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Transcript
2011.4.5
배장표

The second most successful neural
prostheses
◦ The first is cardiac pacemakers


Auditory physiology, psychophysics, material
science, electric engineering and eletronic
technology
video




Pre-1960’s
- beginning studies of
electrical stimulation on
humans
1960’s
- active research of
electrical stimulation in
human ears
1970’s
- first wearable implants
designed for long-term
stimulation
1980’s
- commercial
development of the
cochlear implant device
began
Cochlear Implant History



1985
- United States Food &
Drug Administration
(FDA) granted the first
approval for implantation
in adults
1990
- FDA granted approval
for cochlear implants in
children
Today
- cochlear implantation is
a safe and effective
medical procedure for
individuals who are
severely to profoundly
deaf with minimal benefits
from conventional hearing
aids
http://216.133.14.145/gettingstarted/history.ht
m
•

middle ear -> 60%(transmission) + 40%(reflection)
EX) Cat ->94%(transmission) + 6%(reflection)


The subjective attribute of tones that
correlates most closely with the
physical dimension of frequency
Pitch can affect loudness and vice
versa. For example, increasing the
intensity of a sound not only
increases the loudness
• 내이 또는 와우 (달팽이관)
- 달팽이처럼 생겼으며 유체(림프액)로 채워져 있음
- 여기에는 유모세포라고 하는 민감한 감각세포들이 있음
- 각 세포 끝에 미세한 머리카락같은 모양으로 붙어 있음
- 유모세포는 소리를 듣는 데에 있어 아주 중요한 역할을 담당



Acoustic signal : ear
canal->middle ear>cochlea
the mechanical
energy =>electric
spikes, in cochlea,
on auditory nerve
fibers
High pitch tone ->
base, low pitch tone
-> cochlear apex


First: loss of hair
cells and nerve
fibers => classic
hearing loss
Second: few hair
cells and a
significant number
of auditory nerve
degenerated =>
cochlear implant
가청 영역도
여러 가지 순음에 대하여 우리가 들을 수 있는 가장 작은 소리에서
큰 소리까지를 주파수와 음압으로 나타낸 것
청력장애의 정도
<25 데시벨
정상청력 normal
26~40데시벨
경도 난청 mild
41~55 데시벨
중등도 난청 moderate
56~70 데시벨
중등도 고난청 moderately severe
71~90 데시벨
고도 난청 severe
>90 데시벨
농(聾) deaf
전음성 난청
외이나 중이 내에 생긴 문제로서 소리가 귀 속으로 전달되는 데에 있어 방해요소가
되어 발생. 고막과 이소골이 정상적으로 진동하지 않아 소리를 듣기가 더욱 힘들어짐
•
외이나 중이에 생긴 문제로 인해 소리가 귀 안으로 들어가는 데에 방해요소가
되어 전음성 난청이 초래
•
전음성 난청은 보통 경도 중도, 다시 말해 60~70 데시벨 정도까지의 난청을 말함
•
전음성 난청은 일시적으로 발생 및 소멸
•
난청원인에 따라 약물치료 또는 수술로 치유 가능
•
보청기 착용에 의해 치료 가능
감각 신경성 난청
내이 또는 와우(달팽이관)에 생긴 문제 로 발생.
문제가 생기면 감각신경성 난청을 초래
•
난청 정도는 경도, 중도, 고도, 심도, 심지어 전농(완전실청)까지 다양
•
감각신경성 난청은 대부분 영구적
•
내이 부분의 외과적 치료는 현재로서는 불가능하나 그 원인에 따라 어떤
경우에는 약물치료가 도움이 되는 경우도 있음
•
경도, 중도, 고도 난청자에게는 보청기가 도움이 될 수 있음
•
최고출력의 보청기를 사용하고서도 충분한 어음정보를 얻을 수 없는 심도, 고도,
전농자들에겐 인공와우가 매우 효과적인 선택대안이 될 수 있음
신경성 난청
신경경로에서 발생한 문제. 청신경이 손상을 입거나 유실되어 청각신호를 뇌에
전달하지 못하는 것
•
극히 드문 경우로서 청신경이 아예 없거나 손상을 입으면 신경성 난청이 발생
•
청신경이 충분한 소리정보를 뇌에 공급하지 못하므로 일반 보청기는
거의 도움이 안됨
•
청신경이 제기능을 하지 못하면 인공와우도 도움이 되지 못함
•
어떤 경우에는 뇌간이식 (auditory brainstem implant)이 도움이 되기도 함






