
Huns was diplomacy as well as unity through marriage. Furthermore, to exit from the economic decline,
they had to be frugal, so they used specific methods of land control in which land was given out but easily
reverted back to the royal family.
The Han dynasty was characterized by the implementation of the Confucianism as the official religion.
They required government officials to take civil service exams about Confucianism to be a part of the
government. Later, after trying to be diplomatic with the White Huns, they gave up and attacked. With the
Han Dynasty came interregional trade routes, like the Silk Road.
Leah Kapela
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: C
Political: King Solomon
King Solomon was an important king of Israel who took rule in about 967 BCE after his
father, King David. King Solomon was a very wise and respected ruler both in his time, and in
the present. King Solomon is most known for building the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. Although
he was young during his rule, he expanded his empire and became very wealthy.
Solomon’s kingdom stretched form the Euphrates River in
the north, all the way to Egypt in the south. Solomon set up
Israelite colonies around his empire in order to establish peace
and to look after the military and commercial matters. Solomon
also had his kingdom greatly involved in trade with northern and
southern countries. All of Solomon’s wise decisions led to bringing
the Israelite empire to a peak.
The construction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem started after Solomon established his
empire. He received building materials from King Hiram in Tyre. It took seven years to complete
the temple and it was used for religious practices and sacrifices. Solomon then had his own
palace built. Solomon died after 40 years in reign and his son took over. Solomon’s empire
started to decline after his son divided it in half.
Abhitya Krishnaraj
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Political: Sparta
Sparta was one of the most prominent city- states in ancient greece. Around 650
BC, it rose to become the dominant
military land-power in ancient Greece.
Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta
was recognized as the overall leader of
the combined Greek forces during the
Greco-Persian Wars​. Between 431 and
404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy
of ​Athens​ during the ​Peloponnesian War​,
from which it emerged victorious, though
at great cost of lives lost. Sparta's defeat
by ​Thebes​ in the ​Battle of Leuctra​ in 371
BC ended Sparta's prominent role in
Greece.
Sparta was unique in ​ancient Greece​ for its social system and constitution, which
completely focused on military training and excellence. Spartiates underwent the
rigorous ​agoge​ training and education regimen, and Spartan ​phalanges​ were widely
considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more
rights and equality to men than elsewhere in the classical world.
Sparta was one of the most politically dominant city- states in the classical world
yet died out due to their own independence and stubbornness to work together.
Sam Marx
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Theme 3: Political- Persepolis
The kings of Persia returned to one special place back in the homeland. Ruler Darius I
began construction of a ceremonial capital at Persepolis (Parsa). An artificial platform was
created, and on it were built a series of palaces, audience halls, treasury buildings, and barracks.
Here, too, Darius and his son Xerxes, who completed the project, were inspired by
Mesopotamian traditions, for the great Assyrian kings had created new fortress-cities as
advertisements of their wealth and power.
A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings
Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland.
The great city of Persepolis was built in terraces up from the river Pulwar to rise on a
larger terrace, partly cut out of the Mountain Kuh-e Rahmat. To create the level terrace, large
depressions were filled with soil and heavy rocks which were then fastened together with metal
clips; upon this ground the first palace at Persepolis slowly grew. The top of the stairways led to
a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of all Nations.
The great palace built by ​Xerxes​ I was magnificent in design and dimensions.
Jacob Mass
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet C
Political: Mauryan Empire
The Mauryan Empire was the empire that occupied the region of modern-day
India and beyond for part of the classical period. The capital of the Mauryan Empire is
Pataliputra, located near the Ganges River. This empire
began in 322 BCE, led by Chandragupta Maurya, the first
emperor to unify north and south India, and the first in the
line of the Mauryan dynasty. Though Chandragupta
Maurya is respected for founding this large empire,
however, Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire’s third emperor, is
known sometimes as the greatest emperor in the area of modern-day India. Ashoka
helped to keep the religion of Buddhism alive when he publicly converted to its
teachings. Though he did not force his followers to convert with him, many did so
anyway, following his example and his encouragement. After fighting and ending the
Kalinga War, Ashoka was able to lead the empire in an extended period of peace.
However, it was after the end of Ashoka’s rule that the empire began to go downhill.
Finally, after years of shrunken territory and weaker kings, the empire was invaded, and
fell. However, the Mauryan Empire’s fall was not as harsh as that of the other large
empires of the time, as the empire was practically taken right back over by the Gupta
Empire in a swift transition period. Nicolas Menendez
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
9 November 2016
Packet C Portfolio Project
Political
As early civilizations and societies flourish, there is a dramatic increase in population.
