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Thinking like a Sociologist MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. According to the textbook, which of the following is the best definition of “sociology?” a. Sociology is the study of social interaction. b. Sociology is the study of social interaction at a variety of levels. c. Sociology is the systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels. d. Sociology is the systematic study of social interaction at the micro level. e. Sociology is the systematic study of social interaction at the macro level. ANS: C 2. David is scientifically studying how teachers and students interact within high school classrooms. David is a a. historian. b. economist. c. sociologist. d. political scientist. e. social worker. ANS: C 3. PG: 3 Using a sociological perspective encourages a. accepting conventional ideas b. challenging common sense myths and misconceptions c. seeing society as unpredictable d. people to become happier e. all of the above are correct ANS: B 5. PG: 3, 8 In the definition of sociology, “systematic” means a. behavior that is built into the larger social structure of society. b. behavior that is unique. c. behavior that is regimented and predictable. d. social behavior that is regular and patterned. e. social behavior that is built into the larger social structure of society. ANS: D 4. PG: 3 PG: 4 According to _____, individual behavior is influenced by social factors. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. C. Wright Mills e. Max Weber ANS: D 6. C. Wright Mills introduced the concept of the “sociological imagination.” He used this term to describe the connection between a. man and the physical environment. b. history and biography. c. biography and the physical environment. d. history and the physical environment. e. man and biography. ANS: B 7. LO: 9 PG: 4/5 LO: 6 PG: 5 Thomas studies eating patterns within families. Thomas is a _____-sociologist. a. meta b. mezo c. mini d. macro e. micro ANS: E 10. PG: 4/5 _____ concentrates on the relationship between individual characteristics; _____ examines the relationships between institutional characteristics. a. Microsociology; macrosociology b. Macrosociology; microsociology c. Metasociology; macrosociology d. Metasociology; microsociology e. Microsociology; mezosociology ANS: A 9. /9 Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. He understands that an individual’s poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual’s personal problem. Bill is utilizing his a. macrosociology. b. microsociology. c. research methodology. d. common sense. e. sociological imagination. ANS: E 8. PG: 4 LO: 6 PG: 5 Jennifer studies how welfare policies affect working families. Jennifer is a _____sociologist. a. meta b. mezo c. mini d. macro e. micro ANS: D 11. LO: 6 Unlike sociology, anthropology tends to focus on a. recent cultures located in close proximity to one’s own culture. b. cultures similar to one’s own. c. non-industrialized cultures. d. future cultures. e. none of the above – sociology and anthropology focus on identical things. ANS: C 12. PG: 8 While sociology focuses on the external factors affecting one’s life, _____ focuses on internal factors. a. economics b. psychology c. history d. social work e. political science ANS: B 13. PG: 7/8 Sociology is _____ while social work is _____. a. applied; clinical b. theoretical; applied c. theoretical; basic d. basic; clinical e. applied; systematic ANS: B 14. PG: 8/9 _____ is a set of statements that explain why a phenomenon occurs. a. Sociology b. Social work c. A theory d. A hypothesis e. A culture ANS: C 15. PG: 5 LO: 8 PG: 9 _____, who coined the term “sociology,” is also known as the “father of sociology.” a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. C. Wright Mills e. Max Weber ANS: A PG: 9 16. Comte believed that sociology must be based on a. social structure and relations. b. legal mandates and political decisions. c. empirical evidence, such as experiments, observations, or experiences. d. personal observations and common sense. e. none of the above. ANS: C 17. _____ saw sociology as the scientific study of two aspects of society: social statics and social dynamics. a. Auguste Comte b. Emile Durkheim c. Harriet Martineau d. Karl Marx e. Max Weber ANS: A 18. PG: 10 According to Durkheim, _____ are measurable aspects of social life, external to the individual. a. social facts b. social issues c. public issues d. biographies e. solidarities ANS: A 20. PG: 9 _____, who was critical of the system of slavery, was a pioneering feminist. a. Dorothy Smith b. Marianne Weber c. Harriet Martineau d. Emily Durkheim e. Patricia Wright Mills ANS: C 19. PG: 9 PG: 10 By examining characteristics such as gender and race, sociologists can gauge _____; by examining social interaction, sociologists can gauge _____. a. material facts; nonmaterial facts b. nonmaterial facts; material facts c. divisions of labor; social solidarity d. social solidarity; divisions of labor e. none of the above ANS: A 21. According to Durkheim, as division of labor becomes more specialized a. individuals