Acoustic sound =>
electric signal by
sound processor
Receiver/stimulator
unit is implanted in
the bone under the
skin above the
patient’s ear
Communication by RF
16~24 electrode used
Low pitch tone =>
apical electrode
=>apical nerve fibers
Performance is not
satisfactory

there are three major CI manufacturers: Cochlear
(Australia), Advanced Bionics (USA), and Med-El (Austria).

Upper: 36 patients
implanted with
recent device
◦ Normal hearing 100%
◦ Better than 70% =>
fluent conversation
without lipreading

Lower: five poorest
performing patients
• Acoustic signal(s (t ) )
=> stimulation
signal(ik (s) ) by
Cochlear system
=> Modification of
signal processing
for improvement
• the process of
nerve excitation
limits information
transfer
• how the brain
interprets.
• reversed channel
mapping( low
freqencey <-> high
frequency) =>
difficult
interpretation
Informatio
n Reduced
or Altered
Informatio
n Reduced
or Altered
Informatio
n
Complete
Basal
iN (s)
s (t )
Signal
Processing
N
Stimulatio
n
Channels
Nerve
Excitation
M
Nerve
Fibers
i1 (t )
Apical
Brain




100~4000Hz signal
Automatic gain
control=>balance
between the
electrode output and
outside sound
If output is
combined and
normal person hear
that sound, 100
score on the single
syllable word test
appears.
Convert current
source => less noise


At the time marked
by the vertical line,
channel II(-), channel
III(+)
Distance between
Channel II and III :
3mm, highly
conductive fluid(70Ωcm)
◦ Potential summation
across electrodes
produces a very small
overall stimulus

Distortion of the
desired magnitude of
stimulation and the
pattern of neural
activity desired






Minimize potential
summation across
electrodes
Envelope detection by
rectification followed by
low-pass filtering( cut-off
frequency 200~400Hz) or
quadrature detection
Envelop is modulated with
a carrier( biphasic pulse
train: 2000 pulses per
second)
2kpps => the duration of
the carriers’ biphasic
pulses is 125 us to
interleave four carriers
reduce distortion from field
interactions
But loss of the fine
structure of signal


12 month wearer of original
sound processing device =>
CIS device
Need time to adapt to new
device.

For Adults:
- weekly adjustments of the
MAP and communication
therapy for the first month.
- treatment focuses on
auditory training, speech
reading, music, telephone
use
& communication
strategies.

For children:
- after the initial 3
month
period, children
are usually seen
every
3 months for the
first year and every 6
months
for the second
and third years.
Thereafter, they
are
seen annually.
- MAP is closely
monitored.
http://depts.washington.edu
MAP – specifications of threshold, suprathreshold, and
frequency by which the speech processor of a cochlear
implant processes the speech signal and delivers it in
electrical form to the electrodes in the electrode array


Restore the fine time structure discarded by
the CIS processing strategy
Bilateral implants : two ears
◦ Localization of sound sources and better speech
reception



Coordination of electric stimulation in one ear
and acoustic input in the same or
unimplanted ear
Physical devices more functional and
esthetically pleasing
Internal batteries






Simplified cochlear implant system, 개발 도상
국 대상, 싼 가격
8 channel, CIS strategy
DSP chip, FFT for filtering
Data communication by pulse width
modulation(PWM) encoding and amplitude
shift keying(ASK), 양방향 통신 가능
Titanium package, hermetically sealed
16 ball-shaped stimulating contacts

Switch on/off와
duration 조정해서
pulse 모양과 mode
조정 가능
◦ Monopolar(16
ch),bipolar(8 ch)

Current source는
capacitor에 남은
charge를 방전시키기
위해