The easiest way to make sure everyone follows the rules and to establish law was to make some
sort of document that details the laws of the society. This was stated in the Hebrew Bible as the
Ten Commandments, these ten commandments detail the rules in a Jewish society. The rules
dictate the following: I am the LORD thy God, Thou shalt have no other gods, No graven images
or likenesses, Not take the LORD's name in vain, Remember the sabbath day, Honour thy father
and thy mother, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou
shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet. These ten rules are not to be broken and if they
are, there will be corresponding punishments. This is the way of life that established political
control of the Jewish
people as it gave them a series
of laws to which the
whole society had to abide to.
Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet C Political: Political Structures & Forms of Governance An oligarchy is a form of government where only a few people have power. It was very common throughout Ancient Greece. The people with power were made up of the richest, most powerful individuals of the community. In Ancient Greece, this always meant landowners. Owning land was considered the basic requisite for being wealthy. In the Archaic period, another requirement was enough money to have and care for a horse. The cavalry was one of the most important parts of the army at this time. The amount of people with power varied as well. In Athens, the largest city-state, the governing body has varied from 30, 400, even 5,000 at different points in history. It would be considered an oligarchy, and not a democracy, because so much of the population was excluded. Women, slaves, people who were not born in Athens, and people who did not own land were excluded from being a part of the government. Emily Moon
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P3
Packet C
AP Political Theme: Christianity
Although now in many countries there is a separation of the church and the state, there
have been many instances in world history in which the politics has played an extremely
important role in politics and leadership. For example, the Mandate of Heaven was a
philosophy of sorts in China that stated that whoever was ruling at the time had been
chosen by a higher power to do his duty for the country. In Christianity, Constantine
legalized Christianity, which was a huge landmark for a religion that is now extremely
commonplace and popular today. Christianity, along with just religion in general, has
long been a determining factor in many political aspects of expansion and more. Traders
and missionaries played a huge role in the spread of Christianity, and religion was often
used by political leaders as a form of diplomacy to conquer and expand their state to
more places.
Ephraim Oyetunji
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: C
Political: Cyrus
Cyrus, the son of a Persian chieftain and a Median princess, united the Persian ethnic
groups and usurped the Median leader. He was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian empire
and ruled for about three decades. Twenty years after his rise to power, Cyrus conquered all of
Anatolia, the kingdom of Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian dynasty. At the time, he created the
largest empire in the world. He still showed respect to the forms of government in place and the
native traditions. For example, he hired both Persians and Medes to administrate. Cyrus was
killed during a battle between nomadic Iranians in the northeast. After his death, his son,
Cambyses, picked up where his father left off and conquered Egypt.
Emily Pallack
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet C
Political:Ancestor Veneration
Ancestor veneration mainly takes place in China. It is a central part of the Chinese
traditional religion and is still practiced today. Ancestral veneration in the Chinese culture seeks
to honor and reminiscence the actions of the deceased; the ultimate homage to the dead. The
importance of paying respect to parents (and elders) lies with the fact that all physical bodily
aspects of one's being were created by one's parents, who continued to tend to one's well-being
until one is on firm footings. The respect and the homage to parents, is to return this gracious
deed to them in life and after, the ultimate homage. During a shi ceremony, the ancestral spirit
supposedly would enter the personator, who would eat and drink sacrificial offerings and convey
spiritual messages. Sacrifices are sometimes made to altars as food for the deceased. For
those with deceased in the afterlife or hell, elaborate or even creative offerings, such as
servants, refrigerators, houses, car, paper money and shoes are provided so that the deceased
will be able to have these items after they have died. Often, paper versions of these objects are
burned for the same purpose. Originally, real-life objects were buried with the dead. In time
these goods were replaced by full size clay models which in turn were replaced by scale
models, and in time today's paper offerings.
Austin Park
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
4 November 2016
Theme 3: Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was considered the Golden Age in Chinese history spanning
from 206 BC to 220 AD. It came after the Qin Dynasty, which spanned from 221 to 206
BC. The person mainly in charge was called the emperor. He was the one who controlled
the government. Even though he had power over the government, he also shared it with
the nobility and appointed ministers. The ministers helped to make the decisions and the
nobility helped to maintain the power. Below the emperor, he had cabinet members who
were commonly know as the Three Councillors of State. They were mainly responsible
for drafting the government budget. The emperor controlled their group of countries or
states called an empire. The way the emperor expanded his empire was to use the military
to conquer neighboring countries or states. After conquering these places, the Chinese
traditions were implemented into these areas along with their indigenous elements.