become more autonomous. b. individuals become more dependent upon others. c. groups form. d. suicide rates increase. e. social unity decreases. ANS: B 22. PG: 10 Durkheim’s book, _____, used extensive data collection to draw conclusions about social integration. a. Social Facts b. Social Integration c. Social Solidarity d. Suicide e. Sum of Parts ANS: D 23. PG: 10 PG: 10/11 Emile Durkheim, in his studies of suicide, found that _____, and concluded that _____ accounted for the variation in suicide rates. a. males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social structure b. females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social structure c. males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration d. females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social integration e. none of the above ANS: C PG: 10/1 24. _____ is often described as the “most influential social scientist who ever lived.” a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Jane Addams d. Max Weber e. C. Wright Mills ANS: B 25. PG: 11 Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx? a. The Great Depression b. World War I c. The French Revolution d. The Industrial Revolution e. All of the above historical events influenced Karl Marx. ANS: D 26. During the Industrial Revolution, which of the following best describes what happened in Europe at the time? a. With the large number of technological advances, large-scale manufacturing developed quickly. b. With the large number of technological advances, large-scale manufacturing developed quickly. The expansion of manufacturing jobs moved families from the farm into the city. c. With the large number of technological advances, large-scale manufacturing developed quickly. The expansion of manufacturing jobs moved families from the farm into the city. With this movement into the city and the expansion of factories, urbanism and capitalism grew rapidly. d. With the large number of technological advances, large-scale manufacturing developed quickly. The expansion of manufacturing jobs moved families from the farm into the city. With this movement into the city and the expansion of factories, urbanism and capitalism grew rapidly. As a result of the growth in capitalism, communism soon took hold in the larger cities. e. With the large number of technological advances, large-scale manufacturing developed quickly. The expansion of manufacturing jobs moved families from the farm into the city. With this movement into the city and the expansion of factories, urbanism and capitalism grew rapidly. As a result of the growth in capitalism, communism soon took hold in the larger cities. With communism came rebellion and revolt, soon brining the economy back to one of capitalism. ANS: C 27. PG: 12 Which of the following is not one of the social classes that Marx identified? a. capitalists b. communists c. petit bourgeoisie d. proletariat e. None of the above – they are all social classes identified by Marx. ANS: B 29. PG: 11 Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand a. family and its functions. b. the role of education. c. class conflict. d. the importance of religion. e. social organization. ANS: C 28. PG: 11 PG: 11/2 This social class, as identified by Marx, includes the majority of workers who depend on wages for survival and who make up the “working class.” a. b. c. d. e. capitalists communists managerial petit bourgeoisie proletariat ANS: E 30. This social class, as identified by Marx, includes the ruling elite who own the means of production. a. capitalists b. communists c. petit bourgeoisie d. power elite e. proletariat ANS: A 31. PG: 11/2 Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society. a. Addams b. Comte c. Durkheim d. Martineau e. Weber ANS: E 34. PG: 12 Which early sociologist believed that history is a series of class struggles between capitalists and workers? a. Auguste Comte b. Harriet Martineau c. Karl Marx d. C. Wright Mills e. Max Weber ANS: C 33. PG: 11 This social class, as identified by Marx, includes small business owners. a. capitalists b. communists c. petit bourgeoisie d. power elite e. proletariat ANS: C 32. PG: 12 PG: 12 Weber’s _____ requires a subjective understanding of behavior. a. b. c. d. e. entwicklung gemeinschaft gesellschaft kapitalismus verstehen ANS: E 35. PG: 12/3 Matt saw Julie laughing in the hallway with a friend. Matt knows that Julie must be feeling happy or joyful. Matt is using Weber’s a. direct observational understanding. b. explanatory understanding. c. surveillance understanding. d. common understanding. e. verstehen. ANS: A 36. PG: 13 Matt saw Julie laughing in the hallway with a friend. Matt knows that Julie probably just heard a joke from her friend or saw something funny in the hallway. Matt is using Weber’s a. direct observational understanding. b. explanatory understanding. c. surveillance understanding. d. common understanding. e. verstehen. ANS: B 37. PG: 13 Corey is a researcher who separates his personal values and ideologies from his scientific data collection. Corey is a _____ researcher. a. ethical b. alienated c. observational