Matthew Robbins
Tavernia
AP World History - Period 3
November 10, 2016
Political - Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War was the famous battle between the powerful Greek city-states
city
of
Athens and Sparta. After both playing critical roles in holding off the invasions of the Persian
Empire the Spartans and Athenians both began to assume preeminence among their neighboring
Greek city-states.
states. As their powers grew, a rivalry between the two began to emerge. Eventually
the Spartans began to fear the growing strength
strength of the Athenians, and this would ultimately lead
to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
While the Spartans had a formidable ground attack, the Athenians were highly skilled in
maritime operations. Therefore, to combat the either, both sides had
had to develop the complement
to their style. Throughout the battle, there was little use of old styled hoplite battles, and instead
there was a heavy reliance on lightly armed mercenaries, sailors, and siege engines to fill in. This
was the first Greek war that was heavily reliant on strategy as opposed to mere military strength.
Resulting in nearly three decades of constant fighting. Eventually Athens was depleted of almost
all resources and was left both exhausted and demoralized, allowing Sparta to capit
capitalize and take
the victory.
Snigdha Sama
Michael Tavernia
AP World History, Period 3
Packet: C
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict- Sassanid
Empire
This theme talks about the systems and hierarchies of ruling that have been
established in places over time and their effects on the population.
The Sassanid Empire was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established by
Ardeshir I, a descendant of Sasan.
Ardeshir, a Persian citizen, overthrew the Parthian Civilization because he
believed it had removed all traces of its traditional Iranian values and stuck
to the Hellenistic views that arrived with Alexander the Great.
Thus, the Sassanid Empire’s goal was to revive Iranian traditions and
remove Greek influence.
Society during this period was divided into 4 classes:
 Priests
 Warriors
 Secretaries
 Commoners
Its state religion was Zoroastrianism, which reinforced the social system and
Sassanid rule as priesthood had an important part in the social system.
This dynasty’s most celebrated ruler was Khosro I, who reformed the
bureaucracy and tied the army closely to the state.
This empire was characterized by fighting with the Byzantine empire and
eventually declined due to years of warfare, too much power to the elites,
and eventually succumbed to an Arab invasion.
Aaron Thaler
AP World History
Period 3
Political - Democracy
In the context of classical civilizations and empires, a democracy was a system
of government where all citizens have equal political and legal rights, but only free adult
males had these privileges during this time. This has, for the most part, been the only
governmental system from this time period still thriving in today’s political systems. The
first political entity to practice democracy was the Greek city-state of Athens. However,
it wasn’t representative of the entire population, as only free adult males were
represented. Despite the fact that Athens was democratic, democracy has evolved
greatly over time. As women’s rights and rights of nonwealthy men have evolved,
democracy has come to include people of all races and ethnicities. In today's
governments, democracy has proven time and time again to be the most fair,
representative, and efficient political system.
Coco Zheng
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History pd. 3
Packet C
Shi Huangdi
The period of 481-221BC in China is known as
the Warring States Period. By 260 BC, China was
made up of seven warring states. The Qin state
was known for its powerful military, so they sent
30,000 troops to invade Zhao, another powerful
state. However, the plan backfired, and the Qin's
king's grandson, Prince Ying Yiren was taken
prisoner. Upon learning of Ying's status, the Qin
state agreed to peace as long as the prince was
alive.
Then a merchant called Lü Buwei spotted Ying
and kept a close eye on him. Ying took an
interest in one of Lü's concubines, so he took her to wife. They returned to Qin with a
son named Ying Zheng, who was rumored to actually be the bastard son of Lü.
Ying Zheng grew up to unite the other six states with Qin. In the process, he
merciliessly killed 10,000s, much to the displeasure of Sun Zi (Sun Tzu). To make a
point that he was above the kings of the other states of his new empire, he had people
address him as Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor.
When the Han overturned the Qin dynasty, they decided to emphasis that Ying
was merely the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, so now he is called Qin Shi Huang, or
First Emperor of Qin. He died while searching for the Elixir of Life and was was buried
with Terra Cotta soldiers. His name lives on in the "Made in China" manufacturing
labels, for "Qin" was pronounced chinnah in the old days.