d. value-free e. verstehen ANS: D LO: 7 PG: 13 38. Jane Addams founded _____ in 1889. a. The Chicago School b. The Nobel Peace Prize c. The American Society for Sociology d. The Hull House e. The Chicago Center for Sociology ANS: D PG: 14 39. This early sociologist published extensively in the United States on topics such as social disorganization, immigration, and urban neighborhoods. a. Jane Addams b. Clara Barton c. Harriet Martineau d. Marianne Weber e. Max Weber ANS: A 40. Jane Addams was largely ignored by her colleagues at the University of Chicago because a. she was less educated than her colleagues. b. she was working with colleagues who had published more than she had. c. gender discrimination was rampant. d. racial discrimination was rampant. e. her colleagues did not agree with her assessment of immigration. ANS: C 41. PG: 14 For DuBois, the problem of the twentieth century was a. “the racial divide.” b. “the wage gap.” c. “gender discrimination.” d. “the color line.” e. “the poverty line.” ANS: D 43. PG: 14 This early sociologist helped to found the NAACP and was himself a prominent Black sociologist. a. W.E.B. DuBois b. Booker T. Washington c. Jesse Martin d. Donald Black e. George Herbert Mead ANS: A 42. PG: 14 PG: 14 Kevin views society as a system of interrelated parts, while Patrick views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Kevin would be considered a _____ theorist and Patrick would be seen as a _____ theorist. a. symbolic interactionist; functionalist b. conflict; functionalist c. functionalist; symbolic interactionist d. functionalist; conflict e. conflict; symbolic interactionist ANS: D PG: 15-20 44. _____ refers to people’s intended and recognized activities in a society. a. Latent functions b. Manifest functions c. Dysfunctions d. Latent dysfunctions e. Manifest dysfunctions ANS: B PG: 16 45. Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory? a. Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society’s cohesion. b. Society has continuous struggles between the “haves” and “have nots” and this inequality is the source of social change. c. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. d. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. e. None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory. ANS: A PG: 15/6 46. Which of the following statements best exemplifies conflict theory? a. Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society’s cohesion. b. Society has continuous struggles between the “haves” and “have nots” and this inequality is the source of social change. c. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. d. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. e. None of the above exemplifies the conflict theory. ANS: B PG: 16/7 47. Which of the following statements best exemplifies feminist theories? a. Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society’s cohesion. b. Society has continuous struggles between the “haves” and “have nots” and this inequality is the source of social change. c. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. d. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. e. None of the above exemplifies the feminist theory. ANS: C 48. PG: 17/8 Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory? a. Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society’s cohesion. b. Society has continuous struggles between the “haves” and “have nots” and this inequality is the source of social change. c. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. d. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. e. None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory. ANS: D 49. In studying problems of the homeless, ________ would focus on their face-to-face behaviors. a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. conflict theorists d. structuralists e. feminists ANS: A 50. PG: 16 Many people purchase a new car because they need transportation. However, after driving the car off the lot the value of the car decreases substantially. This is an example of a _____ in purchasing the car. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. social system e. criticism ANS: C 53. PG: 16 Many people purchase an expensive new car because the car serves as a status symbol. The car serving as a status symbol is an example of a a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. social system e. criticism ANS: A 52. PG: 15-20 Many people purchase a new car because they need transportation. This is a _____ in purchasing the car. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. social system e. criticism ANS: B 51. PG: 19/20 PG: 16 One of the common criticisms of functionalist theory is that a. functionalists are too focused on order and stability and fail to understand social change. b. functionalists are too focused on social change and often ignore social cohesion. c. functionalists often ignore the contribution of gender in understanding social change. d. functionalists often focus too much attention on discrimination and inequality. e. functionalists are too focused on micro-level factors. ANS: A 54. One of the intended purposes of the mass incarceration in the United States is punishment of crime. This is a/n _____ of incarceration. a. intentional function b. beneficial function c. manifest function d. latent function e. dysfunction ANS: C 55. PG: 16 Unlike the focus on order and stability of functionalists, conflict theorists focus on a. the struggle for scarce resources. b. inevitable social change. c. group disagreement. d. all of the above e. none of the above ANS: D 58. PG: 16 Some criminologists suggest that criminals learn more about being a criminal in prison than they might on the street. That offenders become better criminals in prison is an example of a/n _____ of incarceration. a. intentional function b. beneficial function c. manifest function d. latent function e. dysfunction ANS: E 57. PG: 16 With more than two million prisons, the U.S. prison system employs large numbers of workers and contributes to many independent and private contracts. This is a/n _____ of incarceration. a. intentional function b. beneficial function c. manifest function d. latent function e. dysfunction ANS: D 56. PG: 16 PG: 16/7 According to conflict theorists, which of the following is not considered to be a key source of economic inequality? a. b. c. d. e. Gender Race Ethnicity Age None of the above – they are all considered to be key sources of economic inequality. ANS: E 59. Conflict theory originated through the work of a. Talcott Parsons b. Robert Merton c. Karl Marx d. Emile Durkheim e. Jane Addams ANS: C 60. PG: 17 Feminist theories extend the work of which other sociological theory? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. systems theory e. exchange theory ANS: B 63. PG: 16/7 One of the common criticisms of conflict theory is that a. conflict theorists focus exclusively on social order and stability. b. conflict theorists focus too strongly on gender and racial inequality. c. conflict theory overemphasizes disagreement and competition. d. conflict theory exaggerates the problems of economic inequality. e. conflict theorists are too focused on micro-level factors. ANS: C 62. PG: 16 According to conflict theorists, which social group controls most of the power and property in society? a. White, middle-aged women b. White, wealthy men c. White, Republican men d. Wealthy men and women e. Middle-class men ANS: B 61. PG: 16/7 PG: 17 Feminist theory maintains that male domination and female subordination in society is due to a. class conflict b. c. d. e. social solidarity the Protestant ethic patriarchy God ANS: D 64. The view that people attach subjective meanings to their actions is a hallmark of which theory? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminism e. systems theory ANS: C 65. PG: 18 Which of the following feminist perspectives sees male dominance as the major cause of gender inequality? a. critical feminism b. global feminism c. liberal feminism d. radical feminism e. systematic feminism ANS: D 67. PG: 19/20 Which of the following feminist perspectives emphasizes legal and social reform to create equal opportunities for women? a. critical feminism b. global feminism c. liberal feminism d. radical feminism e. systematic feminism ANS: C 66. PG: 17 PG: 18 Which of the following feminist perspectives focuses on how the interaction of race and gender, as well as gender and colonization, has exploited women in the developing world? a. critical feminism b. global feminism c. liberal feminism d. radical feminism e. systematic feminism ANS: B PG: 18 68. One of the major criticisms of feminist theory is a. feminist theory focuses too heavily on social cohesion and order. b. feminist theory emphasizes only gender inequality and fails to recognize other intersections of social disadvantage. c. feminists are part of an “old girls network.” d. feminists are too focused on interaction and interpretation. e. feminists focus only on middle class women. ANS: C 69. Unlike functionalist and conflict theories, symbolic interactionism is a _____-level theory. a. macro b. micro c. meta d. mezzo e. mini ANS: B 70. PG: 19 /2 PG: 19 _____ focuses on personal interactions and subjective meanings. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Feminist theory d. Symbolic Interactionism e. None of the above ANS: D 72. /6 Which of the following sociologists was instrumental in the development of symbolic interactionism? a. George Herbert Mead b. Herbert Blumer c. Erving Goffman d. All of the above were instrumental in the development of symbolic interactionism. e. None of the above was instrumental in the development of symbolic interactionism. ANS: D 71. PG: 18 PG: 19 Martha is a nurse and a mother. When Martha is at work (at County Hospital) she interacts with patients on a professional level, often referring to them as Mr. or Mrs. At home, Martha interacts with her children on an informal level, often referring to her daughter as “Baby Doll” instead of by her first name. A sociologist who studies such behavior is probably a a. functionalist b. conflict theorist c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist e. systematic researcher ANS: D 73. Which of the following statements best illustrates the role of symbols for symbolic interactionists? a. To interact effectively, symbols must be designed by political authorities. b. To interact effectively, symbols must represent the dominant social values. c. To interact effectively, symbols must have a shared meaning. d. To interact effectively, symbols must be universal across cultures. e. To interact effectively, symbols must serve to illustration subjective status. ANS: C 74. PG:15-20 __________ would argue that the rise of U.S. divorce rates is the result of the emergence of alternatives to lifelong marriage. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Feminists e. Critical theorists ANS: C 77. PG: 20 __________ would argue that the rise of U.S. divorce rates is the result of the loss of family functions. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Feminists e. Critical theorists ANS: B 76. PG: 20 Which of the following is a common criticism of symbolic interactionism? a. Symbolic interactionism is too focused on macro level factors. b. Symbolic interactionism largely ignores macro level factors. c. Symbolic interactionism use dominant culture as the basis of understanding. d. Symbolic interactionism cannot be used in scientific research. e. Symbolic interactionism is not prominent in the United States. ANS: B 75. PG: 19/20 PG: 15-20 __________ would argue that the rise of U.S. divorce rates is the result of the changing meaning and interpretation of marriage and divorce. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Feminists e. Critical theorists ANS: A 78. PG: 15-20 “College students succeed or fail based on their degree of academic engagement.” This statement is an example of which sociological perspective? a. b. c. d. e. symbolic interactionist functionalist conflict feminist all of the above. ANS: A PG: 15-21 TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Sociology is just common sense. ANS: FALSE PG: 4 2. Macrosociology focuses on social structure and large-scale patterns of society. ANS: TRUE 3. LO: 6 In the United States, suicide rates are higher among women than men. ANS: FALSE 4. PG: 11 Weber agreed with Marx that economics is a major factor in explaining society. ANS: FALSE 5. PG: 5 PG: 12 According to Marx, both capitalists and workers are often alienated from society. ANS: TRUE PG: 11/2 6. Weber argued that sociologists cannot be value free in their research. ANS: FALSE 7. LO: 7 PG: 13 Harriet Martineau was the first American woman who was awarded the Nobel Peach Prize. ANS: FALSE 8. PG: 14 Conflict theorists see society as cooperative and harmonious. ANS: FALSE 9. PG: 16/7 Functionalists ask, “How do social institutions contribute to society?” ANS: TRUE 10. PG: 15/6 According to sociologists, human behavior is a product of “free will.” ANS: FALSE 11. PG: 3-4 Sociology can help us think critically, but has limited value in making personal decisions. ANS: FALSE 12. PG: 7 Much of contemporary functionalism grew out of the work of Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim. ANS: TRUE 13. PG: 15 Maria broke up with Carlos because he was more interested in sex than emotional intimacy. For a symbolic interactionist, the breakup reflects a different definition of the situation. ANS: TRUE PG: 20 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS 1. From a sociological perspective, are you unique? Explain your answer. PG: 3/4 2. Consider the issue of poverty. How might criminologists, anthropologists, economists, political scientists, psychologists, social workers, historians, and sociologists study the issue? PG: 7/8 3. Is it possible to be a value-free sociologist? Explain your answer. PG: 13/4 4. LO: 7 How would functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic interactionists explain the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks? PG: 15-20 5. Does the sociological imagination help us understand why the rise of college tuition is a public issue rather than a personal problem? Or does the sociological imagination gloss over people’s responsibility for their actions, such as saving for tuition instead of buying much unneeded “stuff”? PG: 4-5 LO: 9 WRITING ASSIGNMENTS 1. Between 1998 and 2006, the percent of Americans agreeing that being a military officer was a worthwhile profession increased from 34% to 51%. Using your sociological imagination, explain what might have caused this increase. PG: 4/5 2. Consider the impact of technological innovations. How would microsociologists address the issue? What about macrosociologists? PG: 5/6 3. Explain how your personal biography has influenced your decision to attend college. PG: 4/5 4. Considering each of the four major theoretical perspectives addressed in the textbook, identify which perspective is most compelling to you. Be sure to explain your answer using examples from the textbook. PG: 15-20 5. How would your life be different if you had been born a member of a different racial or ethnic group or the opposite sex? Explain why using your sociological imagination and any two of the four contemporary theoretical perspectives discussed in this chapter. PG: 4-5, 15-20